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Literature Cited:
- Sitgreaves, L., 1853.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Sitgreaves, 1853, publication details;
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Dr. John Torrey wrote the Botany chapter of the Sitgreaves Report on the expedition Sitgreaves led down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers in 1851.
| Original Text
| Comments
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E. alatum. (Torr., l. c.;)
perenne ;
caule erecto subflexuoso folioso, ramis alternis erectis paniculatis ;
foliis spathulatis hirsutis ;
pedunculis terminalibus ternis ;
involucris solitariis campanulatis 5-fidis ;
perigoniis glabris, laciniis aequalibus ;
acheniis trialatis.
On the Zuńi river; September.
Root stout and blackish, descending to a great depth ;
stem 1--3 feet high, arising from a short thick caudex, which is clothed with the remains of leaves.
Radical leaves 2--4 inches long, and 3--5 lines wide, almost villous, with long hairs, mostly obtuse ;
stem leaves much smaller, and gradually diminishing in size upward, all of them erect.
Branches solitary and distant, subdivided in a trichotomous manner,
each division bearing a single involucre, which is about 2˝ lines long, and pubescent.
Pedicels glabrous, a little exserted, jointed close to the flower ;
perigonium not enlarging after flowering ;
the segments lanceolate ; filaments glabrous ;
ovary oblong, triquetrous, longer than the styles ;
achenium nearly four lines long, with three very conspicuous membranaceous wings ;
seed ovate, triangular ; embryo straight.
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Torrey's “l. c.” refers to the second previous entry,
i.e., that for Eriogonum orthocladon for which the citation is “(Torr. mss., in D. C. Prodr. ined.:).”
I interpret this as “I, Torrey, described this in a manuscript I gave to DeCandolle for his use in his Prodromo.”
As it happens, though, Torrey's account in the Sitgreaves Report was published in 1853,
four years before DeCandolle's Prodromo volume 14 containing Torrey's manuscript description.
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This remarkable species was first detected by Colonel Frémont in upland prairies,
at the sources of the Plata, in 1843, and again in 1845 in “Bahia Salada,”
in the Rocky mountains.
Lieutenant Abert found it on the Raton mountains in 1846.
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Literature Cited:
- DeCandolle, Augustus Pyramus, 1857.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
DeCandolle, 1857, publication details;
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DeCandolle (1857, vol. 14., p. 6) …
| Original Text
| Comments
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2. E. alatum (Torr.! in Frémont Rep.),
herbaceum, elatum, subsericeo-villosum,
foliis subradicalibus petiolatis oblongis lanceolatisve elongatis,
caulinis paucis, pedrunculis axillaribus terminalibusque apice 2-3-chotomis umbellatisve,
involucris pedicellatis campanulatis 5-dentatis, perigoniis parvis glabris,
achaenio 3-4-plo longiore a basi trialato.
♃
In montibus Scopulosis in regione superiore fl. Platte meridionalis
et Bahia Salada (Frémont !), in Novo-Mexico (Abert! Fendler ! n. 763 , Wright !).
Habitus fere E. hieracifolii, sed prćter corymbum terminalem adsunt etiam peduncili breves laterales.
Perigonia multo minora, sub anthesi vix lineam longa, nec multum sub fructu aucta.
Achćnium 3-4 lin. longum, a basi as apicem late trialatum.
(v. s.)
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β elatum. caule sub-3-pedali, foliis radicalibus 6-8 poll. longis.
In montibus Scopulosis inter fl. Platte et Sweetwater (Geyer! n. 145).
— Journ. 1853, p. 263.
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DeCandolle notes that he has seen Fendler's No. 763 and agrees it is E. alatum.
Fendler's collections went to Gray, who in his Plantae Fendlerinae make no mention of it, or any other Polygonaceae.
There are two vouchers of Fendler's 763, one at Harvard University (GH) and one at Brown University (BRU).
The locality of both vouchers states “2 mi east of the Moro River,” which river does not now exist in New Mexico.
However, there is a Mora River that is crossed by the Santa Fe Trail and given the August date of the GH voucher,
it is likely that Fendler collected it on his way home.
What I don't understand is why Torrey did not publish the name from Fendler's collection,
but instead published the name from the Woodhouse collection on the Sitgreaves Expedition of 1851.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriogonum arcuatum;
• Field Notes:
Coll. No. 1401.1, 8 Jun 2016;
Coll. No. 1695, 29 Jun 2017;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Eriogonum in Golden s.l.;
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Eriogonum arcuatum Greene. “Baker's Buckwheat”
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Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1901.
Locations:
Pagosa Springs.
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Greene (1901, v. 4., part 25, p. 319) described E. arcuatum from a collection on hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Colorado by C. F. Baker.
| Original Text
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Eriogonum arcuatum.
Near E. flavum, about as large,
more extensively caespitose, forming broad matted tufts :
leaves oval, obtuse, an inch long or less, abruptly tapering
to a rather slender petiole about as long, white-tomentose
beneath, pale-green and thinly tomentellous above : scapiform
peduncles 6 inches high, bearing a single large sessile
involucre and a pair of long-peduncled ones arising from
its base, these opposite each other and curving upwards to
the length of 1˝ to 2 inches : perianths yellow, very sparsely
silky-villous : stamens long-exserted.
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On hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Colorado, 17 July, 1899. C. F. Baker.
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Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1901.
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Six weeks later, Greene (1901a) published Eriogonum bakeri.
| Original Text
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Eriogonum Bakeri.
Allied to E. flavum, rather taller,
the branches of the caudex very slender and only loosely leafy,
the leaves thin, the elliptic-lanceolate blades 1/2 to 1 inch long,
on slender petioles much longer, white-tomentose beneath, sparsely villous above:
scapiform peduncles 5 to 8 inches high, erect slender;
inflorescence of a sessile involucre and 1 to 3 dichotomous peduncles from its base,
the whole number of involucres thus 7 to 9, all turbinate:
perianths yellow, small very long-stipitate, silky villous, the inner segments much longer than the outer,
all obovate, obtuse.
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Black Cańon, 1 Aug., n. 696.
Said to be caespitose in rather small tufts.
The inflorescence is like that of E. Jamesii, though far less ample;
and the real affinity is with E. flavum.
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We now treat E. bakeri as a synonym of E. arcuatum.
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Literature Cited:
- Small, John Kunkel, 1906.
Locations:
Grays Peak.
Mount Harvard.
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Small (1906), Studies in North American Polygonaceae — II
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Eriogonum xanthum sp. nov.
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Perennial (section Flava), dwarf, closely pale-pubescent. Stems
(caudices) closely tufted, densely leafy, the lower portions densely
clothed with the persistent leaf-bases : leaves numerous, crowded ;
blades spatulate, 1-2.5 cm - long, obtuse, somewhat floccose and
greenish above, more closely pubescent and gray beneath, rather
slender-petioled : scapes 3-5 cm. tall, simple, pubescent, like the
upper surface of the leaf-blades : bracts spatulate, quite similar to
the leaves, but usually 1 — 1 . 5 cm. long: involucres nearly sessile,
capitate, turbinate, ultimately ribbed, about 4 mm. long ; lobes
triangular, about one fourth as long as the tube : calyxes yellow,
becoming 8 mm. long, including the stipe-like base, which is about
1.5 mm. long, silky-pubescent without; lobes spatulate or the
outer ones pandurate-spatulate : filaments copiously villous below
the middle : ovary sparingly pubescent at the top ; styles sparingly
pubescent at the base : achenes about 5.5 mm. long.
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Collected on Mt. Harvard, Colorado, August 17, 1896, by
C. L. Shear, no. 3789 (type), and on Gray's Peak, Colorado,
August, 1873, by Mr. Woolson.
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Related to both Eriogonum flavum and E. aureum, but differing
from both of them in its longer slender base of the perianth and
the glabrous, persistent leaf-bases.
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Literature Cited:
- Reveal, James L., 2004a.
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Reveal (2004a, p. 157) reviewed all the available names in the subfamily Eriogonoideae in preparation for his contribution to FNANM.
Reproduced below are his analyses of E. arcuatum and E. flavum.
| Original Text
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Eriogonum arcuatum Greene, Pittonia 4: 319. 1901.
–
T.: Hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Archuleta Co., Colorado, 17 Jul 1899, C. F. Baker 284.
Holotype: NDG (sheet number 118);
isotypes: B, BM, E, F, G, GH, K, MO, NDG, NMC, NY, P, POM, RM(2), UC, US.
–
E. jamesii Benth. var. arcuatum (Greene) S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 118. 1936.
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Eriogonum bakeri Greene, Pl. Baker. 3: 15. 1901.
–
T.: Black Canyon, Montrose Co., Colorado, 1 Aug 1901, C. F. Baker 696.
Holotype: NDG;
isotypes: E, G, GH, K, LY, MIN, MO, NY, POM, RM(2), UC, US, VT, W.
–
E. jamesii Benth. Subsp. bakeri (Greene) S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 118. 1936.
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Elsewhere, Reveal noted that Greene published E. bakeri six weeks after E. arcuatum.
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…
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Eriogonum flavum Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana: [2,] no. 34. 1813.
–
T.: Variously stated as “in the vicinity of the rocky mountains”
or “from the Arikare village,”
most likely found in the vicinity of the site of Fort Mandan,
Mercer or McLean counties, North Dakota, Jul-Aug 1811, T. Nuttall s.n.
Holotype: PH; isotype: P.
–
A Nuttall sheet at PH with a label alluding to the Rocky Mountains
was collected in 1834 and is not original material.
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Reveal lists eight synonyms of E. flavum, two of which are particularly interesting.
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…
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Eriogonum laterifolium Raf. New Fl. N. Amer. 4: 53. 1838.
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LT.: Upper Missouri River, probably in South Dakota, Jun 1811,
J. Bradbury s.n. Lectotype: BM, designated here; isolectotype: LINN.
The original collection in Rafinesque's possession was probably destroyed,
not found at P or PH.
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This is one of the few published names I have seen that specifically refer to a Bradbury collection.
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…
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Eriogonum sericeum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:277. 1813.
–
T.: “On the prairies of the Missouri [River',”
probably in the vicinity of the site of Fort Mandan, Mercer or McLean counties,
North Dakota, Jul-Aug 1811, T. Nuttall s.n.
Holotype: PH; isotype: P.
–
E. flavum Nutt. Var. sericeum S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 116. 1936.
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I assume this was Pursh's view of the same collection that Nuttall published as E. flavum.
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds., 1993+.
- SEINet, 2019-2026.
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The treatment of subfamily Eriogonoideae in Flora of North America was written by Jim Reveal.
Eriogonum arcuatum, E. flavum, and E. jamesii are all in subgroup Oligogonum,
and couplet 20 separates E. arcuatum and E. flavum.
(I might add that the original online key contains an HTML coding error that will throw you off, and has been corrected below.
To date, 22 Oct 2022, this HTML coding error has been propagated to the beta version of FNANM.)
| Original Text
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| 22 (21) |
Inflorescences compound-umbellate or, if umbellate or capitate, not of distribution of E. flavum; Colorado Plateau, s Rocky Mountains and w edge of Great Plains from s Wyoming to n Arizona and n New Mexico |
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129. Eriogonum arcuatum |
| + |
Inflorescences subcapitate or umbellate; n Great Plains and n Rocky Mountains, Wyoming and Nebraska north to Canada and Alaska, west to e Oregon and Washington
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133. Eriogonum flavum |
The way I read this key, E. arcuatum and E. flavum should not be sympatric.
Yet the map of collections determined one of the two taxa in Colorado are definitely geographically intermixed (SEINet, 2020).
Similarly, the distribution maps in Ackerfield (2015) show the distributions of the two taxa are quite similar.
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
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Weber & Wittmann (2012) do not distinquish between E. arcatum and E. flavum.
| Original Text
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7b. Flowers E. flavum (Nuttall) [yellow].
Plains to alpine.
As we see it,
this species consists of various distinctive local forms that probably evolved in isolation.
Alpine plants tend to be of shorter stature,
with congested umbels (E. arcuatum var. xanthum (Small) Reveal,
E. flavum subsp. chloranthum (Greene) Stokes).
On the eastern plains the inflorescence varies from simple to compound umbels.
In the foothills, taller forms have been called E. arcuatum Greene.
One might be justified in considering the local races of no nomenclatural significance,
and even treating E. jamesii as E. flavum subsp. jamesii.
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
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Ackerfield (2015) distinguishes between E. arcuatum and E. flavum
on the basis of pedunculate involucres.
| Original Text
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4a. Involucres elevated on evident peduncles ... E. flavum var. flavum
4b. Involucres sessile or nearly so ... E. arcuatum
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriogonum arcuatum arcuatum;
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Eriogonum arcuatum Greene var. arcuatum “Baker's Buckwheat”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriogonum effusum;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Eriogonum in Golden s.l.;
Notes on Eucycla, discussion.;
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1848, publication details;
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Eriogonum effusum Nutt. “Spreading Buckwheat”
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1848b.
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Nuttall (1848) described Eriogonum effusum in his description of plants collected by William Gambel.
It is, however, a Nuttall collection made on the “… Platte plains …” and therefore on his
1834 journey across the Rocky Mountains.
An isotype is at the Gray Herbarium (GH) and can be seen through SEINet.
| Original Text
| Comments
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E. *effusum.
Suffruticose ;
leaves linear, oblong, obtuse, beneath whitely tomentose, above pubescent, greenish ;
stem tomentose, two or three times trichotomous, divaricate ;
bractes ternate, lanceolate-acute ; (flowers not seen.)
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Stem divided into many simple branches below ;
flowering stem bearing bractes only,
divided compoundly and numerourly,
each division subtended by conspicuous trifid bractes.
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Hab.
In the Rocky Mountains.
(Nuttall.)
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I assume that “Nuttall” indicates this is a Nuttall
collection rather than a Gambel collections.
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In this same volume, Nuttall also published Eucycla as a generic name for the wild buckwheat we now call Eriogonum ovalifolium.
This name has now become a subgroup name for wild buckwheats that are perennial, without jointed stems, and flowers without a stipe-like base.
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Eriogonum flavum Nuttall
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1813.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Eriogonum jamesii, Reveal, 1976;
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Nuttall (1813) ... Catalog
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34 *Eriogonum flavum. ‡
Fl. bright yellow. Collected in the vicinity of the
rocky mountains
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
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Nuttall (1818) …
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… 2. flavum Fras. Catal. 1813. …
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriogonum jamesii;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Eriogonum in Golden s.l.;
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Eriogonum jamesii Bentham
There are several observations of “James' Buckwheat” — Eriogonum jamesii Bentham — in gulches around Mount Galbraith.
These are just outside the definition of Golden s.l.
However, because those same lower gulches are within Golden s.l., E. jamesii is included here.
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Literature Cited:
- DeCandolle, Augustus Pyramus, 1857.
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Eriogonum jamesii Benth., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 14(1): 7 (-8) (1856).
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7. E. Jamesii,
foliis inferioribius ad basin caulis approximatis, spathulato-obovatis
oblongisve subtus albido-lanatis,
ramis floriferis 2-3-chotomis lanatis ternatim verticillatimve foliatis,
involucris solitariis subsessilibus campanulatis tomentosis 2-3-fidis laxe multifloris,
perigoniis extus lanatis, laciniis sub anthesi vix inaequilongis.
♃
In montibus Scopulosis ad fontes fl. Platte (James !),
in Novo-Mexico frequens (Emory ! Fendler ! n. 769, 770, Wright ! n. 617).
E. sericeum Torr. pl. Rocky M. p. 241, excl. syn. Pursh et Nutt.
—
Valde affinis E. tomentoso.
Statura minor.
Lana canescens nec rufescens.
Folia vulgo angustiora, acutiora.
Involucra submembranacea, saepius biloba.
Flores monores; laciniae interiores demum accrescentes, vix 3 lin. longae.
Embryo rectus, radicula vix cotyledonibus breviore.
(v. s.)
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Literature Cited:
- Stokes, Susan Gabriella, 1936.
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Literature Cited:
- Dayton, William A., 1960.
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Dayton, William A., 1960, p. 69
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James eriogonum (Eriogonum jamesii Benth.), known locally as
antelope sage, ground chaparral, and redroot, a somewhat trailing
perennial from a woody base, 4 to 12 inches high, occurs on plains
and foothills from western and northern Texas to western Kansas,
Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. The leaves are thickish,
elliptical or spatula shaped, green above, the lower surfaces
(like the stems) densely gray- or white-woolly. The flowers are
whitish or cream color, with a narrowed stipelike base, arranged
in involucres which, in turn, are in irregularly branching cymes.
The plant is named for Dr. Edwin James (1797-1861), surgeon-naturalist
with the S. H. Long expedition of 1819-20 to the Rocky
Mountains, and after whom the Rocky Mountain shrub genus
Edwinia (syn. Jamesia Torr. & Gray, not Raf.) is named. Almost
negligible as a forage plant.
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Literature Cited:
- Scott, James A., 1975.
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Scott, James A.
1975.
Mate-locating behavior of the western North American butterflies.
The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera.
14 (1), pp. 1-40
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/333681
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*Apodemia mormo. Males perch near the larval foodplant
(Eriogonum jamesi in Chaffee County, Colo., where most
observations were), mostly in depressions such as gullies cutting
into hillisides, and depressions at bases of slopes. Perching starts
about 1100 and continues til 1430 or later. In the morning males
mainly feed on the larval host and fly away when disturbed.
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Apodemia mormo (Felder & Felder, 1859) “Mormon metalmark”
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Literature Cited:
- Reveal, James L., 1976.
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Reveal, James L.
1976
Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Arizona and New Mexico
Phytologia
34.
pp. 409–484
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30. E. JAMESII Benth. in DC. Low matted to robust and erect
herbaceous perennials up to 4.5 dm high and 6 dm across; leaves
oblanceolate to elliptic, (0.5) 1--5 cm long, 0.5--2.5 cm wide,
tomentose below, floccose above or becoming thinly pubescent to
glabrous and greenish above in some, the petiole 0.5--6 cm long; stems
erect, slender to stoutish, (3) 5--20 (25) cm long, tomentose to
floccose; inflorescences usually open, simple or compoundly
umbellate, rarely highly reduced and capitate (as on the Kaibab
Plateau, Ariz.), up to 3 dm long, tomentose to floccose; involucres
turbinate to campanulate, 3--7 mm long, 2.5--8 mm wide, tomentose
to floccose without, the 5--8 erect teeth up to 0.5 mm long;
flowers white to cream or yellow with greenish to dark yellow midribs
and bases, becoming tinged with pink in some at maturity, 3--9 mm
long including the 0.7--2 mm long stipe, densely pubescent
without especially along the midribs and bases, the tepals dimorphic,
those of the outer whorl lanceolate, those of the inner whorl
narrower and longer; achenes light brown to brown, 4--5 mm long, with
a sparsely pubescent beak.
—
Rather common and often locally
abundant from e. Utah, Colo. and se. Wyo. s. to Ariz., N.M., w. Kans.,
w. and n. Tex., and ne. Mex.; common throughout much of both states
but in particular n. and e. Ariz., and e. and s. N.M. Jun-Oct.
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As I have become more and more familiar with Eriogonum jamesii
the more I have come to discover that it is an exceedingly complex
taxon with numerous local and region modifications in its gross
external morphology. In the past I have tended to ignore the
significance of many of these local populations, while in the related
E. umbellatum, I (and others) have tended to recognize them. It
is now becoming clear that E. jamesii is as difficult to treat as
E. umbellatum. I have tried to maintain a uniform understanding
of E. umbellatum, acknowledging that small, local populations are
often very distinct (especially to the local flora expert), but
when considered on the whole, none can be maintained at the species
rank. Thus, Colorado workers (Weber, 1972) have kept E. umbellatum
var. majus Hook. a distinct species (calling it E. subalpinum
Greene), and Howell (1973, 1976) has proposed var. torreyanum
(Gray in Torr. & Gray) M. E. Jones be considered as a distinct
species. This does not take into account, for example, that in
Wyoming, western Montana, and Idaho, var. majus intergrades with
var. dichtocephalum Gandoger, nor that in extreme northern
California and adjacent Oregon there is var. glaberrimum (Gandoger)
Reveal which is as distinct from var. umbellatum as var. torreyanum,
but together, are very close to one another.
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1813.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Eriogonum flavum, Nuttall, 1813;
|
The situation within Eriogonum jamesii is nearly as complex,
but fortunately, with far few taxa than in E. umbellatum. However,
unlike the latter species, associated with the former are a series
of closely related species which are seemingly weakly distinct on
biological grounds, but morphologically and distributionally, seem
to be as sound a species as any in the genus. Eriogonum correllii
Reveal of northern Texas, and E. allenii S. Wats. in Coult. & Wats.
of the Virginias are highly isolated, but are still very closely
related to E. jamesii var. wootonii Reveai of south-central
New Mexico. Field studies have shown that in southeastern Wyoming and in
extreme north-central Colorado, E. jamesii and E. flavum Nutt.
in Fras. intergrade to such a degree that in the mountains east of
Laramie, Wyoming, the two can often be exceedingly difficult to
separate. This is one of the few cases in the genus where two
related species intergrade; most hybridization is between unrelated
groups of species (E. brevicaule x E. corymbosum;
E. batemanii x E. shockkeyi;
E. brevicaule x E. microthecum).
While reviewing
this situation in the field, I finally realized that a form of E.
flavum in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, var. xanthum (Small) S.
Stokes, was in fact not a form of E. flavum, but should be called
E. jamesii var. xanthum. 3
3
Eriogonum jamesii Benth. in DC. var. xanthum (Small) Reveal,
comb. nov., based on E. xanthum Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
33:51. 1906.
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Finally, discussion with Steve Stephens and Ronald McGregor of
the University of Kansas, coupled with my own field work in
south-western Kansas, have proved to me that the isolated Kansas
populations deserve special recognition as proposed by Gandoger (1906),
and thus Eriogonum jamesii var. simplex Gandoger is maintained
for these plants.
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VAR. FLAVESCENS S. Wats.
[E. arcuatum Greene.
E. bakeri Greene.
E. vegetius A. Nels.
E. j. ssp. f. (S. Wats.) S. Stokes.
E. j. var. a. (Greene) S. Stokes.
E. j. ssp. b. (Greene) S. Stokes.]
Mats up to 5 dm across; leaves oblanceolate to elliptic,
1--3 cm long, 0.5--1.5 cm wide, the margin entire; inflorescences
divided 1--3 times, up to 2 dm long, rarely capitate or umbellate
as in northern Arizona; bracts mostly narrowly elliptic, up to 2
cm long and 1 cm wide; involucres 3--7 mm long, 4--8 mm wide;
flowers yellow, (4) 5--8 mm long.
—
Common and rather widespread
from e. and s. Utah e. to s. and central Colo. as far n. as se.
Wyo., and s. to n. Ariz and N.M.; local and often common from
Mohave Co. e. across the n. tier of cos. (and Yavapai Co.) to nw.
N.M. (as far e. as Sandoval Co.). Jul-Sep.
The attempts to maintain either Eriogonum arcuatum or
E. bakeri as distinct from
E. jamesii simply do not take into account
the variation within E. jamesii.
The only major difference between vars. flavescens,
rupricola Reveal (of southwestern Utah),
wootonii,
and the forms more closely related to var. jamesii such
as vars. simplex and undulatum is the flower color.
Again this is
an impressive difference to the local taxonomist, but not so when
the entire range of the species is considered, and when one
remembers that in such species as
E. umbellatum and E. compositum Dougl. ex Benth. in Lindl.
both color phases are common.
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VAR. WOOTONII Reveal.
Mats up to 5 dm across; leaves broadly
elliptic, 3--5 cm long, 1.5--3 cm wide, the margin entire;
inflorescences divided 3--5 times, up to 2 dm long; bracts mostly
foliaceous, those of the first node narrowly elliptic, 2--4 cm long,
0.7--1.8 cm wide; involucres 3--6 mm long, 4--9 mm wide; flowers
yellow, 4--7 (9) mm long. -- Local and often common in the mts. of
s.-central N.M. in Lincoln and Otero cos. Jul-Sep (Oct).
This New Mexico phase was described in my 1973 paper on the
buckwheats of Utah. It has been variously called E. jamesii
or E. baker.
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VAR. JAMESII.
[E. j. var. neomexicanum Gandoger.]
Mats up to
8 dm across; leaves mostly narrowly elliptic, 1--3 cm long, 0.5--11
cm wide, the margin entire; inflorescences divided 1--6 times, up
3 dm long; bracts mostly narrowly elliptic, up to 2 cm long and 1
cm wide; involucres 4--7 mm long, 2--5 mm wide; flowers white to
cream, 4--8 mm long. -- Widespread and often common from n.-central
Colo. s. throughout the e. half of Ariz. e. to n. and w. Tex.; from
Coconino Co. s. to Gila and Graham cos., Ariz., and throughout most
of N.M. Jun-Sep.
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VAR. UNDULATUM (Benth. in DC.) Stokes ex Jones.
[E. u. Benth. in DC.
E. j. ssp. u. (Benth. in DC.) S. Stokes.]
Mats up to 8
dm across; leaves mostly narrowly elliptic, 1--2 cm long, 0.5--l
cm wide, the margin crisped and usually undulate; inflorescences
divided 3--6 times, up to 1.5 dm long; bracts narrowly elliptic,
up to 1.5 cm long and 0.6 cm wide; involucres 1.5--4 mm long, 2--3
mm wide; flowers white to cream, 3--5 mm long. -- Widespread and
often locally common from se. Ariz. and sw. Tex. s. to n. Mex.;
currently known only from Ariz. in Cochise, Santa Cruz, Santa Rita
and perhaps Gila cos., but to be expected in the mountains of s.
N.M. Jul-Sep.
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The distinction between var. jamesii and var. undulatum is a
subtle one at best. The northern var. jamesii gradually grades
into var. undulatum in an irregular line from Jeff Davis and
Brewster cos., Texas, through the mountain ranges of extreme northern
Coahuila and Chihuahua, Mexico, and in southeastern Arizona. The
main difference is in the texture of the leaf margin, with that of
var. jamesii being entire and smooth while that of var. undulatum
is crisped and wavy or undulate. This broad band of contact caused
Johnston (1944) to reject var. undulatum as a distinct taxon.
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For the most part, var. jamesii is a foothill taxon, occurring
mainly in the foothills and lower slopes and flats of the Rocky
Mountains or desert ranges of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The
var. undulatum is entirely a montane taxon, usually found well up
on the slopes, and at least in Mexico, on the highest ridges.
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Literature Cited:
- Reveal, J. L., 1973b.
- Reveal, James L., 1976.
- Reveal, J. L., 1985.
- Reveal, J. L., 2005.
- Stokes, Susan Gabriella, 1936.
|
Reveal (2005), writing in Flora of North America North of Mexico accepts varieties jamesii, simplex, and undulatum. He also accepts both E. arcuatum and E. flavum at the species rank.
The references that Reveal lists are:
- Reveal, J. L. 1973b. Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Utah. Phytologia 25: 169-217.
- Reveal, J. L. 1976. Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Arizona and New Mexico. Phytologia 34: 409-484.
- Reveal, J. L. 1985. An annotated key to Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist 45: 493-519.
- Stokes, S. G. 1936. The Genus Eriogonum, a Preliminary Study Based on Geographical Distribution. San Francisco.
Does not seem to be available in any online form.
|
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriogonum umbellatum;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Eriogonum in Golden s.l.;
|
Eriogonum umbellatum Torrey, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York. 2: 241. 1827. “Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John G., 1828.
|
Published in 1827 by John Torrey.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
391. R. umbellatum, caule nudo, simplici ;
pedunculis elongatis (sub-senis) umbellatis, apice involucrum singulum gerentibus ;
calycibus glabris ;
laciniis obovatis, basi angustatis, obtusis ;
foliis obovato-spathulatis, subtus lanuginosis,
supra glabriusculis.
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Desc. Perennial, herbaceous, cespitose.
Caudex divided at the base into several branches ;
most of the branches short, bearing fasciculi of leaves at the extremity, one of them elongated and resembling a scape ;
covered with a copious loose tomentum.
Leaves obovate-spathulate, about an inch long,
and less than an inch broad, white tomentose beneath, smoothish above.
Flowering stem a span high, bearing a simple umbel at the extremity.
Peduncles or rays an inch and a half long, wooly, thick,
furnished with several oblong-lanceolate leaves at the base.
Involucrum about 20-flowered, campanulate, with lanceolate obtuse teeth.
Florets distinctly pedicellate.
Calyx very smooth ; segments obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base.
Stamens 9.
Seed acutely triangular.
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Hab. With the preceding.
| The preceding appears to be 390. E. tenellum which is also described
as being “… with the preceding …”
E. tenellum is known from southeastern Colorado.
The next preceding is
389. E. annuum, n. sp. Nutt. Mss. Near the Rocky Mountains.
Found also on the Arkansa by Mr. Nuttall.
Root annual !
E. annuum is known from eastern Colorado, but not Jefferson County.
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Obs. Flowers larger than in E. tomentosum.
It is remarkable that Humboldt and Bonpland did not observer any species of Eriogonum in Mexico,
as they abound, accoding to Dr. James, about the sources of the Canadian.
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Published in 1827 by John Torrey.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriogonum umbellatum var. ramulosum;
|
Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. ramulosum Reveal “Buffalo Bill's Sulphur Flower”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Reveal, James L., 2004.
|
Reveal (2004) proposed variety ramulosum.
| Original Text
|
|
Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. ramulosum Reveal, var. nov.
TYPE: UNITED STATES. Colorado, Jefferson Co.: Along U. S. Hwy 6 adjacent to I-70,
0.4 mi E of Exit 256 to Buffalo Bill's Grave, N39°42'12", W105°14'32",
T4S, R70W, sec. 18, 7100 ft elev., 25 Jul 1992, J. L. Reveal 7244.
HOLOTYPE: NY. Isotypes: BY, CAS, COLO, GH, MARY, MO, RENO, RM, RSA, UC, US, UTC.
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A Eriogono umbellato var. umbellato inflorescentibus divisis differt.
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Plants low, often rather compact, mats 2-4 dm across;
leaves in loose rosettes, the leaf-blades mostly elliptic to oval,
1-2.5 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm side, densely white to gray tomentose abaxially,
floccose and green adaxially;
flowering stems erect, mostly 1-3 dm long, floccose;
inflorescences compound umbellate and divided 2-3 times;
involucral tubes 2-3 mm long, the lobes 1.5-3 mm long;
flowers bright yellow, 4-7 mm.
|
Other specimens seen
UNITED STATES.
Colorado, El Paso Co.: Colorado Springs, Jul 1892, Eastwood s.n. (F, MO, RM);
Jefferson Co.: Mt. Vernon Country Club, Golden, 7 Aug 1941, Ehlers 8159 (COLO, MICH, TEX, WTU),
Larimer Co.: Cherokee Park, 15 Jul 1934, R. J. Davis 394-W (IDS);
Estes Park, 16 Jul 1978, Hampton s.n. (NY);
2.1 mi W of Drake, 9 Aug 1967, Neal & Neal 2 (ASU);
Estes Park, Aug 1931, E. C. Smith s.n. (MONT);
Big Thompson Canyon, 7500 ft elev., 3 Jul 1934, S. Stokes 201a (RM).
Mineral Co.: Piedra, 12 Jul 1899, C. F. Baker 291 (RM).
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Eriogonum umbellatum var. ramulosum
(from the Latin ramulosus, meaning “with small branches”)
is encountered mainly but infrequently along the Front Range
of the Colorado Rocky Mountains mainly west of Fort Collins south to Colorado Spring
then westward to Piedra.
Buffalo Bill's sulphur flower is related to var. umbellatum,
differing consistently in having a compound umbellate inflorescence.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriogonum umbellatum var. umbellatum;
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Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. umbellatum. “Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat”
| |
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Fallopia Adans.
To distinguish between the three highly regulated, invasive List A knotweeds in Colorado,
botanists and field inspectors rely on specific diagnostic leaf traits.
Because macro-level features like plant height can overlap,
leaf base shape and microscopic hairs (trichomes) on the leaf underside are the definitive metrics used to tell them apart. [1, 2, 3]
When evaluating these characters, it is critical to look only at large,
fully-expanded leaves from the main stem, as smaller branch leaves can be morphologically misleading. [1]
1. Leaf Base Shape (The Visual Test)
The geometric profile where the leaf blade meets the petiole (leaf stalk) is your first diagnostic clue: [4]
- Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica):
Leaves are truncate (flat-based) with sharp, right-angle corners.
They are often described as "spade-shaped" or shield-like,
never extending backwards toward the stem. [2, 4, 5]
- Giant Knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis):
Leaves are deeply cordate (heart-shaped).
The leaf base forms two distinct, rounded lobes that curve backwards past the attachment point of the leaf stalk. [4, 6]
- Bohemian Knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica):
Being a hybrid, the leaf base shape is variable and intermediate.
Most large leaves are sub-cordate—meaning they are slightly heart-shaped with weak, shallow lobes.
Crucially, a single Bohemian plant will often exhibit a mix of both shapes,
producing heart-shaped leaves at the base of the stem and flatter,
spade-shaped leaves toward the tips of the branches. [7, 8, 9]
2. Under-Leaf Hairs (The Definitive Test)
If the leaf shape is ambiguous (which is common in the hybrid),
flipping the leaf over and inspecting the veins with a 10x hand lens provides the definitive answer: [3]
| Character / Species
| Japanese Knotweed (F. japonica)
| Giant Knotweed (F. sachalinensis)
| Bohemian Knotweed (F. × bohemica)
|
| Trichome (Hair) Structure
| No true hairs. Instead, veins feature small, low, rounded bumps called scabers.
| Long, wavy, multi-cellular hairs. The undersides feel noticeably fuzzy or velvety.
| Short, stout, single-celled hairs with a broad, triangular base.
|
| Leaf Size (Length)
| Smaller: typically 3 to 6 inches long.
| Massive: typically 8 to 16+ inches long.
| Intermediate: typically 4 to 10 inches long.
|
Summary Checklist for Colorado Field ID
- Flat base + bump-like scabers = Japanese Knotweed
- Deeply lobed base + long wavy hairs = Giant Knotweed
- Slightly lobed base + short broad-based, triangular hairs = Bohemian Knotweed
[1] [https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org](https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.108332)
[2] [https://ag.colorado.gov](https://ag.colorado.gov/conservation/noxious-weeds/colorado-noxious-weed-list/japanese-giant-and-bohemian-knotweeds)
[3] [https://www.japaneseknotweedkillers.com](https://www.japaneseknotweedkillers.com/fallopia-x-bohemica)
[4] [https://www.inaturalist.org](https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/csk)
[5] [https://invasivespeciesireland.com](https://invasivespeciesireland.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/NIEA-ID-Guide-ISNI-website-Fallopia-sachalinensis-Giant-KnotweedV2.pdf)
[6] [https://invasivespeciesni.co.uk](https://invasivespeciesni.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/NIEA-ID-Guide-Fallopia-sachalinensis-Giant-Knotweed.pdf)
[7] [https://www.kcgov.us](https://www.kcgov.us/DocumentCenter/View/4081/Knotweed-Shrubs-PDF)
[8] [https://www.japaneseknotweedkillers.com](https://www.japaneseknotweedkillers.com/_files/ugd/d4f7d5_6f6363fc2e764dd0ac93ba301b8367e5.pdf?index=true)
[9] [https://www.wikihow.life](https://www.wikihow.life/Identify-Knotweed)
[10] [https://fremontcountyco.gov](https://fremontcountyco.gov/sites/default/files/weed-control/weed-files/knotweeds-fact-sheet-1.pdf)
[11] [https://www.knotweedhelp.com](https://www.knotweedhelp.com/japanese-knotweed-guide/how-to-identify-knotweed/)
[12] [https://ag.colorado.gov](https://ag.colorado.gov/conservation/noxious-weeds/colorado-noxious-weed-list/japanese-giant-and-bohemian-knotweeds)
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Fallopia baldschuanica;
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Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub
The basionym is Polygonum baldschuanicum Regel published in Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada. Acta Horti Petropolitani. St. Petersburg 8: 684 (1884)
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Literature Cited:
- Regel, E, 1883.
|
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POLYGONEAE. Polygonum L.
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POLYGONEAE. Polygonum L.
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81. Polygonum baldschuanicum Rgl.
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81. Polygonum baldschuanicum Rgl.
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Tabula X.
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Tabula X.
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Glabrum; caule frutescente, lignoso, volubili, basi usque 13 Mm.
in diametro, cortice fusco lenticellis crebris ornato.
Ochreae brevissime cylindricae, ut bracteae membranaceo-hyalinae mox fissae,
denique subevanescentes.
Folia inferiora opposita, longe petiolata, hastato- cordata,
acuta v. acuminata v. rarius obtusa, margine obsolete crenulato-scabra,
petiolum superantia; folia suprema floraliaque valde minora, nunc caulinis similia,
nunc lineari-lanceolata in petiolum attenuata.
Florum paniculae axillares terminalesque, folium pluries superantes, fere aphyllae,
laxae; rhachis angulata, ad angulos minute scabra.
Flores ramulorum paniculae fasciculati, pedicellati; fasciculi pluriflori;
pedicelli supra basin articulati, apicem versus hyalino-albido trialati.
Calycis 5 partiti hyalino-albidi lobis tribus exterioribus ovatis,
patentibus, dorso naviculari-alatis;
alis in pedicellum decurrentibus;
sepalis interioribus duobus erectis, obovatis, exalatis, rubescentibus.
Stamina 8.
Stigma capitatum, trilobum, in ovarii apice sessile.
Calyx fructifer vix auctus, late alatus.
Achaenium triquetrum, nigrum, nitidum.
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Folia caulina incluso petiolo usque 7 — 8 Cm. longa;
lamina usque 4 Cm. lata et 5 Cm. longa.
Flores 5 — 6 Mm. in diametro. Caulis 10—15 pedes altus.
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In Bucharae orientalis chanato Baldschuan ad fluvium Wachsch ad
pedem orientalem montium Sevistan, 4—5000' alt., mense Julio anno
1883, leg. A. Regel.
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In the eastern part of Bukhara, the Baldschuan river runs to the Wachsch river
the eastern foot of the Sevistan mountains, 4-5000' alt., in the month of July
1883, leg. A. Regel
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Bukhara is a city and a region of Uzbekistan located in the southwest of the country.
The Baldschuan River was suggested to be the Zarafshan River by ChatGPT,
which I now think is incorrect.
The type of Primula baldschuanica B. Fedtsch. Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae 5:6 (1913)
was named for the type location Baldschuan (Boldzhuan), Tajikistan.
GoogleMaps spells it as Baldzhuvon at coordinates (38.307612,69.677265).
I have also seen the name spelled Baljuan.
The Wachsch River might be the Vakhsh River.
Baldschuan is at the intersection of two rivers.
However, I don't see that either of them flow into the Vakhsh River.
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Species proxima P. multiflorum Thbrg. «caule herbaceo, floribus
triplo minoribus rufescentibus, calyce fructifero valde aucto fuscescente
alato» facile dignoscitur.
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Explicatio tabulae X.
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a. Ramus cum panicula, — flos a latere visus, — flos apertus a
latere superiore visus. — d. e. stamina. — f. pistillum. —
g. h. fructus maturi. — i. achaenium. — Figurae a, g, h, i magnitudine
naturali, — b , c, d , e, f auctae. — k. floris digramma.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Fallopia convolvulus;
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Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A.Löve “Black Bindweed”
Fallopia japonica has been known to form a hybrid with Fallopia baldschuanica (Polygonaceae – both EPPO List of IAP)
within the EPPO region since seed was collected in Wales (GB) that resulted in the development of the hybrid in 1983.
The hybrid was named Fallopia x conollyana (later renamed x Reyllopia conollyana).
The hybrid is formed from an ovule of F. japonica and pollen from F. baldschuanica.
In 1986, an established hybrid was identified on waste ground by a railway in the county of Middlesex (England) and the only other specimen found in the United Kingdom was identified in 2002 from Northamptonshire (England).
The hybrid has also been recorded in the environment in Germany, Hungary and Norway,
and grown from seed of Fallopia japonica collected in the Czech Republic and Belgium.
In 2016, x Reyllopia conollyana were recorded from two localities in Belgium as established plants.
The first observed on a talus slope (scree) in Izegem in 2016 and later in the same year alongside a railway track near Ghent.
Unlike the maternal plant, x Reyllopia conollyana has a woody stem,
although it has rhizomes and scarcely climbing stems with an intermediate leaf shape.
EPPO Reporting Service no. 07 - 2019 Num. article: 2019/151
“"...when related taxa that have long evolved in isolation are brought back into contact again (generally by human intervention), hybridisation followed by chromosome doubling can give rise to a new species … (Bailey, J. P. 2013)”
| |
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Linnaeus, 1753, v. 1, p. 364
|
Convolvulus.
|
24. POLYGONUM foliis cordatis, caule volubili, floribus planiufculis.
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Helxine caule volubili.
Fl. lapp. 154.
Fl. fuec. 323.
Hort. cliff. 150.
Gron. virg/. 157.
Roy. lugdb. 217.
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Convolvulus minor, femine triangulo.
Baub. pin. 294.
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Convolvulus minor, femine triangulo.
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Convovulum nigrum.
Dod. pempt. 396.
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Habitat in Europae agris. ☉
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Love, Askell, 1970.
|
Love, A., 1970
Emendations in the Icelandic Flora
Taxon. 19 (1970): 300
|
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love, comb. nov.
—
based on Polygonum Convolvulus Linnaeus, Spec. Plant. p. 364, 1753.
For the generic name, cf. Dandy (1967)
|
[Dandy, J. E. 1967. Index of generic names of vascular plants 1753-1774. Regnum Vegetabile 51:1-130.]
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Fallopia japonica;
|
Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. “Japanese Knotweed”
(Syn: Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc., Reynoutria japonica Houtt.)
Several papers have stated that invasive Fallopia japonica in Europe arises from a single female clone.
The same claim is largely made for the taxon in North America,
but the situation is more genetically complex than it is in Europe.
Large-scale genetic studies confirm that the overwhelming majority of invasive F. japonica across North America
consists of a single, identical female clone.
This clone is the exact same one that invaded Great Britain and continental Europe.
However, unlike the absolute clonal monopoly found in places like the UK,
researchers have documented notable exceptions and regional differences across the United States and Canada:
1. The Clonal Baseline (Monotypic Stands)
DNA sequence analyses of knotweed populations collected across both the Pacific Northwest and the Northeast
confirm that nearly all populations are monotypic clones of the single female genotype.
In the western United States, for instance, populations spread almost exclusively via vegetative fragmentation.
Because it is an all-female clone, it cannot produce viable seeds on its own.
2. Multi-Genotype Exceptions in the U.S.
While Europe is overwhelmingly locked into one single genotype,
genetic sampling in North America has revealed pockets of distinct F. japonica diversity.
The Massachusetts Populations:
A key study using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers sampled populations in Massachusetts and discovered 26 unique genotypes.
Presence of Males:
Geneticists have occasionally documented populations in North America containing both male and female F. japonica plants,
opening a pathway to true intra-species sexual reproduction that is effectively absent in Western Europe.
3. The Hybridization Multiplier
Even where F. japonica exists strictly as a single female clone, its invasion dynamic in North America is highly altered by its relatives.
Because the female clone has functional female organs, it easily accepts pollen from co-occurring species.
It readily hybridizes with Fallopia sachalinensis (Giant knotweed) to produce Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica).
In New England, studies have found complex, bidirectional hybrid swarms. These fertile hybrids produce viable pollen, backcrossing into the single female F. japonica clone and introducing massive amounts of new genetic diversity into the broader knotweed complex.
[1] [https://www.invasive-species.org](https://www.invasive-species.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2021/03/Fritzi-et-al.-2018-Biology-and-Biological-control-of-knotweeds.pdf)
[2] [https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu (https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/invasive-species/JapaneseKnotweedBCP.pdf)
[3]
[3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21636464/)
[4] https://experts.umn.edu (https://experts.umn.edu/files/281194775/div-class-title-history-of-knotweed-span-class-italic-fallopia-span-spp-invasiveness-div.pdf
[5] https://www.lhprism.org (https://www.lhprism.org/knotweed-japanese-knotweed-giant-knotweed-and-bohemian-knotweed-polygonum-cuspidatum-polygonum-sachalinensis-and-polygonum-x-bohemica/)
[6] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3962301/)
[7] https://www.mda.state.mn.us (https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants/pestmanagement/weedcontrol/noxiouslist/knotweed)
[8] https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com (https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.94.6.948)
| |
Literature Cited:
- Houttuyn, Martinus, 1777.
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Reynoutria
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Reynoutria
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Naar zekeren Heer van Reynoutre, waar
van Lobel getuigt , dat dezelve aan de Kruidkunde
zeer veel dienft gedaan heeft ; zo als ik
bevoorens heb gemeld (*).
|
To a certain Lord of Reynoutre, where
van Lobel testifies that the same to Herbology
has done much service; like me
in advance have reported (*).
|
(*) II. D. VII. Stuk, bladz. 64.
II. Deel/. VIII. Stue.
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IV. Afdeel. XI. Hoofdstuk. Driewyvige.,
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Immers in dit Kruid heb ik de Bloempjes bevonden tien
Meeldraadjes of liever Meelknopjes
bevatten, en het Vrugtbeginzel is driekandg ,
met drie Siempels gekroond : uit welken hoofde,
anders , dit Gewas tot het Duizendknoop betrokken
zou kunnen worden. Het heeft den
Kelk vyfbladig, zonder Bloemblaadjes.
|
For in this Herb I have found the Flowers ten
Stamen or rather Flour buds
contain, and the Vrugtbeginzel is trikandg ,
crowned with three Siempels: on what head,
otherwise, this Crop involved to the Knotweed
could become. It has den
Chalice with five petals, without petals.
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I. Renoutria Japonica. japaniche. Pl. LI. Fig. 1.
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De eenigde Soort , my daar van bekend , heeft
een vooze , ronde, doch eenigszins gegroefde
of gellreepte , brumachtige Steng, die bogtig
is en knoopig, overhoeks Takken uitgeevende,
welke , zo wel als de Steng , overhoeks bezet
zyn met lang gefteelde Piekswys' Hartvormige
Bladen , de grootften wel vier Duimen lang en
derdhalf Duim breed. Hier en daar komen aan
de Knoopen , en in de Oxels der Bladen , drie
of vier Ristachtige Bloem- en Zaadtrosjes voort,
met zeer kleine Bloempjes , van gezegde
hoedanigheid. De Bladen verkleinen niet naar
boven , maar komen zelfs naar 't end der Takken
veel grooter voor , dan om laag.
|
The only kind, known to me, has
a voodoo, round, but somewhat grooved
or gellreepte, brumig Steng, that bogtig
is and knotted, giving out branches diagonally,
which, as well as the Steng, occupies across the corner
are with long-stemmed Piekswys' Heart-shaped
Blades, the sizes up to four inches long and
three and a half inches wide. Coming here and there
the Buttons , and in the Oxels der Bladen , three
or four Ristle-like Flower- and Seed-trusses forth,
with very small Flowers, from proverb
capacity. The Sheets do not shrink to
above , but come even to the end of the Branches
much larger in front than down.
|
|
* II. D. v. Stuk, bladz. 116.
|
Terwyl ik het Geflagt van Cotyledon , onder
den naam van Navelkruid, als veele Heefterigen
gen bevattende, reeds befchreeven heb * , zo
komt hier thans eerst in aanmerking het.
|
While I read the Geflagt of Cotyledon , below
the name of Navelweed, like many of the Hasty
gene containing, already described * , zo
comes into consideration here first.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- D'Hertefeldt, Tina, et al., 2026.
|
The observation that F. baldschuanica was a common pollen donor concurs with studies
from other parts of Europe.
Conclusion: the presence of fertile seeds and seedlings has
implications for the northward dispersal of knotweeds in Europe.
Russian vine F. baldschuanica was identified as the pollen donor for R. japonica stands
and one putative R. × bohemica stand in south Sweden.
| |
|
Fallopia ×conollyana “Railway-yard Knotweed”
Fallopia japonica has been known to form a hybrid with Fallopia baldschuanica
(Polygonaceae – both EPPO List of IAP)
within the EPPO region since seed was collected in Wales (GB) that resulted in the development of the hybrid in 1983.
The hybrid was named Fallopia x conollyana (later renamed x Reyllopia conollyana).
The hybrid is formed from an ovule of F. japonica and pollen from F. baldschuanica.
In 1986, an established hybrid was identified on waste ground by a railway in the county of Middlesex (England)
and the only other specimen found in the United Kingdom was identified in 2002 from Northamptonshire (England).
The hybrid has also been recorded in the environment in Germany, Hungary and Norway,
and grown from seed of Fallopia japonica collected in the Czech Republic and Belgium.
In 2016, x Reyllopia conollyana were recorded from two localities in Belgium as established plants.
The first observed on a talus slope (scree) in Izegem in 2016 and later in the same year alongside a railway track near Ghent.
Unlike the maternal plant, x Reyllopia conollyana has a woody stem,
although it has rhizomes and scarcely climbing stems with an intermediate leaf shape.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Bailey, J. P., 2001.
|
This is the foundational paper that formally describes and names the hybrid Fallopia × conollyana,
detailing its discovery as an established plant in Middlesex, England, in 1986, and its origin from 1983 Welsh seed collections.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Krebs, Christine, Esther Gerber, Diethart Matthies, and Urs Schaffner, 2011.
|
Hybridization has been proposed as a mechanism by which exotic plants can increase their invasiveness.
By generating novel recombinants, hybridization may result in phenotypes that are better adapted to the new environment than their parental species.
We experimentally assessed the resistance of five exotic Fallopia taxa,
F. japonica var. japonica, F. sachalinensis and F. baldschuanica,
the two hybrids F. × bohemica and F. × conollyana,
and the common European plants Rumex obtusifolius and Taraxacum officinale to four native European herbivores,
the slug Arion lusitanicus, the moth Noctua pronuba, the grasshopper Metrioptera roeselii
and the beetle Gastrophysa viridula.
Leaf area consumed and relative growth rate of the herbivores differed significantly between the Fallopia taxa and the native species,
as well as among the Fallopia taxa, and was partly influenced by interspecific variation in leaf morphology and physiology.
Fallopia japonica, the most abundant Fallopia taxon in Europe, showed the highest level of resistance against all herbivores tested.
The level of resistance of the hybrids compared to that of their parental species varied depending on hybrid taxon and herbivore species.
Genotypes of the hybrid F. × bohemica varied significantly in herbivore resistance,
but no evidence was found that hybridization has generated novel recombinants that are inherently better defended against resident herbivores
than their parental species, thereby increasing the hybrid’s invasion success.
In general, exotic Fallopia taxa showed higher levels of herbivore resistance than the two native plant species,
suggesting that both parental and hybrid Fallopia taxa largely escape from herbivory in Europe.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Bailey, J. P., 2013.
|
Chromosome counts of plants grown from open-pollinated seed from Japanese knotweed around the world
have revealed the presence of extensive hybridisation with both native and other introduced taxa.
These hybrids fit into three categories: inter- and intraspecific hybrids involving the taxa of Fallopia section Reynoutria (giant knotweeds),
hybrids between Japanese knotweed and F. baldschuanica (Regel) Holub
and hybrids between Japanese knotweed and the Australasian endemics of the genus Muehlenbeckia.
In this minireview, the viability of the different classes of hybrid and the potential threats they pose are discussed in the context
of recent examples of allopolyploid speciation, which generally involve hybridisation between a native and an alien species.
Such wide hybridisations also challenge accepted taxonomic classifications.
Japanese knotweed s.l. provides a fascinating example of the interplay between ploidy level, hybridisation and alien plant invasion.
The octoploid (2n=88) Fallopia japonica var. japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene
is a single female clone throughout much of its adventive range,
and provides an ideal system for investigating the potential for wide hybridisation.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hoste, I, F Verloove, & J Bailey, 2017.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Persicaria lapathifolia;
|
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) A. Gray “Pale Smartweed”
(Syn: Polygonum lapathifolium L.)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Persicaria maculosa;
|
Persicaria maculosa A. Gray “Lady's Thumb”
(Syn: Polygonum persicaria L.)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Polygonum achoreum;
|
Polygonum achoreum S. F. Blake “Leathery Knotweed”
| |
|
There is one collection from South Table Mountain, Yeatts #808, 8/20/1983, that is labeled Polygonum erectum ssp. achoreum (COLO00613273,KHD21868).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittmann (2012) accept only P. erectum for Colorado, noting the differences are slight.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Treated at the species rank by Ackerfield (2015), P. erectum not accepted for Colorado.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Polygonum aviculare;
|
Polygonum aviculare L. “Prostrate Knotweed”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Polygonum douglasii;
|
Polygonum douglasii Greene “Douglas Knotweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1885.
|
Greene (1885, v. 1, n. 3, p. 125) ...
|
P. Douglasii.
|
|
Glabrous and somewhat glaucous, often a little scabrous
about the nodes, 1-1½ feet high, with numerous, slender,
divergent branches: leaves thinnish, oblong to lanceolate,
1-nerved, their margins smooth and more or less revolute;
stipules entirely hyaline, the sheathing portion very short,
or wanting, the upper part more or less lacerate: floral leaves
reduced: flowers commonly more than one in each axil, their
pedicels deflexed: akenes longer than in the preceding,
shining or granular-roughened. — P. tenue, Watson, Bot.
King. 315; Bot. Cal, II. 12, but not of Michx.
|
|
var. latifolium.
|
|
Leaves oblong : flowers numerous and crowded into a spike :
face of akene rather oblong than ovate in outline. — P. tenue,
var. latifolium, Engelm.
|
|
From the Saskatchewan to British Columbia, and southward
everywhere in the mountains to the borders of Mexico.
Clearly distinguishable from its eastern analogue by the
characters indicated, of which the 3-parallel-nerved leaves
and their almost saw-toothed margins are the most obvious.
|
|
In P. Douglasii, which we dedicate to perhaps its very
earliest collector, the secondary veins, when apparent at all,
are not parallel, bnt pinnate. The plant is variable, and
yet the var. latifolium may be a distinct species; the shape of
the akene is peculiar.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Polygonum engelmannii;
|
Polygonum engelmannii Greene “Engelmann's Knotweed”
(Syn: Polygonum douglasii Greene ssp. engelmannii (Greene) J.T.Kartesz & Gandhi )
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1885.
|
Greene (1885, v. 1, n. 3, p. 126) ...
|
P. Engelmanni.
|
|
Erect-spreading, diffusely branched from the base, a span
or more high, reddish, very minutely scabrous-puberulent
throughout: branches slender and somewhat flexuous:
stipules sparingly lacerate, short, with no tubular or herbaceous
portion; leaves lanceolate, acute, with revolute margins, ½
inch or more long, the upper much smaller and remote:
flowers in all the axils, solitary or in twos or threes, very
small: pedicels strongly defiexed: sepals obtuse, shorter
than the very small, ovate, shining akene, and but loosely
investing it. — P. tenue, var. microspermum, Engelm.
|
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Rocky Mountains of Colorado at considerable elevations.
Very unlike any forms of the preceding species; differing
not more remarkably in the minuteness of its flowers and
fruit than in its peculiar erect-spreading habit and the fact
of its flowering from the very base of the stems and branches.
|
| |
Locations:
Lapwai.
|
Polygonum polygaloides Meisn.
| |
|
Meisner in DC., Prodr. 14(1): 101 (1856) ...
|
19. P. polygaloides, nanum, glabrum, caule erecto tenui pauciramoso, ochreis
hyalinis bipartitis laceris 3-nerviis, foliis anguste linearibus acutis 1-nerviis planis,
spicis terminalibus densifloris ovato-oblongis basi folio fultis, bracteis imbricato-
adpressis floro majoribus prominulo-1-nerviis medio circumscripte viridibus mar-
gine albido-membranaceis, calyce parvo 5-partito carinato-trigono, achienio
inclso triquetro, faciebus ovato-oblongis granulato-striatis opacis.
☉
In Clear-Water, Oregon (Spalding !).
Plantula insignis, facie Polygolarum quarumdam, v. g.
P. Monspeliensis, caule digitali tereti levi, infra nodos ángulato, ochreis basi
fuscescentibus 2-3 lin., foliis 6-12 lin. longis, ⅓ lin. lalis, margine subtus obsolete
nerviformi. Spicae 5-7 lin., bracteae demum: 2 lin. longae, 1 lin. latae, maculá viridi
lineari-lanceolatá utrinque acutíá. Flores semiherbacei, 8-andri. Braeteae hujus
speciei revera folia sunt, margine scarioso aucta, et basi ochrcam genuinam
(caulinis omnino similem) gerunt. (v. s. in h. DC.)
|
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Polygonum polygaloides kelloggii;
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Polygonum polygaloides Meissner ssp. kelloggii (E. Greene) Hickman
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward Lee, 1891-97.
|
Greene, E. L. (1891) description in Flora Franciscana ...
|
6. P. Kelloggii. Erect, slender, simple or with a few widely divergent
branches from the base, 1 — 3 in. high, the internodes very short, scarcely
equalling the lobes of the sheaths, the whole plant glabrous : leaves
linear, acute, ¼—½ in. long, almost divaricately spreading, never
imbricated, not much smaller at the summits of the branches than below, all
the axils floriferous : fl. several at each node, subsessile, ¾ line long,
greenish : achene ½ line long, light brown, smooth or obscurely striate,
the face rhombic-ovate.
—
Common in the Donner Lake region of the
Sierra ; near P. imbricatum, but with spreading and equal leaves, no
distinct inflorescence, the achenes light chestnut-brown. It is in the
State Survey collection under n. 6005. Aug.— Oct.
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Literature Cited:
- Small, John Kunkel, 1895.
|
Small, J. K. (1895) ...
|
[Plate 54.]
|
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54. Polygonum Kelloggii Greene.
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Polygonum Kelloggii Greene, Fl. Francis. 134 (1891).
|
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Polygonum coardatum var. minus Meisner in DC. Prodr. 14 : 101 (1856),
not P. minus Huds.; S. Watson, Bot. King's Exp. 316.
|
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Annual, low, slender, glabrous throughout, somewhat scurfy. Stem mostly erect,
1-5 cm. long, divergently branched from near the base, more or less four-angled, in some
cases slightly winged, internodes of the branches very short; leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, .4-1 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, acute, sessile, crowded on the branches but
spreading and not imbricated, much the same size throughout, joined to the ocreae by
inconspicuous articulations; ocreae funnelform, 1-2 mm. long, oblique, thin and early
lacerate ; inflorescence axillary, consisting of clusters with several flowers, almost contigu-
ous on account of the very short internodes, the branches appearing like leafy racemes ;
pedicels .5 mm. long; calyx green, nearly 2 mm. long, five-parted to near the base, the
segments oblofig, obtuse, with whitish or cream-colored margins; stamens about five,
included; style often almost wanting; achene triquetrous, 1.5 mm. long, rhombic-ovoid,
light-brown, granular, somewhat striate, dull.
|
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Washington south to California and Colorado.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hickman, James C., 1984.
|
Hickman, James C. 1984.
Nomenclatural Changes in Persicaria, Polygonum, and Rumex (Polygonaceae)
Madrońo
31(4), October 1984, pp. 249-252.
|
Polygonum polygaloides Meissner subsp. kelloggii (E. Greene) Hickman, stat. et comb. nov.
—
Polygonum kelloggii E. Greene, Fl. Fran. 134. 1891.
—
Type: only “State survey ...n. 6005” [Brewer], which has not been located,
is mentioned in protologue, apparently without intent to consider it the type,
but (CA, Nevada Co.) “Near Donner Lake,” Kellogg s.n.,
in 1870 (ND-G!) is labelled “type!’ in Greene’s hand.
It is here considered holotype.
Akenes of Kellogg are somewhat striate
and to that extent intermediate to subsp. confertiflorum.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Polygonum ramosissimum;
|
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. “Bushy Knotweed”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rumex acetosella;
|
Rumex acetosella L. “Sheep Sorrel”
(Syn: Acetosella vulgaris (K. Koch) Fourr., R. angiocarpus Murb.)
| |
Literature Cited:
- Tabermaemontanus, Jacobus Theodorus, 1590.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 338) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Acetofella.
|
22. RUMEX floribus dioicis , foliis lanceolato-haftatis.
Vir. cliff. 32. Hort. cliff. 139. Fl. lapp. 131. Fl. fuec. 296.
Roy. lugdb. 231. Gron. virg. 153.
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Acetofa afvenfis lanceolata. Bauh. pin. 114.
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Oxalis ovina. Tabern. ic. 440.
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β. Acetofa lanceolata anguftifolia repens. Bauh. pin. 114. prodr. 55.
|
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γ. Acetofa arvenfis minima non lanceolata. Bauh. pin. 114.
|
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δ. Acetofa minor erecta, lobis multifidis. Bocc. muf. 164. t. 126.
|
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Habitat in Europae pafcuis & arvis arenofis. ♃.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rumex crispus;
|
Rumex crispus L. “Curley Dock”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rumex salicifolius;
|
Rumex salicifolius Weinm. “Willow Dock”
“The name R. salicifolius has been applied in a broad sense to nearly all species of subsect. Salicifolii,
including even mostly Asian R. sibiricus.
Rumex salicifolius appears to be most closely related to R. californicus and R. utahensis (Mosyakin, FNANM, v. 5)”.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rumex triangulivalvis;
|
Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. “Triangular-Valved Dock”
(Syn: R. salicifolius Weinm. var. triangulivalvis (Danser) J. C. Hickman )
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rumex venosus;
|
Rumex venosus Pursh “Veiny Dock”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Descibed by Pursh (1814, v. 2, supplement, p. 733) from a collection by Bradbury in Upper Louisiana.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Chenopodiaceae;
|
Chenopodiaceae Ventenat
| |
Literature Cited:
- Stevens, P. F., 2001 onwards.
|
|
Given the obvious general relationships between the old Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae,
and the complexity of the details of the relationships between them,
a classification of Amaranthaceae s.l., albeit incomplete, is suggested above,
however, what the future holds in terms of ideas of relationships will determine its fate... `
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Atriplex canescens;
|
Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. “Four-wing Saltbush”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1816.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 370) published the name as Calligonum canescens from a Lewis & Clark collection at the Big Bend of the Missouri.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
|
441. CALLIGONUM. Gen. pl. 834.
|
|
canescens.
|
1. C. dioicum, pulverulento-tomentosum ;
foliis lanceolatis,
floribus axillaribus glomeratis in apice ramulorum, subspicatus,
frictibus alatis, alis venosis cristato-dentatis.
|
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In the plains of the Missouri, near the Big-bend.
♄.
July, Aug. v. s. in Herb. Lewis
flowers exceeding small.
Goats delight to feed on this shrub.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
Nuttall (1818, p. 197) moved it to Atriplex
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
283. ATRIPLEX. L. (Orache.)
|
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|
Flowers polygamous.
—
Calix 5-parted.
Corolla none.
Style bifid.
Feminine flower; calix 2-parted, compressed.
Seed vertical.
|
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Flowers glomerate, paniculate;
bisexual;
masculine and feminine flowers intermixed, or on separate plants;
leaves alternate, rarely subopposite.
Mostly annual, rarely shrubby.
|
|
|
Species.
1. A. *canescens.
(Calligonum canescens, Pursh, Flor. Am. Sept. 2. p. 370.)
Dioicous;
pulverulently furfuraceous and canescent;
stem shrubby, diffuse;
leaves linear-oblong, entire, obtuse, attenuated towards the base, younger leaves acute.
—
Obs.
Stem much branched, and diffuse, about 3 or 4 feet high, with round gray branches.
Leaves alternate, 15 to 20 lines long, about 3 wide, sometimes cuneate-oblong,
obtuse and now and then emarginate, very entire,
covered with the white branny scales common to this and the preceding genus.
Flowers dioicous, with 4, 5, and 5 stamens,
conglomerated towards the ends of the branches;
male clusters (at least the lower ones) pedunculate.
Calix of the female flowers 2-parted, becoming indurated,
acute, with 4 unequal cristated or dentated angles.
Style 1, deeply bifid, exserted.
|
|
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Nearly allied to A. portulacoides.
Hab.
On the denudated saline hills of the Missouri;
commencing about 15 miles below the confluence of White river,
and continuing to the mountains.
Flowering in May.
|
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2. hortensis.
3. patula. …
4. laciniata.
5. *argentea. …
6. * arenaria. …
|
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|
Chiefly an European genus, the above excepted,
with 1 species at the Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Barbary,
1 in Siberia,
2 in Tartary, from whence A. hortensis
is said to have originated,
and 1 in Bengal.
|
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Atriplex hortensis;
|
Atriplex hortensis L. “Garden Orache”
| |
|
Bassia All.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Allioni, Carlo, 1766.
|
The name Bassia was proposed by Allioni (1766) primariy from plants collected in Egypt.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Kadereit, Gudrun, and Helmut Freitag, 2011.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Bassia scoparia;
|
Bassia scoparia (L.) Voss “Kochia, Summer Cypress”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 221) ...
| Original Text
| Interpretation and Comments
|
|
15. CHENOPODIUM foliis lineari-lanceolatis planis integerrimis.
Hort. cliff. 86.
Hort. upf. 55.
Roy. lugdb. 220.
| Scoparia.
|
|
|
Linaria fcoparia. Bauh. pin. 212.
|
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|
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Ofyris. Dod. pempt. 151
|
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Habitat in Grćcia, Japonia. ☉
|
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|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Schrader, Heinrich Adolph, 1809.
|
Schrader (1809, p. 85) placed our plant in Kochia Roth. There may be some discussion on the preceding pages explaining the reason. However, my German abilities are insufficient to find it.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Kadereit, Gudrun, and Helmut Freitag, 2011.
|
Excerpts that relate to Kochia scoparia:
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Morphological studies … frame of the study did not allow the full study of critical groups,
such as Kochia scoparia s.l. and K. prostrata s.l., in detail to
solve their inherent taxonomic problems.
|
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Bassia and Kochia are highly polyphyletic,
with the former distributed among all clades, and the latter in most of them.
|
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|
Scott (1978) already reduced the number of
non-Australian genera of Camphorosmeae to five by including
Kochia, Londesia and Chenolea into Bassia.
|
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|
The Bassia hyssopifolia subclade contains Bassia hyssopifolia and the Kochia scoparia group,
a clade consisting of four closely related and morphologically similar taxa; Fig. 5.
We also treat the latter here under Bassia.
The subclade consists of annual species and has a wide distribution area in Eurasia which
ranges from the Iberian Peninsula to Japan.
|
|
|
The Kochia scoparia group is well-known for its large
variation in shape, size and indumentum of leaves, indumentum
of leaf axils (very dense and long in K. densiflora), size and
shape of wings on the fruiting perianth etc. which were treated
in various ways by different authors. Our sampling included
some conspicuous forms but was not large enough to resolve
the taxonomy of the group.
For morphological and ecological
reasons, most likely only K. scoparia, K. indica and K. littorea
deserve species rank.
|
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Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott in Feddes Repert. 89: 108. 1978
= Chenopodium scoparium L., Sp. Pl.: 221. 1753 (‘scoparia’)
= Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. in Neues J. Bot. 3(4): 85. 1809.
= K. sieversiana (Pall.) C.A. Mey. in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 1: 415. 1829.
= K. scoparia var. densiflora Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 131. 1849.
= K. densiflora auct.
= K. alata Bates in Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) 24: 52. 1918.
Further studies are required to elucidate the infraspecific grouping.
|
|
I should look up this reference:
Scott, A.J. 1978. A revision of the Camphorosmoideae (Chenopodiaceae). Feddes Repert. 89: 101–119.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sukhorukov, Alexander P., et al., 2025.
|
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Despite its enormous morphological variability, Bassia scoparia is circumscribed here in
a broader sense to achieve its monophyletic circumscription.
The revised nomenclature of B. scoparia allows us to classify its infraspecific morphological variability at the level of variety
for practical use in manuals and collections.
Phylogenetically, B. scoparia is a sister to B. indica,
a morphologically similar but geographically distinct species of the genus.
Unlike all other Bassia, these two species are highly invasive, with their secondary distribution ranges overlapping,
and their spread has been initiated via both unintentional and human-aided introduction pathways.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Blitum nuttallianum;
|
Blitum nuttallianum Schult. “Nuttall's Povertyweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
Nuttall (1818, v. 1., p.4) ...
|
7. BLITUM. L. (Strawberry-spinage.)
|
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Calix 3-parted.
Corolla 0.
Seed 1, covered by the calix, which enlarges and generally becomes a berry.
|
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Flowers and berries in capitate clusters;
the capituli resembling strawberries,
and are both terminal and axillary.
|
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Species. 1. B. capitatum. A doubtful native.
2. * Chenopodioides?
Leaves almost hastate-riangular, somewhat dentate, at either end attenuate;
glomeruli all axillary, leafy;
seed distinct, punctate, not berried.
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Hab. on arid soils near the banks of the Missouri. ☉
|
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Obs. Stem erect, virgate;
seeds naked, imricated, surrounded by a few linear leaves longer than the seed;
proper calix, apparently none, style 1, deeply bifid.
Seed coated, coverec with impressed punctures, oboval, slightly margined,
beneath the outer envelope dark brown, a little rigose, emarginate below.
Corculum curved round the perisperm,
parallel with the margin of the seed;
perisperm partly farinaceous and partly corneous.
|
Blitum chenopodioides L. was a validly published name for a plant found in Tataria, a name used for central Asia and European Russia east of the river Don.
Nuttall's plant was not this, so the publication was a nom. illeg.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Schultes, Josef A., 1822.
|
Schultes (1822, v. 1, p. 65-66) ...
|
5. Blitum Nuttallianum;
foliis subhastato-triangularibus, subdentatis, utrinque attenuatis;
glomerulis omnibus axillaribus, foliosis;
seminibus distinctis, punctatis, nec baccatis.
Blitum chenopodioidis? Nuttall gener. P. 4.
|
|
Caules erecti, virgati;
semina nuda, imbricata, foliolis aliquot linearibus circumdata, eadem excedentibus, cat. O;
stylus 1, profunde bifidus.
Semen obovatum, submarginatum, sub tegmine exterior fuscum, punctis impressis,
subrugosum, basi emarginatum.
Corculum circa perisperma farinoso - corneum curvatum.
Nuttall. In aridis ad ripas Missouri.
☉.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward Lee, 1891-97.
|
Greene (1891-1897, p. 168) ...
|
3. MONOLEPIS, Schrader. Annuals, with the habit and foliage
of Chenopodium, but the perianth consisting of a single scale-like or
bract-like sepal (or this to be regarded as a mere bract subtending an
achlamydeous flower). Stamen 1. Styles 2, filiform.
Pericarp membranous, persistent upon the vertical compressed seed.
Embryo annular; albumen copious.
—
In aspect wholly like Chenopodium, to which the
genus may as well be united as Mungea to Amarantus.
|
|
1. M. Nuttalliana, Greene. Roem. & Schult. Mant. i. 65 (1822), under
Blitum: M. chenopodioides, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 85 (1849). Blitum
chenopodioides (?) Nutt (1818), not Linn.
Branches many, decumbent
or almost prostrate, 1/4-l ft. long ; herbage deep green, the growing
parts mealy : leaves lanceolate-hastate, 1/2 - 1 in. long, entire or remotely
sinuate-dentate, acute or obtuse, cuneate at base, the upper floral subsessile :
flower-clusters axillary, dense, sometimes reddish : sepal
foliaceous and fleshy, oblanceolate or spatulate, often exceeding the
fruit : pericarp somewhat fleshy, becoming dry and favose-pitted,
adherent : seed lenticular or reniform, 1/2 line broad.
—
Alkaline soils along the eastern base of the Sierra.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fuentes-Bazan, Susy, Pertti Uotilla, and Thomas Borsch, 2012.
|
Fuentes-Bazan, Susy, Pertti Uotilla, and Thomas Borsch (2012, p. 18) …
|
3. Blitum nuttallianum Schult., Mant. 1: 65. 1822
≡ Blitum chenopodioides Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 4. 1818 [non L. 1771]
≡ Monolepis chenopodioides Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 85. 1849, nom. illeg.
≡ M. nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene, Fl. Francisc.: 168. 1891.
—
Described from the banks of the Missouri river; type not designated.
|
|
= Chenopodium trifidum Trev., Ind. Sem. Hort. Bot. Vratislav. 1829 [n.v.]
≡Monolepis trifida (Trev.) Schrad., Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett: 4. 1830.
—
Lectotype (designated here): “C. trifidum Trev., m[isit] Trevianus” [later added:]
“M. trifida Schrad.” [both, manu Ledebour] in herb. Ledebour (LE!).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Chenopodium album;
|
Chenopodium album L. “Lambsquarters”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Chenopodium atrovirens;
|
Chenopodium atrovirens Rydb. “Pinyon Goosefoot”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1900a.
|
Rydberg (1900, p. 131) ...
| Original Text
|
|
* Chenopodium atrovirens.
|
|
Stem 3-5 dm. high, branched, striate, obtusely angled ; leaves
slender-petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, truncate, or the upper mucronate,
entire, sometimes slightly hastately lobed at the base, three-nerved,
very dark green, only sparingly mealy, rather thick and
somewhat fleshy, 1-3 cm. long and 5-15 mm. wide; flowers in small
spike-like glomerules in the axils of the leaves and in compound
interrupted spikes at the ends of the branches, very small and sparingly
meally; seeds lenticular, 1 mm. long, almost black, smooth,
easily separating from the pericarp.
|
|
It much resembles C. olidum, but differs in the darker green color
of the leaves and stem, the sparser mealiness, the smaller flowers
and the easily separated seeds, which are not pitted as are those of
C. olidum. The type was growing on a dry hillside together with
Mentzelia tenerrima and Symphoricarpos vaccinioides, under some
trees of Pseudotsuga mucronata.
|
|
Montana: Foothills of Electric Peak, August 18, 1897, Rydberg
& Bessey, 3948 (type).
|
|
Yellowstone Park: Stevenson Island, 1885, Tweedy, 439.
|
* Watson, Rev. N. A. Chenopodiaceae in Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 82-126.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Chenopodium berlandieri;
|
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. “Pitseed Goosefoot”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Moquin-Tandon, Alfred, 1840.
|
Moquin-Tandon (1840, p. 23) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
9. C. Berlandieri , caule fruticoso ascendente ramoso,
foliis alternis ovatis vel ovato-oblongis aculis
submucronulatis integerrimis pulverulentis glaucis,
inferioribus subrliombeo-ovatis interdum rhombeis
(angulis lateralibus prominulis), spicis subpaniculaiis
laxis aphyllis , perigonio fruclifero non carinato ,
semine punclulato-rugoso haud nitido margine acuto.
|
|
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Circa Mexico. Berlandier 1906. (v. s. in herb. Moricand.)
|
Seen in the dried state in the herbarium of Moricand.
|
Moricand is probably Moďse-Étienne Moricand, a Swiss botanist and malacologist (1779–1854).
In 1833-1846, he published Plantes nouvelles d'Amérique,
based chiefly on collections of J.L. Berlandier, J.S. Blanchet and J.A. Pavón.
Moricand's herbarium, numbering more than 54,000 specimens at the end of his life,
contained material from all over the world,
again collected by him and those with whom he had built relationships.
It was given to the Conservatoire botanique de la ville de Genčve by his son in 1908.
| |
|
Dysphania R. Br. “Wormseed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Uotila, Pertti, et al., 2021.
|
… placed Cycloloma in Dysphania …
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Dysphania botrys;
|
Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants “Jerusalem Oak Goosefoot”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Chenopodium botrys L., Sp. Pl. 1: 219 (1753).
| |
|
Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Ukrayins'k. Bot. Zhurn. 59(4): 383 (2002).
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Grayia spinosa;
|
Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Moq.
| |
|
Kochia Roth
| |
|
IPNI (2021) provides this reference, “Kochia Roth, J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(1): 307 (1801),”
which I think is this publication: https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433011408956.
Unfortunately, I am unable to find it there.
I think it is pretty clear that Bassia Allioni (1766) has priority over Kochia Roth (1801).
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|
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. “Common Red Sage”
The basionym is Chenopodium scoparia L.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A. D. J. Meeuse & Smit.;
|
Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A. D. J. Meeuse & Smit.
Homotypic Synonyms:
- Ceratoides lanata (Pursh) J.T.Howell in Wasmann J. Biol. 29: 105 (1971)
- Diotis lanata Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 602 (1813)
- Eurotia ceratoides var. lanata (Pursh) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 549 (1891)
- Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. in Chenop. Monogr. Enum.: 81 (1840)
- Krascheninnikovia ceratoides subsp. lanata (Pursh) Heklau in Taxon 57: 573 (2008)
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh. 1814. Flora Americae Septentrionalis. v. 2, p. 602
|
lanata.
|
1. D. omnibus partibus cano-tomentosa ; caule flexuoso, glomerulis spicarum confertissimis.
|
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|
On the banks of the Missouri, in open prairies.
M. Lewis. ♄ Aug. Sept.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
resembles Diotis ceratoides,
but is distinct at first sight by its long wooly tomentum
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Salsola tragus;
|
Salsola tragus L. “Tumbleweed”
(Syn: S. australis R. Brown, S. iberica (Sennen & Pau) Botschantzev ex Czerepanov, S. kali, S. kali var. tenuifolia Tausch., S. pestifer Nels.)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Suckleya suckleyana;
• Publication Details:
Torrey & Gray, 1855. Pac. R. R. Rep.;
Turland, et al., 2018;
|
Suckleya suckleyana (Torr.) Rydb. “Poison Suckleya”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1860.
Locations:
Milk River.
|
Torrey in Gray (1860, v. 12, Bk. 2, pt. 2, p. 47) … the "Pacific Railroad Reports" through Washington Territory.
| Original Text
|
|
OBIONE SUCKLEYANA, Torr., n. sp. (Plate IV.) "Annual, stem branching, prostrate; leaves
suborbicular on long petioles, acutely repand-dentate, pale-green both sides, nearly glabrous ;
glomerules axillary, monoecious bracts of the sessile fruit deltoid, united to the summit, the
margin narrowly winged, crenate-denticulate. Very distinct from every other North American
species of Obione, but having some resemblance to 0. argentea. It is remarkable for the
roundish leaves, very long petioles, and the large and much compressed nearly glabrous fruit.
The male flowers were tetramerous." — TORREY. This was collected in the Milk River valley,
August 19.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1876b.
|
Gray, Asa, 1876, pp. 101-103 described Suckleya as a taxon that fits between Atriplex and Grayia.
In that process, Gray proposed a new name — Suckleya petiolaris — and placed Obione Suckleyana Torr. in synonomy.
Now, of course, we would describe Gray's specific epithet as superfluous.
Not sure what Gray was thinking, perhaps that Suckleya suckleyana was an redundant name.
Certainly, he knew about priority of names, as the first “code” was published in 1867.
|
V.
|
|
MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL CONTRIBUTIONS.
|
|
By Asa Gray.
|
|
Presented, Oct. 12, 1875.
|
|
The following notes and characters relate mainly to Californian
botany, the writer having been engaged in the preparation of the
Gamopetalae for Professor Brewer's Botany of California, now printing.
Some of the observations are such as could not well be recorded
in that work ; and the characters of certain new genera and species
may appropriately be introduced to the botanical world in a continuation
of the " Contributions " which have from time to time been communicated
to the Academy, and published in its Proceedings. My
first note has reference to two plants of the Atlantic United States,
which have long been confounded.
|
|
…
|
|
Grayia Brandegei. Inermis, sesquipedalis, leviter fuifuraceo-cinerea ;
foliis spathulato-linearibus ; thecis minoribus flavidulis oblato-orbiculatis
quandoque trialatis basi latissime retusis, alis subundulatis ;
ovario basilari papuloso. — Hillsides, among fragments of cretaceous
sandstone, on the San Juan River, near the boundary between Colorado
and Utah, T. S. Brandegee in Hayden's Exploration, August,
1875. — While pleased with an accession to this genus, and with the
opportunity of associating it with the name of an excellent correspondent
who discovered it, I must add that it does not much strengthen the
genus. The small thecae, as far as seen only 3 lines broad, and with
some furfuraceous puberulence (but they are far from mature, and
mainly unfertilized), and the papulose cellular ovary too much remind
us of Atriplex (incl. Obione). A. Endolepis of Watson, Rev. Chenop.,
p. 111 (of which I should like to form a distinct section), has as thin
and complete a sac; but there are two minute teeth at its apex, and
their position, along with the venation, shows that the sac is compressed
laterally, i.e., formed of two flat bracts. I agree with Mr. Watson's
view, that the sac of Grayia is obcompressed, or formed of a pair of
conduplicate bracts, completely united to the very tip ; and on this
character (along with the inferior radicle) the genus actually rests.
But this view demands the separation from Atriplex of a species which
has always appeared like a stranger in the genus, and which I propose
to establish by itself, between Atriplex and Grayia, under the name of
its discoverer, Dr. George Suckley, U. S. A., one of the naturalists
of the exploration across the Continent under Governor Stevens.*
|
|
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* Subtribus EUROTIEAE. Theca, e bracteis pl. m. conduplicatis coalitis con
stans, obcompressa, rarissime triptera.
|
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1. Grayia. Theca nuda, integerrima, scariosa, orbiculata, plana, samaroidea,
alato-marginata. Radicula infera. Flores dioici.
|
|
2. Suckleya. Theca nuda, subhastata, complanata, marginibus herbaceo-cristatis,
apice bidentato. Radicula supera. Flores monoici. — S. petiolaris.
Obione Suckleyana Torr. Atriplex Suckleyana Watson, l. c.
|
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3. Eurotia. Theca villosissima, turgida, nec marginata nec aristata, apice
bifida. Radicula infera. Flores dioici.
|
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4. Ceratocarpus. Theca cuneata, obcompresso-plana, biaristata.
Radicula infera. Flores monoici.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1900a.
|
Rydberg (1900, p. 133) corrected Gray's (1876) error in
Catalogue of the flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park
without comment,
placing Gray's superfluous name in synonomy along with Torrey's Obione suckleyana.
Original Text
| Original Text
|
|
Suckleya Suckleyana (Torr.) ;
Obione Suckleyana Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 12: 47, 1860;
Suckleya petiolaris Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 103, 1876 [Man. R. M. 311].
|
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Montana: Milk River, 1853 (Stevenson Exped.), Suckley.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Amaranthaceae;
|
Amaranthaceae Juss.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Morales-Briones, Diego F., et al., 2021.
|
|
Despite the strong signal of gene tree discordance,
both nuclear and plastid data sets strongly supported five major clades within Amaranthaceae s.l.:
Amaranthaceae s.s., “Chenopods I,” “Chenopods II,” Betoideae, and Polycnemoideae
…
These five clades are congruent with morphology and previous taxonomic treatments of the group.
|
Chenopods I includes Atriplex, Grayia, Chenopodium, Dysphania, and Krascheninnikovia.
Chenopods II includes Suaeda, Salicornia, Allenrolfia, Salsola, and Kochia.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Amaranthus albus;
|
Amaranthus albus L. “Prostrate Pigweed”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Amaranthus arenicola;
|
Amaranthus arenicola I. M. Johnst. “Sandhill Pigweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Johnston, Ivan M., 1948.
|
| Original Text
|
|
Amaranthus arenicola sp. nov.
Herba erecta dioica annua: ...
[... Latin diagnosis omitted ...]
|
KANSAS: sandhills, Hamilton County, 1895,
Hitchcock 428A (type, Gray Herb.) ;
sandy soil, southwestern Kansas, Aug. 3, 1895, Hitchcock 609.
COLORADO: South Fork of the Platte, 1856, H. Engelmann; indefinite, 1861,
Parry 323; Ft. Lupton, Weld. Co., 1914, Johnston 275;
Gilcrest, Weld Co., 1916, Johnston 275A.
OKLAHOMA: bottom of Cimarron River, Cimarron Co., 1936, Demaree 13306.
TEXAS: Limpia Canyon, 8.7 miles northeast of Ft. Davis, 1942. Cory 40520.
INDEFINITE: Powell Colorado Exploring Exped., 1868, no. 509 ;
Upper Missouri River, Hayden; sandhills, 1862, E. Hall.
|
|
A species most closely related to A. myrianthus Standley of northeastern
Mexico and southern Texas.
The latter is a loosely and much branched
plant with usually sprawling branches and has the bracts subtending the
female flowers broad, cuspidate, and distinctly shorter than the perianth
lobes.
The plant here described grows in sandy places on the high plains.
It has passed as A. Torreyi Gray and is treated under that name in
Standley's revision of the genus, No. Am. Fl. 21: 107 (1917).
The name "A. Torreyi Gray," however, properly belongs to a very
different plant growing along the Mexican boundary.
Cf. Johnston, Jour. Arnold Arb. 25: 155 (1944).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Amaranthus blitoides;
|
Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson “Mat Amaranth”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1871.
- Watson, Sereno, 1877.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
King's Rep., 40th Parallel, Watson, 1871;
|
Sereno Watson (1879, v. 12, new ser. v. 4, p. 274) proposed Amarantus blitoides.
| Original Text
|
|
Amarantus (Pyxidium) blitoides. Prostrate or decumbent, the
slender stems becoming a foot or two long, glabrous or nearly so :
leaves broadly spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate to a slender
petiole, an inch long or usually less : flowers in small contracted axillary
spikelets : bracts nearly equal, ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate,
1 to 1½ lines long, little exceeding the oblong obtuse and mucronulate
or acute sepals : utricle not rugose, slightly longer than the sepals :
seed nearly a line broad. — Frequent in the valleys and plains of the
interior, from Mexico to N. Nevada and Iowa, and becoming introduced
in some of the Northern States eastward. It somewhat resembles
the A. Blitum, Linn., of the Old World, and has been mistaken
for it ; but that species is usually erect, with shorter and more scarious
bracts, and a smaller seed more notched at the hilum. The allied
A. albus, Linn., also common and indigenous throughout the interior,
is distinguished by its usually erect diffusely branched habit …
[… Description of A. albus omitted …]
|
Of the collections currently determined A. blitoides with data available online, the oldest are:
- F. J. Lindheimer #513, 1846, Texas, GH1928850, A. graecezans L
- J. M. Bigelow, s.n., 1853, NY3363450, Texas, Canadian River, Fort Smith to the Rio Grande, Amaranthus albus -- Whipple 35th parallel.
- F. V. Hayden, s.n., 1858, NY3363419, Nebraska
- I. Burk, s.n., 1864, PH20866791, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Grenwich Point.
- S. Watson, 1004, July 1868, NY2281426, Utah (Nevada), Diamond Valley.
- Pomell, s.n., 1868, SJNM2064, Nebraska, Douglas County, Omaha.
- George Vasey, 1868, SJNM, Nebraska, Douglas County, Omaha.
I think Watson's Coll. No. 1004 is interesting.
When Watson collected and first reported it (Watson, 1871, p. 297), he applies Amaranthus alba L.,
while noting it is a prostrate form.
| Original Text
|
|
Amarantus albus, L. Reported from the Upper Missouri, Northern
Texas, and Menzies Island in the Columbia River. Truckee River bottom,
and roadsides in the low valleys of Nevada and Utah. Midvein of the leaf
terminating as usual in a short awn ; erect, the lower branches ascending ;
½-2 high. (1,003.) With it was also found a wholly prostrate form, the
stems 1-2° long; leaves obovate or nearly orbicular. (1,004.)
|
In 1877, Watson will propose A. blitoides for a prostrate form of Amaranthus that is otherwise similar to A. albus.
While Watson labeled his collection A. albus, it has since been annotated A. blitoides.
Watson's Coll. No. 1003, to which he initially applied A. albus has since been annotated A. californicus.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Amaranthus powellii;
|
Amaranthus powellii S. Watson “Powell's Pigweed”
The earliest collection of this pigweed would appear to be Fendler #735,
which was in 1894 designated the type of A. bracteosus Uline & W. L. Bray,
who thought that Fendler's collection was different from the plants grown from Powell's seed.
However, Watson's (1875) A. powellii has priority.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1875.
|
Watson (1875, v. 10, p. 347) published Amarantus powellii
from plants that were garden-grown from seeds brought from Arizona by Col. Powell.
| Original Text
| Interpretation and Comments
|
|
Amarantus Powellii. Slender, 4-5 feet high, glabrous, the
stem becoming bright red, branches erect ; leaves small,
oblong-lanceolate, 2 inches long, cuneate at base, the slender petiole shorter ;
flowers in close narrow compound spikes, the lateral ones erect ; seed
nearly black, shining, less than half a line broad, lenticular, very
minutely and slightly tuberculate. — Likewise cultivated from seeds
brought from Arizona by Col. Powell, and apparently a very distinct
species. A. albus and retroflexus were also raised from the same
collection of Arizona seeds, used as food by the Indians. The only
other species known from our western territory and apparently
indigenous are A. chlorostachys and Blitum.
|
The other seeds were A. leucocarpus that is now treated as
a synonym of A. hypochondriacus L.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Froelichia gracilis;
|
Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. “Slender Snakecotton”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, William Jackson, Sir, 1837-1841.
|
Hooker (1840, v. 3., Tab. CCLVI) notes a distinct Oplotheca collected by Drummond in Texas.
He also mentions a genus name of Froelichia of Moench.
| Original Text
|
|
… and a very distinct one also exists
in Mr Drummond's 2d Coll. from Texas, n. 244, which may
be thus characterized :—
|
|
Oplotheca gracilis ; pubescenti-sericea, caulibus gracillimis basi decumbentibus
geniculatis dein erectis, foliis anguste lineari-lanceolatis, spiculis parvis paucifloris
remotis, perianthio tomentoso, fructifero cristis brevibus crassis profunde
dentatis.
|
|
Hab. Texas, Drummond.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- DeCandolle, Agustin Pyramus, 1849.
|
DeCandolle (1849, v. 13, pt. 2, p. 419) accepted Froelichia Moench
and placed Oplotheca Nutt. in synonomy.
| Original Text
| Interpretation and Comments.
|
|
XLIII. FROELICHIA Moench meth. 1794, p. 50,
Endl gen. p. 302, n 1959,
non Froehlichia Vahl (1), nec Wulf (2).
—
Oplotheca Nutt. gen. am. 1818. v. 2, p. 78,
…
|
|
|
Sectio I. Hoplotheca
|
|
|
1. F. gracilis, caule tereti striato villoso ...
[... Latin diagnosis omitted ...]
(I) In Texas (Drummond! n. 244),
Oplotheca gracilis Hook.! in herb.
(v. s. in h. Hook. et Mus. vindob.)
| Seen in the dry state in Hooker's herbarium and the herbarium of the Natural History Museum of Vienna.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Abronia fragrans;
|
Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. “Snowball Sand Verbena”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William J., 1853.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Hooker, 1849-1857, publication details;
|
Hooker (1853, p. 161) described this taxon from a description by Nuttall.
| Original Text
|
|
2. Abronia fragrans, Nutt.
Hab. On loamy, sandy, firm banks, within the high drift-sand hills of the Lower Platte.
Two feet long.
Umbels large.
Flowers porcelain-coloured, opening only at night, very fragrant ;
growing with “Rumex venosus” and Psoralea arenaria, Ph. June n. 157.
|
Nuttall collected the plant on the sand hills of the Lower Platte, though he does not identify the expedition or the year.
It is assumed (by me and others) that the collection was made on his trip to Oregon Territory in 1834.
Otherwise, the earliest know collection would be on Fremont's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 1842.
This voucher (NY3370444) was in Torrey's Herbarium, so it would seem that knew the plant and the name
but deferred to Nuttall to publish it.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Mirabilis linearis;
|
Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl “Narrowleaf Four O'Clock”
(Syn: Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) B. L. Robinson )
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1813.
|
Nuttall (1813, p. 2) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
21. [Calymenia] angustifolia. ‡ M.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, Supplementum, p. 728) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
p. 97
|
Allionia linearis.
—
A. caule erecto teretii, foliis linearibus subcarnosus,
floribus racemosis, pedicellis aggregatis,
staminibus longissime exertis.
|
|
|
|
Calymenia angustifolia. Fraser Catal.. 1813.
|
|
|
|
In Upper Louisiana. Bradbury. v. s. in Herb Bradbury.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Heimerl, Anton, 1901.
|
Heimerl (1901, p. 186) ...
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
|
10. Mirabilis linearis (Pursh). — Das Herbarium Delessert
besitzt von dieser, bekannutlich in Nordamerika sehr
gewohnlichen Pflanze eine neue Form, welche von dem verbreiteten
Typus durch rauhe Behaaruug (besonders der unteren Stengelstucke)
abweicht und als forma subhispida bezeichnet werden
soll. Sie stimmt vollig mit dem Typus im Habitus, in den
sitzenden linealeu bis lineallanzettlichen, ganzrandigen oder
undeutlich uod entfernt gezahnelteni Blattern, in der ziemlich reichblutigen,
opponiert und decussiert verastelten, drusenlos behaarten
Rispe, in den 2-3 blutigen Involucren, mit ziemlich ansehnlichen
Bluten u. s. f. uberein — unterscheidet sich aber leicht
folgendermassen : caulis internodia imprimis inferiora et media
(paniculae regione excepta!) pilis haud densis, saepius sparsis,
patentibus, asperis, usque 2 mm. lg. subhispida; folia inferiora
et media iisdem pilis imprimis in margine et infra in nervo
mediano parce setoso-hirta, folia in paniculae regione brevius
pubescentia. Das Exemplar wurde von Earle in New-Mexico
gesammelt und mit der Bezeichnung ausgegeben: N. Mex., north of
El Capitan Mts., Lincoln County (Exsicc. no. 383).
|
The Herbarium Delessert
possesses of this, notably in North America
ordinary plant a new form, different from the common one
Type by rough hair (especially the lower stem pieces)
differs and is called forma subhispida
target.
...
The specimen was obtained from Earle in New Mexico
collected and issued with the designation:
N. Mex., north of El Capitan Mts., Lincoln County (Exsicc. no. 383).
|
There of five vouchers of Earle's Coll. No. 383 listed on SEINet: three at NMC, and one each at NY and RM.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Mirabilis nyctaginea;
|
Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. “Heartleaf Four O'Clock”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Michaux, Andre, 1803.
|
Michaux (1803, v. 1, p. 100) ...
| Original Text
|
|
ALLIONIA. L.
|
|
Cal. communis oblongus , simplex , triflorus ;
proprius obsoletus , superus.
Corollulae irregulares.
Recept. nudum.
|
|
nyctaginea.
A. erecta, glabriuscula : foliia latocordatis, acutis :
pedunculis solitariis ;
involucro quinquefido , 3 - floro :
calycibus fructiferis brevissima pube hirsutulis,
involucro ampliato multo minoribus.
|
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Obs. Habitus omnino Nyctaginis hortensis
(Mirabilis Jalapae. Linn.)
|
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Hab. ad ripas fluminis Tennassee.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Claytonia lanceolata;
|
Claytonia lanceolata Pursh “Lanceleaf Springbeauty”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 175) ...
| Original Text
| Comments and Interpretation
|
|
3. C. foliis lanceolatis : caulinis ovatis sessilibus, racemo
solitario elongato, calycis foliolis brevibus obtusissimis,
petalis cuneatis bifidis, radice tuberosa.
—
Pall. Mss.
|
lanceolata.
|
|
|
On the Rocky-mountains. M. Lewis.
♃
June.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
Flowers white, nearly the size of the first species, without veins.
In the collection of A. B. Lambert, Esq. I found a specimen collected
by Pallas in the eastern parts of Siberia, perfectly
agreeing with the present species.
|
|
The “first species” was C. virginica.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Claytonia rosea;
|
Claytonia rosea Rydb. “Rocky Mountain Springbeauty”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1904.
|
Rydberg (1904, v. 31, n. 7, p. 404) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Claytonia rosea sp. nov.
|
|
Scape about 1 dm. high, slender, from a small corm 10-15 mm.
diameter ; basal leaves rare, long-petioled ; blade 1-2 cm. long,
spatulate ; stem-leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, sessile,
2-5 cm. long, 1-ribbed or faintly 3-ribbed, acute, rather fleshy ;
sepals rounded ovate, rounded at the apex, about 5 mm. long, half
as long as the pink obovate petals; inflorescence 5-10-flowered,
short, little exceeding the leaves, bractlets lanceolate ; capsule
shorter than the sepals ; seeds about 2 mm. long, black and very
glossy.
|
|
The few specimens of this species that are found in our herbaria
bear a variety of names, as C. caroliniana, C. caroliniana
lanceolata, C. caroliniana sessilifolia and C. lanceolata sessilifolia.
The original C. lanceolata Pursh is a much larger plant with broad,
strongly 3-ribbed stem-leaves, elongated inflorescence and large
flowers, the sepals being about 6 mm. long. The type of C.
caroliniana sessilifolia Torr., is a plant somewhat resembling the
present species, but with somewhat broader leaves abruptly
contracted at the sessile base and with acutish sepals. Neither in
the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden nor in that of
Columbia University is found any other specimen matching the
original collected by Bigelow. Most species of Claytonia are
found near water or in damp places. The type of C. rosea was
collected on rather dry hills, at an altitude of 2200-2300 m.
|
|
Colorado : La Veta, 1900, Rydberg & Vreeland, 6300 (type) ;
"Colorado," G. C. Woolson ; 1875, W. A. Henry ; Graham's
Peak, 1899, C. F. Baker, 303.
|
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Wyoming: Pole Creek, 1894, Aven Nelson, 27.
|
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Phemeranthus confertiflorus (Greene) Hershk. “New Mexico Flameflower”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward Lee, 1881.
|
Greene, Edward Lee. 1881
§ 118 New Species of Plants, chiefly New Mexican.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Blub.
Vol. Vii. No. 11. pp. 121-123.
|
Talinum confertiflorum.
—
Root perennial, thick, fleshy and
more or less branching ; stems several, branching and leafy ; leaves
fleshy, terete or nearly so, an inch or more long ; peduncles leafless,
slender, 3-5 inches high, each bearing a crowded cyme at the summit ;
beacts subulate ; sepals ovate, with thickened, purple tips ; corollas
small, apparently white ; stamens 5 ; capsules triquetrous ; seeds
small.
|
|
Collected in the Pinos Altos Mountains in 1880, by the writer in
too advanced a state, and distributed under the name “T. parviflorum.”
Dr. Gray afterwards informed me, from Kew., that it
was not that species, but probably a new one; andnow I have a specimen
from Mr. Rusby, collected this year in the Mogollon Mountains,
showing the five. stamened flowers.
|
|
The species, except as regards the number of stamens, and the
compact cymes, is much like the Eastern T. teretifolium.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Kiger, Robert W., 2004.
|
Kiger (2004) describing Phemeranthus for the Flora of North America, notes P. confertiflorus,
but plaves it in synonomy with P. parviflorus.
|
Plants from the mountains of New Mexico with elongate stems, subsessile flowers,
markedly congested cymes, and acuminate, often persistent sepals have been described as
T. confertiflorum (P. confertiflorus).
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Phemeranthus parviflorus;
Locations:
North Table Mountain.
|
Phemeranthus parviflorus (Nutt.) Kiger. “Sunbright”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & Gray (1838-1843) proposed Talinum parviflorum from a manuscript by Nuttall.
| Original Text
|
2. TALINUM. Adans. (in part.); Sims, bot. mag. t. 1357.
|
Sepals 2, ovate, concave deciduous.
Petals 5, sessile, hypogynous.
Stamens 10-20, inserted with the petals, and often coherent with them at the base.
Style trifid.
Capsule subglobose, 3-valved, many-seeded.
|
§ Stigmas or lobes of the style short, connivent,
Perennial herbs, with a short thick and firm stem,
and terete subulate fleshy stems :
flowers in a terminal dichotomous cyme, expanding for a single day.
—
Phemeranthus, Raf.
|
1. T. teretifolium (Pursh): ...
|
|
2. T. parviflorum (Nutt. ! mss.):
“small; leaves slender; stamens 5?-10.”
On rocks, Arkansas; with the preceding species, Nuttall!
—
A distinct species, according to Nuttall, with much smaller flowers than T. teretifolium.
| | |
| |
Literature Cited:
- Kiger, Robert W., 2001.
|
Kiger (2001) described new combinations to be used in his treatment of Portulacaceae in Flora of North America.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
... recent molecular data ... congruent with morphological evidence ...
indicates that Phemeranthus is phylogenetically distinct
from the mainly Old World Talinum ...
|
... morphological differences between Phemeranthus and Talinum ...
|
|
Phemeranthus parviflorus (Nuttall) Kiger. comb. nov.
Basionym: Talinum parviflorum Nuttall, in J. Torrey & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 197. 1838.
TYPE: U.S.A. Arkansas: n.d., T. Nuttall s.n.
(possible isotypes or syntypes, K [in type folder, on sheet with Drummond 34], K [in general herbarium])
|
There follows some discussion of whether the specimen at K is a type or,
if not, further search should be conducted before designating a lectotype.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Portulaca oleracea;
|
Portulaca oleracea L. “Little Hogweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 445) ...
| Original Text
|
|
1. PORTULACA foliis cunciformis, floribus feffilibus.
Roy. lugdb. 473. Gron. virg. 59. Hort. upf. 146.
Mat. med. 260. Dalib. parif. 158. Hall. helv. 392. Sauv. monfp. 168.
|
oleracea.
|
|
Portulaca foliis cuneiformibus verticillatis feffilibus, floribus feffilibus. Hort. cliff. 207.
|
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Portulaca anguftifolia fylveftris. Bauh. pin. 288.
|
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β. Portulaca latifolia fativa. Bauh. pin.288.
|
|
|
Portulaca domeftica. Lob ic. 388.
|
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Habitat in Europa auftrali, India, Inf. Afcenfionis, America,
☉
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|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cerastium arvense strictum;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Cerastium elongatum;
|
Cerastium arvense L. ssp. strictum Gaudin “Field Chickweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 439) ...
| Original Text
|
|
8. CERASTIUM foliis lanceolatis, pedunculis ramofis, capsulis fubrotundis.
|
ftrictum.
|
|
Ceraftium caule perenni procumbente, foliis lanceolatis tomentofis.
Roy. lugdb. 450.
|
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|
Myofotis arvenfis, polygoni folio.
Vaill. parif. 141. t. 30. f. 5.
|
|
|
Lychnis incana repens.
Bauh. pin. 206.
|
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|
Habitat in Gallia, Italia.
♃
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ugborogho, R. E., 1977.
|
Ugborogho, R. E. 1977. North American Cerastium arvense Linnaeus: Taxonomy, reproductive system and evolution. Phyton (Horn) 35: 169-187. 46€, unable to penetrate the paywall.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Moulton, Gary E., 1999.
|
Moulton, 1999. v. 12, item. 38.
|
38 Cerastium arvense L., field chickweed; AND-A; Pursh, 321;
collected in Klickitat County, Washington, or Wasco or Sherman County, Oregon. April 22, 1806
Deposited by American Philosophical Society [stamped]
The glandular viscidity is not found in any other of the many we have [unknown]
Plains of Columbia. Aprl. 22th 1806. [Pursh]
ANS PHILA [perforated initials]
ANS 1994 label: Cerastium arvense L.
APS printed label: Cerastium arvense L. C. elongatum Pursh
|
If the “Plains of Columbia” comment were really written by Pursh,
then it seems likely that this was the specimen described him.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Earle, A. Scott, and James L. Reveal, 2003.
|
Earle & Reveal 2003, p. 142
|
The dried plant in the Lewis and Clark Herbarium is not a good specimen,
consisting of little more than a single flowering stem.
It is hard to guess what its condition might have been when Frederick Pursh examined it,
but evidently it was not sufficient, even then,
for him to recognize the plant as field chickweed.
He listed C. arvense in his Flora as an eastern species ...
and gave the Lewis and Clark plant a new species name, Cerastium elongatum,
noting only that it was found “On the plains of the Columbia River.”
Subsequently, the Lewis and Clark specimen was recognized as field chickweed,
and Pursh's name was discarded.
|
See Pursh (1814) description of C. elongatum, below.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Cerastium elongatum;
|
Weber & Wittmann, 2012, p. 47.
|
2b. Bracts of the inflorescence scarious-margined;
floral stems with tuts of sterile shoots in the leaf axils;
plants with tall, erect erect stems.
C. strictum L. emend Haenke [straight].
14D.
Abundant in meadows and openings of pine forests, from medium to high altitudes.
C. arvense L. is a northern European tetraploid occurring in America at low altitudes only as a weed.
Our plants are diploid and are related,
if not identical, to the diploid C. strictum of the high mountains of Eurasia.
C. strictum and C. arvense are not interfertile according to the FNA.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cerastium brachypodum;
|
Cerastium brachypodum (Engelmann ex A. Gray) B. L. Robinson “Short-stalked mouse-ear chickweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1867.
|
Cerastium nutans var. brachypodum Engelm. ex A.Gray, Manual (Gray), ed. 5. 94 (1867). Gray (1867, p. 94) ...
| Original Text
|
|
3. C. nutans, Raf. Annual, very clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender,
grooved, diffusely branched (6'- 20' high); cyme loose and open,
many-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly elongated ;
petals longer than the calyx ;
pods nodding on the stalks, curved upwards, thrice the length of the calyx.
—
Moist places, Vermont to Minnesota and southward. May-July.
—
Var. brachypodum, Engelm., W. Illinois and southwestward,
has pedicels shorter than the pods.
|
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|
Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A.Gray) B.L.Rob., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club v. (1894) 150; et in Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. (1894) 277.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cerastium elongatum;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Cerastium arvense strictum;
Notes on Cerastium elongatum, Weber & Wittman, 2012;
|
Cerastium elongatum Pursh “Field Chickweed”
See also Notes on Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum, above.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh, 1814,
Flora Americae Septentrionalis;
v. 1, p. 321.
|
6. C. hirsutum ;
foliis linearibus internodiis longioribus divaricatus,
pedunculis terminalibus elongatus bis 3-chotomis,
bracteis oppositis ovatis,
petalis emarginatis calyce acuto duplo longioribus, capsulis subglobosis.
|
elongatum.
|
|
On the plains of Columbia river.
M. Lewis.
♃
April.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Dianthus armeria;
|
Dianthus armeria L. “Deptford Pink”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 410) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Armeria.
|
3. DIANTHUS floribus aggregatis fafciculatis,
fquamis calycinis lanceolatis villofis tubum aequantibus.
Hort. cliff. 165.
Fl. fuec. 345.
It. gotl. 301.
Roy. ludb. 443.
Sauv. monfp. 144.
|
|
|
Caryophyllus barbatus fylveftris.
Bauh. pin. 208.
|
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|
Armeria fylveftris altera.
Lob. ic. 448.
|
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|
Habitat in fterilibus Gotlandiae, Germaniae, Galliae, Italiae.
☉
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Zeise, Larry Steven, 1976.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eremogone fendleri;
|
Eremogone fendleri (A. Gray) Ikonnikov “Fendler's Sandwort”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
Other articles:
• US Interstate 25:
at Las Vegas;
Locations:
Las Vegas.
|
Gray (1849, p. 13) …
| Original Text
|
|
† 57. Arenaria (Eremogone) Fendleri (sp. nov.) : caudice polycephalo; turionibus
imbricato-polyphyllis ; foliis praelongis erectis setaceis planiusculis margine serrulato-scabris
cauleque slmplici glabris, caulinis ochreato-connatis ; symis strictis sparsifloris et
calycibus glanduloso-pubescentibus ; pedicellis gracilibus ; sepalis ovato-lanceolatis
sensim acuminatis cuspidatis inferne late scariosis medio viridibus trinerviis petala obovata
subaequantibus ; stjlis exsertls.
—
Prairies, five miles west of Las Vegas ; August.
—
A group of grassy-leaved species,
belonging to a group not before known in the New World,
and to the subdivision Chromolemmae of Fenzl.
My specimen is eleven inches high, just in flower, but destitute of fruit.
The leaves of the sterile radical tufts are 3 to 4 inches long;
the cauline pairs (3 or 4) successively shorter.
Petals white, 4 lines in length.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Gypsophila elegans;
|
Gypsophila elegans M. Bieb. “Showy Baby's Breath”
There is one collection of this species of Baby's Breath, made on Lookout Mountain.
One other collection in Jefferson County was made at Rocky Flats.
The few (eight) Colorado collections have been made along the base of the Front Range.
The species was first described from the region of Mount Kafbek (Kazbek) in the Caucasus Mountains,
in the gravels of the Terek River that drains the north side of the mountains,
and in the Alps of Kafbek (Bieberstein, M., 1808).
It is frequently found in wildflower mixes.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Bieberstein, Marschall von, Freidrich August, 1808.
|
Bieberstein (1808, v. 1, p. 319) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
789. GYPSOPHILA elegans.
|
|
|
G. foliis lanceolatis fubcarnofis paniculaeque ramis dichotomis
patentiffimis glabris; corolla emarginata calyce genitalibusque
duplo longiore.
|
|
|
Habitat in glareofis torrentis Terek, circa portas caucalicas
et alpem Kafbek. Septembri hinc inde adhuc florentem legi.
☉
|
“She lives in the gravel valley of Terek, near the caucal gates
and the Alps of Kafbek.
I picked up on it in September and it is still flowering.”
|
|
Radix exilis annua.
Caulis paniculatus: ramis floriferis ad angulum rectum patentibus per iteratam dichotomiam dinaricatis.
Pedicelli filiformes.
Flores forina, colore et magnitudine praecedentis.
Affinis G. vifcofae;
feci foliis utrinique aculis anguftioibus,
paniculae ramis glaubris longioribus et calycibus breuioribus
diftincta.
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Holosteum umbellatum;
|
Holosteum umbellatum L. “Jagged Chickweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 88) ...
| Original Text
| Comments and Interpretation
|
|
umbellatum.
|
4. HOLOSTEUM floribus umbellatis.
|
|
|
|
Spergula foliis oppofitis, pedunculis umbellatis.
Guett. ftamp. 298.
Dalib. parif. 134.
|
|
|
|
Holofteum caryophyllaeum arvenfe.
Tabern. ic. 233.
|
|
|
|
Lychnis graminea hirfuta umbellifera.
Morif. hift. 2. p. 546. f. 5. t. 22. f. 46.
|
|
|
|
Caryophyllus arvenfis umbellatus, folio glabro.
Bauh. pin. 210.
|
|
|
|
Caryophyllus arvenfis.
Bauh. hift. 3. p. 361.
|
|
|
|
Habitat in Germaniae, Galliae arvis.
☉
|
Lives in German and French fields.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Paronychia jamesii;
|
Paronychia jamesii Torr. & A. Gray “James' Nailwort”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 170-171)
| Original Text
|
|
4. P. Jamesii: minutely scabrous-pubescent, caespitose, much branched
from the base ; leaves linear-subulate, obtuse (the uppermost mucronate) ;
cymes dichotomous, few-flowered, crowded, with a central subsessile flower
in each division ; sepals minutely hairy at the base, linear-oblong, obscurely
3-ribbed or even, with a very short cusp, arched at the summit within ; sterile
setae as long as the filaments.
—
P. dichotoma ? Torr. ! in ann. lyc. New York, 2. p. 290.
|
|
β depressa: dwarf, densely dichotomous; leaves and stipules imbricated
on the short branches ; flowers nearly immersed in the leaves.
—
P. depressa, Nutt.! mss.
|
|
Rocky Mountains, lat. 41°, Dr. James! Nuttall !
β
“On the barren
plains of the Rocky Mountains (lat. 41°), and on the plains of the Oregon.”
Nuttall !
—
Stems 4-6 inches high. Leaves on the flowering branches about
half an inch long, slightly 2-sulcate, about the length of the internodes. Stipules
shorter than the leaves, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, or setose ; the
point much shorter than in P. dichotoma ; the flowers smaller, fewer, and
more crowded ; the cusp stouter and confluent with the arched inner portion.
Calyx obpyramidal at the base. Style 2-cleft ⅓ of its length.
The β. depressa has the branches crowded with leaves to the summit; the stipules
are nearly the length of the leaves, and the flowers are scarcely cymose.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
Locations:
Big Sandy Creek.
|
Gray (1849, p. 14) ...
| Original Text
|
|
69. Paronychia Jamesii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 170.
High prairies, in gravely soil, east of Big Sand Creek
(between the crossing of the Arkansas and Bent's Fort),
Sept., 1846 ; and from San Miguel, New Mexico, to Council Grove, Aug. – Sept.
|
Big Sand Creek may now be Big Sandy Creek, and is the same creek where the Sand Creek massacre occurred.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Pseudostellaria jamesiana;
|
Pseudostellaria jamesiana (Torr.) W. A. Weber & R. L. Hartm. “Tuber Starwort”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John G., 1828.
|
Published as Stellaria jamesiana Torrey (1827) who noted the habitat was
moist situations within the Rocky Mountains.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald Hartman, 1979.
|
Weber & Hartman (1979) transferred our plant to Pseudostellaria saying,
“... realignment of Stellaria jamesiana with Pseudostellaria
reinforces the emerging pattern of the Southern Roky Mountain Flora as one having
a strong Asiatic element probably dating back to the Tertiary,
a feature which greatly impressed Sir Joseph Hooker a century ago
when he visited Colorado with Asa Gray.”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Saponaria officinalis;
|
Saponaria officinalis L. “Bouncingbet”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1., p. 408-409) ...
| Original Text
|
|
officinalis.
|
1. SAPONARIA calycibus cylindricis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis.
Hort. cliff. 165.
Hort. upf. 106.
Mat. med. 214.
Roy. lugdb. 444.
Gron. virg. 160.
Gort. gelr. 245.
|
|
|
Saponaria major laevis.
Bauh. pin. 206.
|
|
|
Saponaria vulgaris.
Cam. epit. 152.
|
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hybrina.
|
β.
Saponaria concava anglica.
Bauh. pin. 206.
Morif. hift. 2. p. 548. f. 5. t. 22. f. 52.
|
|
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Gentiana folio convoluto.
Bauh. hift. 3. p. 521.
|
|
|
Habitat in Europa media.
♃
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Silene antirrhina;
|
Silene antirrhina L. “Sleepy Catchfly”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1., p. 419) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
17. SILENE foliis lanceolatis glabris, pedunculis trifidis,
petalis emarginatism calycibus ovatis,
Roy. lugdb. 447.
|
antirrhina.
|
|
Silene corymbo dichotomo, floribus pedunculatis,
ramis alternis erectis, foliis lanceolatis integerrimis.
Gron. virg. 50.
|
|
|
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Vifcago americana noctiflora, antirrhini folio.
Dill. elth. 442. t. 313. f. 403.
|
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Leaves like Antirrhinum.
|
|
Habitat in Virginia, Carolina.
☉
|
|
Known at the time of publication from Virginia and (North and South) Carolina,
now described as rangeing from Canada to Mexico (POWO, 2021).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Silene drummondii;
|
Silene drummondii Hook. “Drummond's Campion”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
|
Hooker (1830, v. 1, p. 89) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Sect, IV. Stachymorpha. Otth. MSS. Caulescentes, Flores spicati (vel racemosi)
axillares, non (aut rarius) oppositi. Calyx 10-striatus. DC.
|
|
6. S. Drummondii ; tota pubescenti-glandulosa viscida, caulibus erectis simplicibus
strictis, foliis remotis lineari-lanceolatis, racemo laxo paucifloro, pedicellis elongatis
plerumque alternis, calycibus oblongo-cylindraceis erectis.
—
S. nicaeensis. Cham. et Schlecht. in Linnaea, v. 1. p. 41.?
|
|
Radix perennis, crassiuscula.
Caules simplices, erecti, strictissimi, teretes, pedales ad sesquipedalem,
ubique, ut et tota plauta, praeter corollam, pubescenti-glandulosi, viscidi, superne prsecipue.
Folia lineari-lanceolata, radicalia latiora, in petiolum attenuata; caulina remota sursum sensim minora, opposita, basi
connata, uninervia. Flores pauci, 3-5 in racemum laxum, raro spicatum, strictissimum dispositi. Bracteae
subulatce. Pedicelli alterni, nunc, sed raro, oppositi, unciam sesquiunciam longi, simplices, nudi vel, nunc,
bibracteati. Calyx oblongo-cylindraceus, pubescenti-viscidus, 5-dentatus, dentibus parvis, striis decem viridibus,
demum, fructiferus, paulo latior, nunquam inflatus nee clavatus. Petala alba, parva, vix calyce longiora.
Capsula cylindracea, sessilis, calycis longitudine, apice 6-dentata.
|
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Hab. Plains of the Saskatchawan. Dr. Richardson ; Drummond. Common on the elevated, gravelly
soils near Fort Vancouver, and skirting the Blue Mountains. Douglas.
—
I am doubtful whether this species
should be referred to the division “Stachymorpha” or “Siphonomorpha” of the Prodromus. It accords in
many respects with S. gallica of the former division, but it has the flower-stalks vastly more elongated,
sometimes opposite, and the calyx more cylindrical; while, on the other hand, it approaches very near to
the S. nicaeensis in the latter division, but is far less glutinous, and never has clavate calyces, as in my specimens
of nicaeensis from the south of France. Still I suspect it may be the Californian nicaeensis of Chamisso
and Schlechtendal, which those authors refer, doubtfully, to the plant of Allioni and De Candolle. From both
the species now mentioned ours differs in its remarkably strict habit and small petals.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Silene latifolia;
|
Silene latifolia Poir. “Bladder Campion”
(Syn: Lychnis alba Mill. , Melandrium dioicum (L.) Cosson & Germain ) Bladder Campion
| |
|
Silene latifolia Poir., Voy. Barbarie ii. 165. (1789).
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Silene menziesii Hook;
|
Silene menziesii Hook
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
|
Hooker, William Jackson, Sir, (1830)
Flora boreali-americana, or, the botany of the northern parts of British America : compiled principally from the plants collected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. To which are added (by permission of the Horticultural society of London,) those of Mr. Douglas, from north-west America, and of other naturalists
|
Sect. VII. Caulescentes. Pedunculi axillares; pedicelli elongati.
|
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10. S. Menziesii ; pubescens, caule erecto ramoso dichotomo, foliis lato lanceolatis basi
apiceque acuminatis, pedunculis axillaribus folium vix superantibus, floribus parvis, calycibus
obovatis 5-fidis, petalorum limbo bipartito laciniis linearibus. (???. ???.)
|
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Tota planta tenera, pube brevi, minuto obtecta.
Caules spithamaei ad pedalem, erecti, flexuosi, teretes, subdense foliosi.
Folia opposita, bi-rarius triuncialia, patentia, lanceolata, uninervia, basi attenuata, sed
inferiora solummodo subpetiolata ; reliqua sessilia, apice in acumen subpungens attenuata.
Pedunculi sub-biunciales, foliis vix longiores, graciles, simplices, erecti,
alterni vel plerumque oppositi, nudi, nisi supremi, qui bibracteati.
Flores magnitudine Silenis quadridentatae.
Calyx oblongo-obovatus, basi subattenuatus, apice profunde 5-dentatus seu quinquefidus,
dentibus vel paululum obscure decemcostatus, pubescens.
Petala 5, calyce multo longiora, alba, unguiculata, corona nulla, limbo bupartito,
laciniis linearibus, obtusis.
Stamina pistillumque anthophoro, germinis longitudine, suffulta.
Filamenta 10, subaequalia, exerta :
Antherae oblongo-ovales.
Germen ovale, obtusum.
Styli tres, petalorum unguibus vix longiores.
Capsula membranacea, calyce minor.
Semina subtriginta.
|
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Hab. North-West Coast of America. Mr. Menzies.
Straits of Juan de Fuca, in lat. 48°. Dr. Scouler.
Under the shade of solitary pines, on the low hills of the Oakanagan. Douglas.
Portage d' embarras, Slave River. Dr. Richardson.
—
This species is totally unlike any other with which I am acquainted, somewhat
resembling a slender state of Saponaria ocymoides,
nor indeed does it accord with any of the divisional
characters of the genus given by De Candolle:
for here the peduncles are throughout solitary and single-flowered, and the stem is leafy to the very summit.
Dr. Richardson's specimens are smaller than those
from the east side of the Rocky Mountains, and have fewer flowers:
but they are not otherwise different.
|
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???. XXX. Plants:—natural size. Fig. 1, Flower;
fig. 2, Stamens, pistil, and their stalk;
fig. 3, Capsule : —magnified.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Jurgens, Andreas, 2006.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
anthophore;
|
Jurgens studied floral morphometrics in Caryophylloideae …
Taxa studied by Jurgens (2006) that are native to Colorado.
Taxa studied by Jurgens (2006) that are introduced to Colorado.
- Dianthus armeria
- Dianthus deltoides
- Saponaria ocymoides
- Saponaria officinalis
- Vaccaria hispanica
- Agrostemma gothago
- Silene dichotoma
- Silene latifolia
- Silene noctiflora
- Silene vulgaris
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Stellaria media;
|
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. “Common Chickweed”
(Syn: Alsine media L. )
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Actaea rubra;
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Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. “Red Baneberry”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Aiton, William, 1789.
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Aiton (1789, v. 2, p. 221) ...
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ACTAEA. Gen. pl. 644.
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Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Bacca 1-loculatis. Sem. femiorbiculata.
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1. A. racemo ovato, fructibus baccatis. Sp. pl. 722.
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fpicata.
|
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α baccis nigris.
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nigra.
|
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Common black-berries Herb-chriftopher.
|
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β baccis niveis.
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alba.
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White-berried Herb-chriftopher.
|
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γ baccis rubris.
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rubra.
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Red-berried Herb-chriftopher.
|
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Nat. α. of Britain ; β. and γ. of North America.
|
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Fl. April and May.
|
H. ♃.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Willdenow, Carl L., 1797-1830.
|
Willdenow (1799, v. 2, pt. 2, p. 1039) ...
|
1. ACTAEA fpicata.
|
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α. Actaea fpicata nigra. ...
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β. ...
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γ. Actara fpicata rubra.
|
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A. baccis rubris. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 221.
|
I think this is the publication of our name by Aiton.
|
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Houttuyn Lin. Pfl. Syft. 7. p. 181.
|
|
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Aehrentragendes Chriftophskraut. W.
|
|
|
Habitat in nemoribus Europae, β. γ. Americae. ♃ (v.v.)
|
|
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Literature Cited:
- Willdenow, Carl Ludwig, 1809.
|
Willdenow (1809, v. 1, p. 561) ...
|
★ 2. ACTAEA rubra.
|
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A. racemo ovato, petalis stamininus brevioribus, fructibus baccatis.
|
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Actaea spicata γ. rubra. Sp. pl. ed. W. 2. p. 1139.
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Habitat in Canada. ♃. D.
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Baccae rubrae et Petala staminibus breviora.
Non est varietas praecedentis.
Actaea baccis albis ex America boreali mihi est ignota.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Anemonastrum canadense;
|
Anemonastrum canadense (L.) Mosyakin “Canadian Anemone”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Anemone canadensis;
|
Anemone canadensis L. “Canada Anemone”
(Syn: Anemonidium canadensis (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Anemone cylindrica;
|
Anemone cylindrica A. Gray “Candle Anemone”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
|
Hooker (1840, v. 1, p. 7) ....
|
9. A. multifida; pilosa, foliis ternatim divisis, segmentis cuneatis tripartitis laciniatis,
laciniis linearibus acutis, involucri involucellorumque breve petiolatis conformibus,
sepalis 5-8 subcoriaceis ellipticis extus sericeis.
—
Poir. in Encycl. Meth. Suppl. v. 1. p. 364,
De Less. Ic. v. 1. t 16,
De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 21.
—
A. Hudsoniana. Herb. Banks. Rich. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 22.
|
|
β. caule unifloro.
—
A. multifida, γ. uniflora.
De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 21.
De Less. Ic. v. 1. t. 17.
|
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γ. flore sanguineo.
—
A. sanguinea. Pursh, in Herb. Lamb.
—
A. Hudsoniana, β. sanguinea.
Rich. in Frankl 1st. Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 22.
|
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Hab. Gulf of the St. Lawrence. Goldie.
From the shores of Hudson's Bay to the western declivity of the Rocky Mountains,
and from the United States to near the shores of the Arctic Sea : common.
Dr. Richardson. Drummond.
West side of the Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Columbia. Douglas.
—
Variable in size and in the number of peduncles arising from each stem, from 1 to 3,
and agreeing with the figures of De Lessert (from plants gathered in the Straits of Magellan)
in every particular, except that in those the segments of the leaves are shorter in proportion
to the breadth ; so that their single-flowered variety
has very much the appearance of a large state of A. Baldensis.
Heads of pericarps, as in that species, roundish-oval, woolly.
Flower white, yellow, purple, and deep red.
|
|
The species has a very extended range,
from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the sources of the Columbia,
west of the Rocky Mountains.
It was found at Conception in Chili, during Capt. Beechey's Expedition,
at the Straits of Magellan, and Dr. Gillies has gathered it on the Andes of Chili.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Anemone multifida var. multifida;
|
Anemone multifida Poir. var. multifida “Pacific Anemone”
| |
|
Aquilegia
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ray, John, 1686.
|
| Latin
| Automated Translation to English
| My Interpreted English
|
|
Aquilegia recens vocabulum est, quasi Aquilina ob florum mucrones aduncos
ut sunt Aquiline ungues.
Anglis Columbine dicitur,
quia florum calcaria recurva columbarum cervicem cum capite &
rostro tum figura tum colore referunt.
An veteribus Graecis vel Latinis cognita, aut quo nomine dicta nondum constat.
|
Aguilegia recent designation is,
as Aquilina of flowers blades that are AQUILINE hooked claws.
English Columbine called for bits of flowers and
beaks and curved shape and color the dove's neck and head.
Is it known to the ancient Greeks, or to the Latins, the name of which it was said, or not yet been agreed.
|
… flower petals that are like an eagle's hooked claws …
|
|
Notae illius genericae sunt folia Umbelliferarum modo divisa,
flores penduli cum pluribus corniculis recurvis, femina nigra lucida.
|
Note that the generic Umbelliferarum newspapers are now divided,
with many little flowers hanging bend, female black cloud.
|
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Aquilegiam stellatam, quae caret illis corniculis recurvis in flore, pro specie degenere habeo.
|
Aquileia the Star, which has no unto them, little curves that bend in the flower,
here standing for species degenerates I have.
|
Notes:
- “aquiline” like an eagle
- (of a person's nose) hooked or curved like an eagle's beak.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Aquilegia coerulea;
|
Aquilegia coerulea E. James “Colorado Blue Columbine”
| |
Literature Cited:
- James, Edwin, ed., 1823.
|
James (1823, v. 2, p. 15) ...
|
[July] 11th. [1820] From our encampment, we travelled nearly south,
and, crossing a small ridge dividing the waters of the Platte
from those of the Arkansa, halted to dine on a tributary of
the latter. In an excursion from this place we collected a
large species of columbine, somewhat resembling the common
one of the gardens. It is heretofore unknown to the
Flora of the United States, to which it forms a splendid
acquisition. If it should appear not to have been described, it
may receive the name of Aquilegia coerulea.* Our road,
during the morning, lay for about twelve miles, along ...
|
|
|
* A. coerulea. — Leaves twice ternate; flowers terminal, remote;
nectaries strait and very long. It inhabits sandy woods of pine,
and spruce within the mountains, rising sometimes to the height of three feet.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Aquilegia saximontana;
|
Aquilegia saximontana Rydb. “Rocky Mountain Columbine”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1878-1895.
|
Gray (1895, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 43) ...
|
A.* saximontana, P. A. Rydberg. Much lower, scarcely a span high : stems slender,
several from a scaly rootstock, quite glabrous : leaves small, twice ternate, even the upper
slender-petioled, smooth : flowers much as in the preceding, but carpels glabrous.
—
Rydberg in ms. A. vulgaris, var. brevistyla. Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 242 ;
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 4.
A. brevistyla. Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 10;
Jones, Zoe, iv. 258.
—
Rocky Mountains of Colorado, first collected by Parry.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1896.
|
Rydberg (1896, v. 3, p. 482) ...
|
A. saximontana Rydberg ; Gray, Syn. Fl, i, pt. 1, 43 (1895);
A. vulgaris brevistyla Gray, Amer. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii, 110,
and Proc. Acad. Phila, 1863, 57 (1863), name only;
Porter, Port. & Coult. Fl. Col. 4 (1874), description;
A. brevistyla Coulter, Man. Rock. Mount. Reg. 10 (1885) ;
Jones, Zoe, iv, 258 (1893). Pl. XIX.
|
|
Stem 1 to 2 dm. high, densely tufted, scarcely exceeding the leaves, perfectly
smooth; leaves twice-ternate, all on slender petioles thin, the upper a little smaller;
leaflets 8 to 15 mm. long, with long petiolules, pedicels slender, upright; sepals
greenish and obtuse or blue and acute; limb of the petals yellow, longer than the
blue, curved spur, and the stamens and pistils; ovary smooth; pod 1.5 to 2 cm.,
smooth.
|
|
Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Specimens examined : Colorado, Dr. James (labeled
A. caerulea, var. ?); 1861, C. C. Parry, No. 90; 1862, Hall & Harbour, No. 23;
1869, Scoville ; Argentine Pass, 1878, M. E. Jones, No. 875 ;
Gray's Peak, 1895, P. A. Rydberg and C. L. Shear.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Clematis columbiana;
|
Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray. “Rock Clematis”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Graustein, Jeannette E., 1967.
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1834a.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1834a, publication details;
• US I-90:
near Warm Springs;
near St Regis;
Locations:
Clark Fork.
Clark Fork.
|
Nuttall (1834, p. 7) describes Atragene columbiana from collections by
Nathaniel Wyeth on the Flat-Head river on the return trip between the Falls of the Columbia and the first navigable waters of the
Missouri.
| Original Text
|
|
2. Atragene *Columbiana.
Pedunculis unifloris, foliis oppositis ternatum sectis,
foliolis ovatis acutis, obsolete crenulatis,
sepalis ovatis acuminatis,
staminibus vix suplo longioribus.
|
|
Hab. Flat-Head river.
In flower by the first of March,
forming an intricate mat of branches so as to appear almost like a bush.
Readily distinguishable from A. verticillaris by the flowers,
which are scarcely half as large and of a dull palish blue.
The leaflets are also cuneate rather than cordate at base,
and the lateral ones apparently always entire.
|
Clark's Fork receives the Flathead and Bitterroot Rivers, but Wyeth, and consequently Nuttall, called Clarks Fork and all its branches the “Flathead” River (Graustein, 1967, p. 261).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Torrey & A. Gray, 1838-1843, publication details;
|
Torrey & A. Gray (1838) placed Nuttall's Atragene columbiana into
Clematis.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
§ 2. Involucre none : sepals 4 : petals several, minute. — Atragene, DC.
| Here, Torrey & A. Gray credit DeCandolle as the author of section Atragene
|
|
19. C. Columbiana :
peduncles 1-flowered ;
leaves ternate :
leaflets ovate, acute, obscurely crenulate ;
sepals ovate, acuminate, nearly twice the length of the stamens.
—
Atragene Columbiana, Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 7.
|
|
|
Rocky Mountains, Mr. Wyeth. March.
—
Flowers smaller than in C. verticillaris, pale blue.
Nuttall.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pringle, James S., 1993+.
|
James S. Pringle (1993+) writing in Flora of North America places C. columbiana in subgroup Atragene giving Torr. & A. Gray (1838) authorship of the name.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittmann (2012) treat Atragene at the rank of genus.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Ackerfield (2015) in Flora of Colorado accepts Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray, placing Atragene columbiana Nutt. in synonomy.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Clematis hirsutissima;
|
Clematis hirsutissima Pursh “Hairy Clematis, Sugar Bowls”
(Syn: Coriflora hirsutissima (Pursh) W. A. Weber )
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Anemone patens var. multifida, Nuttall, 1818;
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 385) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
9. C. erecta, simplex ; foliis hirsutissimis bipinnatifidis incisis,
laciniis linearibus acutis, caulinis composite-multifidis,
pedunculo terminali solitario, flore erecto
campanulato, petalis 4. erectis ovatis obtusiusculis
apice reflexis.
|
hirsutissima.
|
Pursh states that the flower is erect,
as might be deduced from the Lewis & Clark specimen.
However, the flower is nearly always nodding.
This may have led to confusion with Nuttall's Anemone ludoviciana,
for which the flowers are erect.
|
|
On the plains of Columbia river. ♃. May.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis. The whole plant is covered with a
close coat of long hairs like Anemone Pulsatilla, which
it very much resembles in several respects. I consider
all the division of Anemones with caudated seeds to
belong to this genus, or at least to one separate from
Anemone.
|
|
The original label states, “One of the most common plants on the plains of
the Columbia — May 27th 1806,” see Moulton (1999).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Clematis ligusticifolia;
• Kinney Run Trail:
near Eagle Ridge Drive;
|
Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. “Western White Clematis”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Published in Torrey & Gray (1838-1843, v. 1, p. 9) from a Nuttall manuscript.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
8. C. ligusticifolia (Nutt. ! mss.):
“plant somewhat pubescent ;
flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioecious ;
leaves pinnate ternate ;
leaflets oblong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate,
incisely toothed and trifid ;
petals and stamens equal in length ;
carpels with long plumose tails.
—
C. Virginiana, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 1. (in part).
|
It appears that this entire description is a quote from Nuttall's
manuscript.
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“β. brevifolia :
leaves smoother, shorter and broader.
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“Plains of the Rocky Mountains, in open and in bushy places,
near streams.
β in the Blue Mountains and on the borders of the Oregon.
—
Very similar to C. Virginiana, but the leaves are mostly 5-foliolate,
and almost lucidly coriaceous ;
They are also much smaller,
and in the var. α much narrower and longer.
The tails of the carpels are also longer and more densely plumose in C. Virginiana.
Flowers white and fragrant.”
Nutt.
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There are two vouchers of Nuttall collections of Clematis ligusticifolia at NY.
One of them (NY233134) gives the location of “R. Mts. Lewis' River” in Nuttall's hand
and was designated the holotype by Arnold Tiehm, December 1985.
The Lewis River of the time is today's Snake River.
The other (NY233159) is from the Torrey Herbarium and gives the location as the Columbia River.
This has been designated as the holotype of C. ligusticifolia var. brevifolia Torr. & A. Gray
found in the Blue Mountains and on the borders of the Oregon.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Clematis orientalis;
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Clematis orientalis L. “Oriental Virginsbower”
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Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 543) ...
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4. CLEMATIS foliis compofitis : foliolis incifis angulatis lobatis cuneiformibus.
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orientalis.
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Clematis orientalis, apii folio, flore e viridi-flavefcente pofterius reflexo. Tournef. cor. 20.
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Flammula fcandens, apii folio glauco. Dill. elth. 144. t. 119. f. 145.
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Habitat in Oriente.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina;
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Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray “Tadpole Buttercup”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Delphinium carolinianum;
• Field Notes:
Coll. No. 1440, 15 Jun 2016;
Coll. No. 2359, 12 Jun 2020;
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Delphinium carolinianum ssp. virescens (Nutt.) R.E. Brooks. “Plains Larkspur”
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Literature Cited:
- Walter, Thomas, 1788.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Walter, 1788, Flora Caroliniana, publication details;
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Walter (1788, p. 155)
| Original Text
| Comments
|
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T R I G Y N I A
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220. DELPHINIUM. Cal. nullus. Petala 6.
Nectarium 2-phyllum, cornutum.
Silique 3.
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carolinianum 1.
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nectario diphyllo, quam flos longiori, labellis integris,
floribus fpicatis purpureis macula lutea,
petalis duobus bifidis barbatis.
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
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Nuttall (1818) described the Plains Larkspur from his collection on the plains of the Missouri.
| Original Text
|
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371. DELPHINIUM. L. (Larkspur.)
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Calix none.
Petals 5.
Lepanthium (nectary) bifid, cornutely produced behind.
Siliques 3 or 1.
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Herbaceous, lower leaves digitate or palmate, upper ones often undivided;
flowers spiked or paniculate, blue, violaceous or yellowish.
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Species.
1. D. tricorne
2. azureum
3. exaltatum.
4. consolida. Naturalized.
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5. *virescens.
Perennial, pubescent; lepanthium 4-leaves, shorter than the 5 calicine petals,
interior laminae densely bearded;
leaves 3-parted, segments linear, subtrifid, lower ones divaricate.
Hab.
On the Plains of the Missouri.
Obs.
Stem simple about 8 to 12 inches, pubescent;
leaves upon long petioles, partly digitate or 5-parted, 10 to 15 lines wide;
spike few-flowered, flowers greenish white, petalois calix, 5-leaved,
leaves oblong, spur longer than the flower, nearly straight.
Petals of lenanthium 4; the 2 internal ones irregularly concave,
small, the 2 lateral larger, flat, and unguiculate, bearded,
claw sending out a short spur at the base;
capsules 3.
Flowering in June.
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A genus almost equally divided betwixt Siberia and the south of Europe.
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Torrey & A. Gray, 1838-1843, publication details;
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Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 32) accepted Nuttall's D. virescens.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
8. D. virescens (Nutt.):
pubescent ;
petioles scarecely dilated at the base ;
leaves 3-5-parted, the middle division mostly undivided, lateral ones 2-3-cleft ;
lobes lanceolate ; raceme loose, few-flowered ;
sepals oblong or lanceolate ;
spur longer than the sepals, ascending ;
lower petals deeply 2-cleft ;
claw gibbous at the base.
—
Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 14; DC. prodr. 1. p. 53.
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Plains of Missouri and Arkansas, Nuttall !
North Carolina, Schweinitz !
Georgia, Le Conte !
June.
—
Stem 8-12 inches high.
Raceme simple.
Pedicels longer than the flowers.
Bracts subulate.
Flowers large, yellowish or greenish white, minutely pubescent.
Sepals marked with a brownish spot near the apex, much longer than the petals.
Spur straight or somewhat incurved.
Lower petals rather densely bearded.
Ovaries 3.
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It is possible that the collections of D. virescens
should carry the name D. carolinianum.
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Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 32) treat D. carolinanum Walt. as a synonym of D. azureum Michx.
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Rydberg (1899) supports acceptance of D. virescens, although on somewhat flimsy evidence. Not sure why he did not mention the taxon as found in Colorado or Wyoming.
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Literature Cited:
- Brooks, Ralph E., 1982.
- Warnock, M. J., 1981.
|
| Original Text
| Comments
|
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Delphinium carolinianum Walt. subsp. virescens R. E. Brooks, comb. nov.
Basionym: D. virescens Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 14. 1818.
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Warnock (1981) treated virescens as a synonym of D. carolinanum subsp. pernardii (Huth) Warnock.
Field examinations of numerous individuals combined with mor[hological evaluations,
including SEM studies of the seeds,
indicate that virescens is sufficiently distinct from pernardii
to warrant taxonomic recognition of virescens.
Warnock's (op. cit.) concept of subspecies in this group is new,
however, and one with which I agree.
Subsp. virescens has mostly equally distributed cauline leaves with a few basal leaves
and the upper stem and rachis are covered with basally yellow, pustualte (sic) trichomes.
It occurs in the eastern Great Plains and adjacent eastern areas from
North Dakota south to northeast Texas and Missouri.
Subsp. pernardii usually has a distinct basal rosette of leaves with a few cauline leaves,
the upper spem is canescent and sparsely pustulate hairy,
and the rachis is canescent.
The subspecies occurs in the western Great Plains from western Nebraska south to Texas.
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Literature Cited:
- Warnock, M. J., 1995.
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Literature Cited:
- Jabbour, Florian, and Susanne S. Renner, 2012.
|
Jabbour and Renner (2011) studied the global phylogeny of tribe Delphineae that comprises Aconitum and Delphinium.
The only studied taxon found in Golden s.l. was Delphinium nuttallianum,
so there is nothing to say about D. carolinianum subsp. virescens.
The study showed that some re-arrangement of names in Delphineae is required though none that will affect names in Colorado.
Molecular clock dating suggests that Delphinium arrived in North American from Asia in the Pliocene.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Delphinium geyeri;
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Delphinium geyeri Greene “Geyer's Larkspur”
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Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1894b.
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Greene (1894, v. 2, p. 189-190) ...
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Delphinium Geyeri. Rootl woody-fibrous : stem stoutish,
10 to 20 inches high: leaves mostly near the base of the
stem and forming a considerable tuft, but in taller specimens
many cauline also, these diminishing upwards; the whole
plant, especially the calyx, pedicels, and upper part of stem,
canescently tomentulose: leaves slightly fleshy, cut into
many linear segments, each of these tipped with a white
callosity : flowers rather large, very deep azure, in a narrow
simple and strict raceme; spur stoutish, horizontal or
ascending, curving downwards from near the tip.
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Common plant of the very high plains toward the head-waters
of the Platte River in Wyoming and northern Colorado.
First collected by Nuttall, whose specimen (Herb.
Brit. Mus.) is ticketed "D. hicolor? collected in Rocky Mts.
by myself," though it is far enough from being his D. bicolor.
It is also Geyer's n. 163 of “Slopes of undulating plains
between the Kansas and Platte rivers, with Oenothera
serrulata.” It is one of several easily distinguishable plants,
from widely sundered, and very different climatic regions,
which Dr. Gray referred to D. azureum.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Delphinium nuttallianum;
Locations:
Schweich Hill.
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Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. “Twolobe Larkspur”
One our two common larkspurs in Golden s.l.,
Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. “Twolobe Larkspur”
in every open space except Schweich Hill.
Found mostly along the base of the Front Range in Jefferson County,
with a few collections up into the foothills.
Colorado state collections are from the Front Range to the west,
sparingly in the large valleys and parks, such as San Luis Valley and South Park.
The first name applied was D. pauciflorum Nutt. From a manuscript by Nuttall in Torrey & Gray (1838-1843).
However, this name was previously used for a larkspur in Nepal and therefore nom. Illeg.
This was corrected by Pritzel in a manuscript published by Walpers (1843).
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
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Torrey & Gray (1838-1840, v. 1, p. 33) ...
11. D. Pauciflorum (Nutt.l mss.) : “somewhat hirsutely pilose ; petioles
scarcely dilated ; leaves reniform, lobes bifid or trifid, linear and entire;
bracts simple, minute ; raceme 3-5-flowered ; spur subulate, straight, about
the length of the oblong acutish petals ; stigmas and styles smooth; root
grumous.
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“petals” has been crossed out, and “sepals” written in the margin.
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“Rocky Mountains and Blue Mountains of the Oregon. — Scarcely a foot
high, slender ; the lower part and the stem more or less minutely and roughly
pubescent. Leaves nearly smooth on the upper surface ; two or three divided
ones on the stem, the uppermost beneath the flowers simple. Flowers 2-3,
large, blue. Lower petals with a central line of pubescence ; upper ones
hirsute externally. Carpels pubescent.” Nutt.
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Literature Cited:
- Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard, 1842-1847.
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Walpers (1843, t. 2. p. 744) ...
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13. *D. PAUCIFLORUM Nutt. mss. in Torr. et Gr. Fl. of North Am. I. p. 33.
—
(Wlprs. Rep. 1. p. 56.)
accipiat nomen : D. Nuttallianum Pritz. mss.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Myosurus minimus;
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Myosurus minimus L. “Tiny Mousetail”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Myosurus minimus was first published by Linnaeus (1753), and some other previous works.
It's still an accepted name.
| Original Text
|
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POLYGYNIA.
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MYOSURUS
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minimus.
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1. MYOSURUS.
Myofurus foliis integerrimis.
Hort. Cliff. 177.
Fl. Fuet. 261.
Roy. Lugdb. 492.
Holofteo affinis Cauda mirus. Bauh. Pin. 190.
Cauda muris. Dod. Pempt 112.
Habitat in Europae collibus apricis aridis.
☉
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Pulsatilla nuttalliana;
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Pulsatilla nuttalliana (DC.) Spreng. “Nuttall's Pasque Flower”
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Literature Cited:
- DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus de, 1818-1821.
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DeCandolle (1818, v. 1, p. 193) ...
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7. Anemone Nuttalliana.
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A. foliis palmati-sectis , segmentis tribus multifidis , lobis
linearibus elongatis , involucralibus in lobos lineares
multi-sectis, flore erecto, sepalis 6 erecto-conniventibus.
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Hab. in Louisiana. Nuttall. ♃ ( v. s. sp. in H. Lamb.).
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Species distinctissima ob habitum oninino Puisatiiiae et folia radicalia
palmatim trisecta , nec pinnatim multisecta ; petioli adpresse pubescentes ,
3 poll. longi; limbus trisectus, segmentis petiolulatis multifidis, lobulis
linearibus , elongatis , acutis , minime dentatis , superne et imprimis
subtus subvillosis ; scapus 6-12 poll. longus, plus minusve villosus ,
interdiim glabratus ; involucri folia in lobos lineares multisecta, basi
hirsuto-villosa ; pedicellus iongitudine varins; flos purpurascens erectus ,
sepalis 6,oblongis, acutis, erecto-conniventibus , extus villosis, 8-10
lin. longis ; fructus A. pulsatillae !
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Clematis hirsutissima, Pursh, 1814;
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Nuttall (1818, v. 2, p. 20) ...
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1. A[nemone] * ludoviciana.
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Hab.
Commencing near the confluence of the river Platte and Missouri;
on gravelly hills; flowering about April.
Clematis hirsutissima. Pursh 2. p. 385.
Obs.
A species related to A. patens and A. Pulsatilla,
and much about the size of the latter.
...
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While Nuttall was describing Pulsatilla nuttalliana, he placed Pursh's Clematis hirsutissima in synonomy, an error,
thus rendering his name of A. ludoviciana illegitimate.
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Literature Cited:
- Berchtold, Bedrich (Friedrich) Všemír (Wssemjr) von, and Jan Svatopluk (Swatopluk) Presl, 1823.
|
Bercht. & J.Presl (1823) published Pulsatilla nuttalliana without much comment.
They did, however, establish a specific epithet for our plant as a North American entity.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1825.
|
Nuttall (1825, v. 5, p. 158) ...
|
Observations on a species of Anemone, of the section
Pulsatilla, indigenous to the United States.
By Thomas Nuttall. Read October 11, 1825.
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That the genus Anemone, as constituted by Linnaeus
and his successors, even after the judicious
separation of Hepatica by Willdenow, still requires
revision, must, I conceive, be apparent to all who have
ever compared the Pulsatillas with such other
assumed species of the genus, as A. virginiana, A.
caroliniana, or A. thalictroides : the last, indeed, with
strict propriety, has been referred by De Candolle to
Thalictrum, and the Pulsatillas are sectioually
divided by Persoon, from his Anemonoides, being
distinguished remarkably from the latter by the long plumose
appendages of their spreading carpelles, in which particular,
though remote in habit, they bear so marked
an affinity to the genus Clematis, that Pursh,
deceived by imperfect specimens of our plant, named it
Clematis hirsutissima, (2. p. 385) and by this name
he marked the specimen in Mr. Lambert's herbarium
which I had collected. In the work on the
Genera of North American plants and the rarer species,
Vol. II. p. 20, I have attempted to describe it
as Anemone *ludoviciana, having a 1 -flowered
involucrate scape, remarkably soft and lanuginous (no
ways hirsute) with the segments subulately divided ;
the leaves pseudo-digitate, multifid, and smooth on
the upper surface, the segments entire, linear and
acute; the petals 6, oblong-ovate, and nearly erect.
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This species has also been introduced into the
Systema Vegetabilium of De Candolle, by the name
of Anemone Nuttallii ; and the better to illustrate
it, I have now added a figure from a sketch made on
the spot (vid. Pl. viii.) Like most of the section
to which it appertains, it grows on exposed bare
hills, and flowers early in the month of April. The
colour of the flower is a grayish sombre blue. We
found it growing in considerable tufts, on hills near
the confluence of the Missouri and Platte rivers.
It would be highly acceptable to the flower garden
from its early and showy appearance.
|
Unfortunately, Plate viii is missing from the online volume on Biodiversity Heritage Library.
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Hooker (1840, v. 1, p. 4-5) ...
1. A. patens; molliter sericea, foliis serotinis tripartitis ternatisve,
segmentis cuneatis trifidis incisis, lobis lineari-lanceolatis, involucro lineari-multifido,
flore erecto, sepalis 5-6, aristis longis barbatis.
—
Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 759.
Gmel. Siber. v. 4. p. 195.
De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 16.
—
(β. ochroleuca.)
Sims, in Bot. Mag. t. 1994.
—
Clematis hirsutissima. Pursh, Fl. Am. v. 2. p. 285.
—
Anemone ludoviciana. Nutt. N. Am. Fl. v. 2. p. 26.
—
A. Nuttalliana. De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 17.
Nutt. in Journ. of Acad. of Nat. Sc. of Philad. v. 5, p, 158. t 8. (A. Nuttallii,) excellent.
Rich. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 21.
|
Hab. Profusely in the eastern prairie district ; and, more scattered,
in the central limestone tracts from lat. 45° to 67° on the Mackenzie. Dr. Richardson.
Valleys in the Rocky Mountains. Drummond. Douglas.
—
There is no difference whatever between this American plant and the A.patens
which I possess from the Russian Empire, gathered by Dr. Goldbach,
and from Silesia on the borders of Poland, by Professor Treviranus.
Both are liable to vary in the breadth of the segments of their leaves,
and in the colour of their flowers.
Mostly, however, these are purple.
The pale yellow-flowered variety from Siberia, is cultivated in England;
and the fresh juice of that kind, Gmeliu tells us,
is employed by the inhabitants of Irkutsck to cure deafness,
and newly gathered leaves for pain in the head, as vesicatories.
The plant affects sandy soils, and its blossoms appear among the earliest of the season.
The young buds are eaten by the Marmots, inhabitants of the plains of N. America.
—
A. Halleri comes too near to this species.
Its flowers I have often gathered in Switzerland before the leaves have appeared;
but since, in both, the flowers continue a long time,
they and the leaves are sometimes gathered in perfection together,
I possess specimens from Moscow,
in which the former year's leaves are present with the vernal flower ;
quite dead, indeed, and brown, but perfect in form and shape.
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & Gray (1840, v. 1, p. 11) ...
|
§ 1. Carpels with long bearded tails : leaves of the involucre sessile,
palmately divided, with linear lobes. — Pulsatilla, DC.
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1. A. patens (Linn.): silky-villous ; leaves 3-parted or ternate; segments
cuneiform, 3-cleft, incised; lobes linear-lanceolate; involucre linearly many-cleft;
sepals 5-6.— DC. prodr. 1. p. 16.
–
(β. ochroleuca); Hook ! f.. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 4.
A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 26.
A. Nuttalliana, DC. prodr. l. c. p. 17;
Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 5. p. 158. t. 8. and 7. p. 7 ;
Richards. ! app. Frankl. journ. (ed. 2.) p. 21.
Clematis hirsutissima, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 385.
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British America as far north as lat., 67° ! Valleys of the Rocky Mountains,
Drummond, Nuttall! On the Missouri and Platte, Nuttall! Galena,
lllinois ! — About a span high. Sepals an inch or more in length, dull blue or
purple. Tail of the carpels nearly two inches long. — Appears to be identical
with the European plant.
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Literature Cited:
- Pritzel, Georg A., 1842.
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Anemone patens var. multifida Pritz., Linnaea 15(6): 581 (1842).
Georg August Pritzel (2 September 1815, Carolath – 14 June 1874) was a German librarian and botanical writer.
He studied in Breslau, graduating with a dissertation titled Anemonarum revisio. In 1851 he began work as a Hülfsarbeiter at the royal library in Berlin, a post which eventually led to curator duties. From 1855 onwards, he served as archivist at the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
Pritzel (1842, v. 15, n. 6, p. 581) …
|
A. patens L. sp. 759.
…
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I. p. 4
Torrey & Gray Fl . Of North-Am. I. p. 11.
…
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Anemone Nuttalliana DC. Syst. I. 193. Prodr. I. 17.
Pulsatilla Nuttalliana Spr. Syst. 11. p. 663.
(Clematis hirsutissima Pursh, Anemone Ludoviciana Nutt. Gen. am. Et
Journ. Of the Academy of nat. sc. Of Philadelphia vol. V. (a. 1825.)
p. 158. et icon tab. 8. ex auctoritate Hookeri, Gray et Torrey!
(Hab. as confl. Platt et Missouri, 39° lat. —
secundrum DC., quod tacent Illustr. Viri Hooker, Torrey et Gray,
in Louisiana; 29°-33° lat. (?!) — ad flum. Columbia, 33°
lat. Sprengel!)
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…
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4. var. multifida, segmento intermedio petiolato,
lateralibus subsessilibus, omnibus bi-tripartitisva ; laciniis
profunde incisis: lacinulis saepe iterum incisis. (var. 3. ft. alt.)
— in Sibiria frequenter.
|
While Pritzel publishes the the variety name of multifida,
he does not make a connection to the North American plants.
|
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In America boreali copiose in planitiebus orientalibus,
rarius in interioribus regionibus calcareis inter lat. 45-67°
(1) ad Mackenzie flumen, Dr. Richardson! Vallibus montium
rupestrium (Rocky-Mountains, Felsengebirge), Drummond
et Dougas! — ad confl. Platte et Missouri, 39° lat.
Nuttall! — prope Galena civitatis Illinois, Torrey et Gray!
42° 50' lat. — In Louisiana, (29-33° lat.!) DC. Teste
Nuttall! (locus, scriptoribus Americanis non laudatus!). Si recta
res se habet. A. patens in American a lat. 29° (?!) ad lat.
67° distributa est! —
|
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| |
Literature Cited:
- Hoot, Sara B., Kyle Meyer, and John C. Manning, 2012.
|
The only reference made by Hoot, et al. (2012) to A. patens is to place it in section Pulsatilla (Mill.) DC. 1817:193.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Mosyakin, Sergei L., 2016.
|
Mosyakin (2016) proposed ...
|
... a nomenclatural and taxonomic update to
the treatment of Anemone in the Flora of North America North of
Mexico (Dutton et al., 1997).
The taxa placed in Anemone in that treatment should not be
placed in at least four genera:
Anemone sensu stricto,
Hepatica,
Pulsatilla,
and Anemonastrum.
|
That explains the proposed treatment as Pulsatilla.
What about adoption of the specific name of nuttalliana in
preference to multifida.
Mosyakin (2016) summarizes ...
|
Native North American plants of the
Pulsatilla patens aggregate were recognized by [FNANM]
as Anemone patens var. multifida Pritzel,
which was described from Siberia (Pritzel 1841).
The North American taxon has a very
complicated synonymy and it is definitely not identical
with the typical European–Western Asian
P. patens sensu stricto (subsp. patens).
Its correct name as a species of Pulsatilla
is P. nuttalliana (DC.) Bercht. & J. Presl.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sramko, Gabor, Leventa Laczko, Polina A. Volkova, Richard M. Bateman, and Jelena Mlinarec, 2019.
|
Sramko, et al. (2019) ...
|
Genus Pulsatilla Mill.
|
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...
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Subgenus Pulsatilla
|
|
....
|
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Section Pulsatilla
|
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Series Patentes (Aichele & Schweg.) Juz. ex Tamura
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species:
P. integrifolia (Miyabe & Tatew.) Vorosch.,
P. patens (L.) Mill. [incl. subsp. flavencens (Zucc.) Zamelis,
subsp. multifida (E. Pritz.) Zamelis,
subsp. nuttalliana (DC.) Grey-Wilson],
P. vernalis Mill.
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...
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ranunculus acriformis;
|
Ranunculus acriformis A. Gray “Sharpleaf Buttercup”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1886.
|
A.Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 374 (1886) ...
|
R. acriformis. A foot high, strict, with pubescence in good part
appressed : leaves all palmately or pedately and deeply 3-5-parted or
even divided, and often again 2-3-cleft into narrower lanceolate or
linear segments and lobes : petals orbicular-obovate, one fourth inch
long, hardly double the length of the spreading calyx : akenes over
a line long; beak of half their length.
—
R. acris, Hook. Fl. i. 18, partly, & Lond. Jour. Bot. vi, 66, not L.
—
Northern Rocky Mountains, lat. 58°, Drummond.
Wyoming, Parry (distrib. as R. affinis).
Wind River, Dr. Forwood, and near Cheyenne, Greene.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ranunculus acris;
|
Ranunculus acris L. “Tall Buttercup”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus;
|
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. “Threadleaf Crowfoot”
(Syn: Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC.)
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Literature Cited:
- Withering, William, 1796.
|
Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus With., Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 3. 2: 507 (1796).
Withering, William (1741-1799)
An Arrangement of British Plants ..., Edition 3
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ranunculus cymbalaria;
|
Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh “Alkali Buttercup”
(Syn: Halerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene , R. cymbalaria Pursh var. saximontanus Fernald )
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ranunculus glaberrimus ellipticus;
|
Ranunculus glaberrimus Hook. var. ellipticus (Greene) Greene “Sagebrush Buttercup”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
Locations:
Kettle Falls (historical).
|
Hooker (1829, v. 1, p. 12) ...
|
6. R. glaberrimus ; foliis omnibus petiolatis, radicalibus subrotundis integerrimls vel
grosse tridentatis, caulinis subcuneatis trifidis, calyce patente petalis dimidio breviore,
fructibus globosis. (Tab. V. A.)
|
|
Radix fasciculato-fibrosa.
Tota planta hirsutie destituta.
Caulis erectus, subspithamieus, superne uni-bitriflorus.
Folia omnia (nisi supernum quod subsessile,) petiolata, subsucculenta :
radicalia subrotunda, integra, atque oranino iutegerrima vel apice dentibus trlbus grossis obtusis :
caulina cuneata, fere ad medium trifidum :
segmentis lanceolatis, obtusis, integris.
Pedunculus et calyx etiam glaberrimi.
Sepala ovalia, concava, patentia, non reflexa, corolla duplo breviora.
Petala 5, ovalia, flava.
Fructus, vix maturus, globosus.
|
|
Hab. Common on the mountains around the Kettle Falls, and on the Rocky Mountains, near the limits
of perpetual snow. Douglas.
—
This differs from all its congeners by its entirely glabrous stem, leaves, and
calyx, by its entire or only 3-toothed, rounded, radical leaves, and by the petiolated, never more than trifid,
cauline ones. The whole plant has a succulent appearance, and turns almost black in drying. I have seen
it in no collection but that of the indefatigable Douglas.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1890.
|
Greene (1890, v. 2, p. 110-111) ...
|
R. ellipticus.
R. glaberrimus, Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 2d Ser. xxx. 241;
Port. & Coult. Fl. Colo. 7;
Coult. Man. 7;
Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 7 mainly;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 369 in part, not of Hooker.
R. brevicaulis, Hook. Lond. Journ. vi. 66, not of Fl. Bor.-Am. (teste Gray, l. c.).
R. alismaefolius, Gray, Am. Journ. l. c. 404, not of Geyer.
Very glabrous : stems several, 2 or 3 inches. high, from a large
fascicle of perennial fleshy-fibrous roots : radical leaves
elliptical, entire, acutish at both ends, the petiole equalling
the blade ; cauline narrower, often cleft into two or three
linear divisions : petals often wanting, sometimes 1 only, or
5, large, broadly obovate or more rounded, bright yellow :
achenes very numerous, plump, smooth, tipped with a short
curved style and disposed in a large globose head.
|
|
Lower and middle mountain districts of Colorado, Utah
and Nevada to eastern California. Very nearly allied to R.
glaberrimus, though a smaller plant, and inhabiting a different
climatic belt. There is a difference in the achenes ; those
of the true glaberrimus having a slender beak. The order of
leaf-division is, moreover, inverted in the two species. In R.
ellipticus the cauline are 3-cleft while the radical are entire
and even acute. In R. glaberrimus the radical ones are
broad and broadly 3-lobed while the cauline are entire. The
herbage of the latter invariably blackens in drying. In the
former it undergoes no change of color.
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Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward Lee, 1891-97.
|
Greene (1892, p. 298) in Flora Franciscana ...
|
8. R. glaberrimus, Hook. Fl. i. 12 t. 5. A (1829).
Glabrous, flaccid
but rather fleshy, 3—6 in. high: leaves all petiolate; radical rounded,
3-lobed or coarsely toothed; cauline subcuneate, trifid or entire: fi.
several, large ; sepals spreading; petals 3-4 lines long, obovoid: achenes
plump, smooth, puberulent, with a short curved beak, and disposed in
a large globose head.
Var. ellipticus. R. ellipticus, Greene, Pitt. ii. 110 (1890).
Radical leaves elliptical, acute, entire: stems shorter; fl. fewer,
often apetalous. — The type, a plant of the far north and east, reaches our
borders on the eastern slope of the Sierra northward. The variety, a
plant of different aspect, and with very dissimilar foliage, is found not far
from Truckee, Mr. Sonne, where it appears as if confluent with the type.
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| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ranunculus ranunculinus;
|
Ranunculus ranunculinus (Nutt.) Rydb. “Tadpole Buttercup”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
Locations:
Independence Rock.
|
Torrey & A. Gray (1838-1840, v. 1, p. 26) worked from Nuttall's manuscript.
|
7. CYRTORHYNCHA. Nutt. mss.
|
|
" Sepals 5, petaloid, narrow, spreading. Petals 5, narrow and unguiculate ;
the claw nearly the length of the lamina, with a projecting scaly callosity
at its summit. Stamens rather numerous: anthers rounded. Stigmas short
and subulate, strongly incurved. Achenia oblong-cylindrical, somewhat
conspicuously grooved (not carinated), collected into a spheroidal head. Seed
suspended. — A small perennial herbaceous plant. Leaves mostly arising
from a short caudex, ternate and bipinnately divided. Panicle loose and
cymose. Calyx petaloid and, like the corolla, bright yellow. In the fruit it
resembles Thalictrum; in the flower, both Anemone and Ranunculus."
|
C. ranunculina (Nutt.! mss.)
" By the sides of gravelly brooks in the eastern range of the Rocky Mountains,
around the place known by the name of Independence Rock on the
banks of the Sweet Water of the Platte, but not further to the westward.
Flowers in June. — Caudex clothed with numerous brown vestiges of sheathing
petioles. The whole plant quite smooth. Leaves somewhat coriaceous
and shining ; radical ones on long petioles, the subdivisions pinnatifid ;
laciniae entire or 2-3-toothed. Stem, or scape, about a span high, cymosely
branched above ; bearing at the lowest division a single sessile 3-parted
leaf, and at the upper divisions minute and undivided leaves. Sepals
oblong-ovate, spreading but not reflexed. Petals somewhat longer than the
sepals, oblong, obtuse, very conspicuously narrowed below into a long claw,
(almost like the nectaries of Coptis) ; the upper part of the claw thickened
bv a scale-like process. Stamens 20 or more : anthers adnate. Carpels
10-15, quite glabrous, cylindrical-oblong, grooved (as in Thalictrum).
Stigma subulate, shorter than the ovary, inflexed so as to be almost concealed
in the mature fruit."
|
| |
|
Rydberg (1984, p. 23) ...
|
Ranunculus ranunculinus (Nutt.)
|
|
Cyrtorrhynca ranunculina Nutt. in Torrey & Gray's Fl. N. Am. I., 26. (1838)
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Emadzade, Khatere, Carlos Lehnebach, Peter Lockhart, and Elvira Horandl, 2010.
|
Emadzade, et al. (2010) ...
Clade II-a, Arcteranthis-Beckwithia-Cyrtirhyncha-Halerpestes-Oxygraphis-Trautvetteria clade.
|
...
|
|
Achenes of Cyrtorhyncha have long triangular hooked
beaks and almost parallel longitudinal veins (Fig. 4H) which
are unique within the tribe. Although there are no obvious
morphological synapomorphic characters shared between
Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina and Beckwithia andersonii, these two
taxa form a clade with 100% BS in tree topologies based on
combined nuclear and chloroplast data (Figs. 1, 2) and have a
similar distribution area.
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| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ranunculus repens;
|
Ranunculus repens L. “Creeping Buttercup”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ranunculus sceleratus;
|
Ranunculus sceleratus L. “Cursed Buttercup”
(Syn: Hecatonia scelerata (L.) Fourr.)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ranunculus testiculatus;
|
Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz “Bur Buttercup”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Berberis repens;
|
Berberis repens Lindl. “Creeping Barberry”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lindley, John, 1828.
|
Lindley (1828, t. 1176) ...
|
|
|
1176
|
|
BERBERIS* repens
|
|
Creeping-rooted Berberry.
|
|
|
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA
|
Nat. ord. Berberideae.
BERBERIS. — Supra, vol 6. fo. 487.
|
B. repens; foliis pinnatis 2-3-jugis;
foliolis subrotundo-ovatis opacis spinoso-dentatis glaucis,
fasciculis diffusis, radice repente.
Frutex humilis, ramosus, erectus.
Folia sempervirentia, nunc ternata, saepius bi-trijuga, cum impare ;
foliolis glabris, ovato-subrotundisy spinoso-dentatis,
utrinque glaucis, nulla modo lucidis.
Racemi terminales. fasciculati, diffusi, e gemmis squamaceis orti.
Flores lutei.
|
|
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A native of the north-western part of North America,
where it was originally found by the party accompanying
Captains Lewis and Clarke in their expedition across the
continent of America.
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|
From seeds procured on that occasion plants were
raised in America, which have lately been sold into Europe
at the rate of twenty-five dollars each. One of these now
growing in the Garden of the Horticultural Society afforded
our figure and the opportunity of examining the species :
it had been purchased of Mr. Michael Floy, Nurseryman
at New York, under the name of Berberis aquifolium.
|
|
It appears, however, from the researches of Mr.
Douglas, that this is not the true B. aquifolium. That
species was described by Pursh, in part from an inspection
of specimens in the collection of Captain Lewis, but
chiefly from the Banksian Herbarium, in which it had
been placed by Mr. Menzies, who discovered it on the
north-west coast of America. From this last source the
drawing in the Flora Americae Septentrionalis was also taken.
It is probable that the specimens in Captain Lewis's
Herbarium were of the plant now under consideration;
but it is also certain that those of Mr. Menzies belong
to very distinct species.
Hence it seems that Pursh
founded two plants under the same name
That he intended to call Captain Lewis's plant B. aquifolium,
there can be no doubt; but it is equally certain, that in
consequence of his having figured Menzies' species,
the world now applies the name to the latter. This being
the case, it has become necessary to distinguish the former
by a new name, which has been suggested by its singular
property of creeping at the root; a habit peculiar to this
species among Berberries.
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|
A hardy, evergreen shrub, flowering in April ; propagated,
but with difficulty, by its creeping roots. Branches
short, stiff, erect. Leaves evergreen, sometimes ternate,
more frequently of two or three pairs, with an odd one ;
leaflets ovate, roundish, with spiny teeth, glaucous on each
side, in no degree shining. Racemes terminal, fascicled,
diffuse, arising out of scaly buds. Flowers yellow.
|
|
J. L. [John Lindley]
|
* Berberys, according to Golius, as quoted by De Theis, is the Arabic
name of the fruit.
| |
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Argemone hispida;
|
Argemone hispida A. Gray “Rough Prickly Poppy”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
|
Gray (1849, p. 5) ...
|
16. Argemone hispida (sp. nov.) : radice perenni ; caule crasso foliisque profunde
pinnatifidis pube brevi cinerea undique tectis et (nervis marginibusque praesertim)
setosissimis ; calyce aculeato ; corolla alba maxima ; capsula cylindrica (2-unciali) acutata
spinis validis setisque horrida. — Low, sandy places around Santa Fe ; the stems 1 to
2 feet high, growing socially in great numbers ; June, July.
(Also on the Upper Arkansas, &c., Fremont, Wislizenus.)
— The flower is 3 or 4 inches in diameter, and accords
with Dr. Lindley's figure of A. grandiflora, excepting the prickly calyx. That is a glabrous
plant, while ours is not only densely setose, but is hoary throughout with a short
and close hirsute pubescence. The pod is covered with very strong spines, of which the
larger are often branched, and also with smaller prickles and a hoary and bristly pubescence.
A. Mexicana was also collected, in two forms.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Argemone polyanthemos;
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Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey “Crested Prickly Poppy”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Horneman, Jens Wilkin, 1815.
|
Hornemann (1815, p. 489) is the first publication of A. albiflora
| Original Text
|
|
621. ARGEMONE.
|
1. A. mexicana Lin.: capsulis sexvalvibus sessilibus, foliis spinosis.
Hab. in Mexico, Charibaeis. ☉ {the Sun}. D.
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2. A. albiflora mihi: capsulis 5-6-valvibus pedunculatis, foliis subspinosis.
Hab. — — ☉. D. intr. 1812.
|
Hornemann does not explain his use of the sun symbol (☉).
However, most publications of this age use it to mean annual, or monocarpic.
Also, it is unclear the meaning of Hornemann's two dashes, whether they mean
“ditto” or “unknown.”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rafinesque, C. S., 1817.
|
Rafinesque (1817, p. 83, no. 266) is the first publication of Argemone alba.
It is now treated as a synonym of A. mexicana.
So the name was not available to James (1823), see below.
| Original Text
|
|
Order II.—Papaveracea.
|
|
266. Argemone alba Raf.
Caule foliisque spinosis,
foliis runcinatis,
capsulis oblongis pentagonis spinosis semi-5-valvis
Raf.—Argemone Rob. p. 464.
A beautiful plant introduced in the gardens of Louisiana from Mexico,
with snow-white petals,
yellow stamina and violet stigma,
stem three feet high.
The variety of A. mexicana with white flowers mentioned by Pursh,
is perhaps this species.
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| |
Literature Cited:
- Goodman, George J., and Cheryl A. Lawson, 1995.
- James, Edwin, ed., 1823.
Other articles:
• Interstate 80:
at Exit 211;
Locations:
Gothenburg.
|
James (1823, p. 460-1), describes a new prickly poppy encountered just west of the Sand Hills of Nebraska.
| Original Text
|
|
On Monday [June] 19th, we moved on, and ascending the Platte about 30 miles,
arrived in the evenong at a place where the hills on the north side close in,
quite to the bed of the river.
On both sides they became more broken and elevated,
and on the north, they approached so near to the bed of the Platte,
that we were under the necessity of travelling across them.
We were glad, however, of any change of scene.
The monotony of a vast unbroken plain,
like that in which we had now travelled, nearly one hundred and fifty miles,
is little less tiresome to the eye,
and fatiguing to the spirit, than the dreary solitude of the ocean.
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|
With this change of the surface, some change is observed in the vegetable products of the soil.
Here we first saw a new species of prickly poppy,*
with a spreading white flower,
as large as that of the common poppy of the gardens.
The aspect of this plant is very similar to that of the common poppy,
except that the leaves are covered with innumerable large and strong prickles.
When wounded it exudes a thick yellowish sap, intensely bitter to the taste.
...
|
* Argemone alba, a large plant very distinct from A. mexicana.
|
Goodman and Lawson (1995, p. 14) place the Long party camp on June 20th (erroneously dated June 19th) slightly west of
Gothenburg, Dawson County, Nebraska, just beyond the area where the Nebraska Sand Hills
make their easternmost approach to the Platte River.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sweet, Robert, 1830, 2nd ed..
|
Argemone intermedia was published in Sweet's Hortus Britannicus (Sweet, 1838, 2nd ed., p. 585)
|
Original Text
|
|
PAPAVERACEĆ. p. 18.
|
ARGEM`ONE. p. 19.
5 intermčdia. (wh.)
|
Argem`one.
intermediate.
|
Mexico.
|
1828.
|
7. 10. H.♃
|
|
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1878.
|
Watson (1878, part 1, p. 41) summarizes the bibliography of Argemone
and places our plant as A. mexicana var. albiflora.
| Original Text
|
|
A. Mexicana. Linn. Spec. 508.
See syn. in DC. Syst. 2. 85.
Pursh, 366.
Nutt. Genera, 2, 9.
James, Catalogue, 183.
Elliott, 2. 13.
Hook. Jour. Bot. 1. 189.
Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. 61;
Pac. R. Rep. 159.
Gray, Genera, 1. 112, t. 47;
Pl. Fendl. 5;
Manual, 59.
Engelm. Wisliz. Rep. 28.
Tottey, Emory's Rep. 406;
Marcy's Rep. 280;
Pac. R. Rep. 4. 64;
Mex. Bound. 31.
Scheele. Roemer's Texas, 436.
Chapman, 21.
Porter, Fl. Col. 6.
|
Var. Albiflora.
DC. Syst. 2. 86;
Prodr. 1. 120.
Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2. 166;
Frem. Rep. 87.
Torr. & Gray, Pac. R. Rep. 2. 125.
Gray, same, 12. 40.
A. albiflora. Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 489. Bot. Mag. t. 2342.
A. alba. Raf. Fl. Lud. 83. James, Long's Exp. 2. 149.
A. grandiflora. Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 226. Lindl. Bot. Reg. T. 1264.
A. Georgiana. Croom. Am. Jour. Sci. 1. 25. 75.
A. vulgaris, var. albiflora. Spach, Hist. Veg. 7. 26.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fedde, Friedrich Karl Georg, 1909.
|
Fedde (1909, heft (fascicle) 40, p. 283) described polyanthemos as a new variety of A. intermedia Sweet.
| Original Text
|
|
Var. polyanthemos Fedde nov.var.
—
Herba valde, at noncompacte,
sed diffuse ramosa, non corymbosa.
FOlia obovata vel obovato-oblonga irregulariter et subpinnatim dentata,
ad apicem late cuneata, superiora ad basim semiamplexicaulia.
Flores minores valde numerosi cymis non corymbosis dispositi.
Petala 2-2,5 cm longa.
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Oklahoma: Kiowa Reservation (James Mooney 1895!).
|
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Nota.
Sine dubio sepalorum et imprimis fructum conditione A. intermediae
valde affinis, sed differt inflorescentiis multifloria et foliis minus incisis,
quibus notis valde ad var. corymbosam appropinquat.
|
Fedde also placed A. alba James in Long's Exp. II. (1823) 149 sec. Prain. in synonomy with A. intermedia Sweet.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ownbey, Gerald B., 1958.
|
Ownbey (1958, p. 131) explains why A. intermedia is a confused name
and a new name is introduced for our species.
| Original Text
|
|
It is regrettable that a new name must be introduced for the well-known plant of the western plains
which for many decades has been called A.intermedia Sweet by American botanists.
The exact identity of A. intermedia has yet to be determined,
but it seems certain that it is not con-specific with A. polyanthemos.
The former was described from plants grown from seeds from Mexico;
the latter is not found outside the United States.
The presence in Mexico of argemones which in the past have been lumped with A. polyanthemos
under the binomial A. intermedia,
even when the original application of A. intermedia was unclear has led to much confusion.
The important fact to be emphasized here is that the name A. intermedia is a nomen confusum
which cannot be applied to any species of Argemone with assurance.
Even though its true identity may ultimately be determined the name cannot be applied,
on distributional grounds, to the taxon native to the western Great Plains and foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
|
Ownbey (1958, p.131) also considers and rejects A. alba James, placing it in synonomy with A. polyanthemos (Fedde) Ownbey.
| Original Text
|
|
A. alba James is validly although very casually published.
It applies without doubt to the same taxon as A. polyanthemos.
A. alba James is, fortunately, a later homonym of A. alba Raf.
which in turn is a synonym of A. albiflora Hornem.
We are thereby freed from any eventuality which might require the revival of A. alba James,
a step which would unavoidably lead to confusion.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Corydalis aurea;
|
Corydalis aurea Willd. “Scrambled Eggs”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Willdenow, Carl Ludwig, 1809.
|
Corydalis aurea was published by Willdenow (1809), in an enumeration of plants growing in the Berlin garden.
| Original Text
| Interpretation and Comments
|
|
* 8. CORYDALIS aurea.
|
|
|
C. caule ramoso erecto, siliquis linearibus pedunculo triplo longioribus,
foliis glaucis, caulinis biternatis.
|
|
|
Fumaria aurea. Muhlenberg.
| nom. inval., does not appear that Muhlenburg published this name.
|
|
Habitat in Canada. ♂ D.
| The Mars sign ♂ indicates the plant is a biennial.
D indicates “planta semper sub dio vegetans” — the plant always grows in the open air (?)
|
|
Folia glaucescentia bipinnata, pinnis inferioribus alternis,
pinnulis alternis sessilibusque simplicibus et partitis,
brevibus angustis lineari-lanceolatis utrinque acutis.
Flores aurei spicato-racemosi approximati.
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eschscholzia californica;
|
Eschscholzia californica Cham. “California Poppy”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Chamisso, Adalbert von, 1820.
|
Ex Plantis in Expeditione Romanzoffiana Detectis Genera Tria Nova Offert Adalbertus de Chamisso Ph. D. Soc. Nat. Cur. Ber. et Nat. cr. Moscov. Sodal. cet.
[Adalbert von Chamisso—Ph.D., Member of the Society of Naturalists of Berlin and the Society of Naturalists of Moscow, etc.—presents three new genera from the plants discovered during the Romanzoff Expedition.]
The three new genera were:
- Romanzoffia. Romanzoffia unalaschcensis.
- Eschscholzia. Eschscholzia californica.
- Euxenia. Euxenia grata. =Eleutheranthera ruderalis var. ruderalis
Chamisso (1820) wrote this about Eschscholzia californica:
|
II.
|
II.
|
|
Eschscholzia.
|
Eschscholzia.
|
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Polyandria monogynia. Ordo naturalis: Papaveraceae Jussieu.
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Polyandria monogynia. Natural Order: Papaveraceae Jussieu.
|
|
Character essentialis.
Receptaculum ampliatum, hypocrateriforme, limbo expanso integro.
Calyx mitraeformis, caducus.
Corolla tetrapetala, petalis unguibus fauci receptaculi insertis staminiferis.
|
Essential character.
Receptacle enlarged, salver-shaped, with an entire, expanded rim.
Calyx mitre-shaped, caducous.
Corolla four-petaled; petals bearing stamens, with their claws inserted into the throat of the receptacle.
|
|
Fructificatio.
Receptaculum ampliatum , hypocrateriforme, limbo expanso integro,
fauce membrana scariosa cincta et semiclausa.
Calyx mitraeformis, integer, caducus.
Corolla papaveracea, tetrapetala.
Petala unguibus fauci receptaculi insertis staminiferis.
Stamina 30-40, perigyna, filamentis brevibus planis basi dilatatis.
Antherae oblongae, filamentis intus adnatae, biloculares.
Germen in fundo receptaculi absconditum.
Stylus tumidus, parvulus.
Stigmata quatuor, filiformia, exserta, duobus saepius abortivis.
Fructus siliqua, e receptaculo persistente et paululum aucto excreta,
stylo stigmatibusque persistentibus coronata, teres, profunde decemstriata, unilocularis, bivalvis,
matura decidua, a basi elastice dehiscens.
Semina numerosa, globosa, fusca, corrugata, marginibus valvularum affixa.
Semen ( Papaveracearum ) albuminosum.
Testa coriacea, crassa, fusca, plicis membranaceis exasperata, hilo obliterato.
Tunica interna albumini adnata.
Albumen globosum, palhdum, ceraceum, integrum.
Embryo excentricus, parvus, cordatus.
Radicula hilo obversa, conica, obtusa.
Plumulae rudimentum inter Cotyledones rotundatas papillaeforme, bifidum.
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Fructification.
Receptacle enlarged, salver-shaped, with an entire, expanded rim;
throat encircled and partially closed by a scarious membrane.
Calyx mitre-shaped, entire, caducous.
Corolla poppy-like, tetrapetalous.
Petals with claws inserted into the stamen-bearing throat of the receptacle.
Stamens 30–40, perigynous; filaments short, flat, dilated at the base.
Anthers oblong, adnate internally to the filaments, bilocular.
Ovary concealed at the base of the receptacle.
Style swollen, very small.
Stigmas four, filiform, exserted; two often abortive.
Fruit a silique, emerging from the persistent and slightly enlarged receptacle,
crowned by the persistent style and stigmas; terete, deeply ten-striate, unilocular, bivalved;
deciduous when mature, dehiscing elastically from the base.
Seeds numerous, globose, dark brown, corrugated, attached to the margins of the valves.
Seed (of the Papaveraceae) albuminous.
Testa leathery, thick, dark brown, roughened by membranous folds; hilum obliterated.
Inner coat adnate to the albumen.
Albumen globose, pale, waxy, entire.
Embryo eccentric, small, cordate.
Radicle facing the hilum, conical, obtuse.
Rudiment of the plumule between the rounded cotyledons, papilla-like, bifid.
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Vegetatio.
Herba perennis, glaberrima, glaucescens, paululum succosa, succo in radice fulvescente.
Radix fusiformis, valida, crassa, saepius multiceps, collo reliquiis petiolorum marcidorum imbricatim vesstito.
Caules plures, pedales, decumbentes, striati, ramosi, foliosi;
a cuiusvis petioli dorso iugum ad inferioris basin excurrens.
Folia radicalia conferta, longe petiolata, pennatisecta , multipartita, lobis linearibus obtusis ;
caulina alterna, interdum quasi opposita, petiolata ; inferiora radicalibus simillima ;
summa paulo simpliciora, trisecta, segmentis pinnatisectis.
Petioli foliis paulo longiores, carinati, basi dilaiati, semiamplexicaules, subvaginantes.
Ad ramorum pedunculorumve basin folia saepius connata seu approximata.
Rami axillares.
Pedunculi oppositifolii, nunquam vero terminales,
ramo terminali debili semper accedente , solitarii, elongati, cylindrici, striati.
Flores spectabiles, magnitudine atque colore variabiles, pollicares, bipollicares maioresve, flavi, fulvi.
Siliquae validae, subarcuatae, bipollicares et tripollicares.
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Habit.
A perennial herb, completely glabrous, glaucous, and slightly succulent, with a yellowish sap in the root.
Root spindle-shaped, robust, thick, and often multi-crowned, with the crown clothed in an imbricated manner by the remnants of withered leaf stalks.
Stems several, about a foot high, decumbent, striate, branched, and leafy;
a ridge extends from the back of each leaf stalk down to the base of the one below it.
Radical leaves crowded, long-stalked, pinnatisect, and multipartite, with linear, obtuse lobes;
stem leaves alternate (sometimes appearing opposite) and stalked; the lower ones very similar to the radical leaves;
the uppermost ones slightly simpler, trisect, with pinnatisect segments.
Leaf stalks slightly longer than the blades, keeled, dilated at the base, semi-amplexicaul, and somewhat sheathing.
Leaves often connate or closely clustered at the base of branches or flower stalks.
Branches axillary.
Flower stalks opposite the leaves—never terminal—
accompanied always by a weak terminal branch; solitary, elongated, cylindrical, and striate.
Flowers showy, variable in size and color—one inch, two inches, or larger across—yellow or tawny.
Seed pods robust, slightly curved, two to three inches long.
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Observatio.
Genus Glaucio proximum, eximium structura
receptaculi atque insertione staminum. Stamina Nymphaeae.
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Observation.
A genus very close to *Glaucium*, remarkable for the structure
of the receptacle and the insertion of the stamens. The stamens resemble those of *Nymphaea*.
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Nomen in honorem dixi consortis omnium laborum in itinere solertistissimi,
doctissimi, amicissim, Eschscholzii, Medicinae Doctoris,
Botanicae aeque ac Entomologiae peritissimi.
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I have given the name in honor of my companion in all the labors of the journey—the highly skilled,
most learned, and dearest friend Eschscholtz, Doctor of Medicine,
and an expert in both botany and entomology.
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Eschscholzia californica.
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Eschscholzia californica.
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Habitat in arenis sterilibus siccis ad portum Sancti Francisci Californiae.
Nunc, semine adlato, in hortis nostris , favente coelo , hospitabitur.
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It grows in the dry, barren sands near the port of San Francisco, California.
Now, with the seed brought here, it will be cultivated in our gardens, weather permitting.
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Explicatio iconum Tabulae XV.
- a. Planta magnitudine naturali.
- b. Calyx calyptraeformis magnitudine naturali.
- c. Petalum cum staminibus magnitudine naturali.
- d. Stamen magnitudine naturali.
- e. Fructus magnitudine naturali.
- f. Semen, dissectum, magnitudine naturali.
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Explanation of the figures on Plate XV.
- a. Plant, natural size.
- b. Calyptra-shaped calyx, natural size.
- c. Petal with stamens, natural size.
- d. Stamen, natural size.
- e. Fruit, natural size.
- f. Seed, dissected, natural size.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Fumaria vaillantii;
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Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. “Earthsmoke” in Desv. Journ. Bot. ii. (1809) 358.
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Literature Cited:
- Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. L. A., 1809.
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| Original Text
| Translation
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FUMARIA VAILLANTII N.
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Fumaria vaillantii nov. sp.
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F. caule ramoso erectiusculo , foliis bipinnatis ,
pinnis 2-5-laciniatis , laciniis
linearibus planis , racemis brevibus oppositifoliis ,
pericarpiis globosis subtuberculatis
vix mucronulatis monospermis. F. lobis
longioribus et angustioribus sparsis.
Vaill., Bot. Par. 56, tab. 10, fig. 6.
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F. stem branched erectiusculo leaves bipinnatis,
2-5-fringed wings, lobes
linear planes on short stalks oppositifoliis,
pericarpiis spherical subtuberculatus
Scarcely mucronulate monospermis. f lobes
a longer and narrower spread.
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Cette plante a par ses caractčres principaux
beaucoup de rapports avec la Fumaria parviflora ;
mais ses rameaux redressés au lieu
d'ętre étales et presque couchés sur la terre ,
les découpures de ses feuilles plus alongées ,
planes et non canaliculées; enfin, ses fleurs
reugeâtres au lieu d'ętre blanches , la font
facilement distinguer. Je l'ai trouvée cette
année , en herborisant avec M. Merat , entre
Chanteloup et Poissy , ŕ sept lieues de Paris ,
oů elle est trčs - commune dans les champs
sablonneux ; et aprčs l'avoir recueillie ,
examinée et comparée avec la F. parviflora , qui
étoit aussi trčs-abondante dans ce canton ,
nous reconnoissions sans nous tromper , et
rien qu'au port, les deux plantes ŕ plus de
vingt pas de distance. Cette espčce fleurit en
mai et juin (.).
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This plant has by its main characters
many links with Fumaria parviflora;
but its twigs straightened instead
to be spread out and almost lying on the ground,
the cutouts of its more elongated leaves,
flat and not canaliculate; finally, her flowers
red instead of white, make it
easily distinguish. I found this
year, while botanising with M. Merat, between
Chanteloup and Poissy, seven leagues from Paris,
where it is very - common in the fields
sandy;
and after having collected it,
examined and compared with the F. parviflora, which
was also very abundant in this canton,
we recognize without being mistaken, and
in the port alone, the two plants are over
twenty paces away. This species blooms in
May and June (.).
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A l'article Fumaria offďcinalis , page 437
de ma Flore , les synonymes de Vaillant doivent
ętre rayés, puisque je les ai rapportés
aux deux nouvelles espčces que je viens de
décrire.
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To the article Fumaria offďcinalis , page 437
of my Flora, the synonyms of Vaillant must
be scratched, since I brought them back
to the two new species that I come from
to describe.
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Sébastien Vaillant (1669-1722) was French botanist who was born at Vigny in present-day Val d'Oise.
While a surgeon in 1691, he was in Paris when he took as his master of botany Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708).
Vaillant devoted himself to the study of plants and worked for a time in the Jardin du Roi in Paris.
He became ill and too poor to publish his Botanicon parisiensis (alphabetically or Enumeration of plants that grow in and around Paris) illustrated by Claude Aubriet.
A fruit of 36 years of work, he left his work at Herman Boerhaave's home, Oud Poelgeest.
The work contained engraved illustrations and was published in 1727.
It is a work of particular importance in the history of botany and one of the first to describe the known flora.
The standard author abbreviation Vaill. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Papaver rhoeas;
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Papaver rhoeas L. “Corn Poppy”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Alliaria petiolata;
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Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande “Garlic Mustard”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
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Erysimum alliaria L., Sp. Pl. 2: 660 (-661) (1753).
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 660-661) ...
| Original Text
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Alliaria.
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3. ERYSIMUM foliis cordatis.
Hort. cliff. 338.
Fl. fuec. 558.
Mat.med. 334.
Roy. lugdb. 342.
Dalib. parif. 201.
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Alliaria.
Bauh. pin. 110.
Fuchf. hift. 104.
Cam. epit. 589.
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Habitat in Europae fepibus, cultis, umbrofis.
♂
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Arabis petiolata M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 126 (1808).
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Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande, Bull. Orto Bot. Regia Univ. Napoli 3: 418 (1913).
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Alyssum alyssoides;
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Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. “Pale Madwort”
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Literature Cited:
- Willdenow, Carl L., 1797-1830.
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Willdenow, Karl Ludwig, 1765-1812.
Caroli a Linné species plantarum exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus secundum systema sexuale digestas.
[Charles Linnaeus's plant species exhibiting plants properly known to genera related with specific differences, trivial names, selected synonyms, and native places sorted according to the sexual system.]
Tomus III. Pars 1. (1800) p. 467
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21. ALYSSUM campestre.
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A. caule herbaceo, staminibus stipatis pari setarum, calycibus deciduis.
Sp. pl.909.
Pollich pal. n. 618.
Hoffm. germ. 231.
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Moenchia campestris.
Roth. germ. I. 274. II. 84.
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A. caulibus herbaceis, foliis punctatis scabris, siliculis orbiculatis nudis.
Ger. prov. 351.
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Clypeola annua, siliculis bilocularibus dispermis, calycibus caducis.
Sauv. monsp. 71.
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Alysson incanum dictum minus, capsulis majoribus rotundis non foliatis.
Tournef. inst. 217.
Hall. helv. n. 495.
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Thlaspi Alysson dictum minus, capsulis majoribus rotundis non foliatis.
Magn. monsp. 251.
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β A. (simplex) caule simplici subramofo, foliis lato-lanceolatis, stylo siliculae brevissimo.
Rudolphi in Schrad. jour. 2. p. 291. *
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Houttuyn Lin. Pfl. syst. 8. p. 252.
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Feld-Steinkraut. W.
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Field alyssum.
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Habitat in Gallia, Germania, Helvetia.
☉
(v. v.)
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Simillimum A. calycino petalis caule foliis,
sed magis decumbens foliis lanceolato-ovatis.
Filamenta absque dentibus, sed 2 solitaria habent untrique setam filamento non adnatam,
at receptaculo insertam.
Siliculae ovatae, vix compressae, magis tomentosae.
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Very similar to A. calyx with petals and stem leaves,
but more decumbent with lanceolate-ovate leaves.
Filaments without teeth, but have 2 solitary setae each not attached to the filament,
but inserted into the receptacle.
Silicules ovate, scarcely compressed, more tomentose.
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Alyssum simplex, quod mecum benevole communicavit Clariss. Rudolphi, videtur hujus sola varietas.
Possideo enim plura specimina intermedia ex Hispania, quae transitum demonstrant.
W.
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Alyssum simplex, which Clariss. Rudolphi kindly communicated to me, seems to be the only variety of this.
For I possess several intermediate specimens from Spain, which demonstrate the transition.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Alyssum simplex;
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Alyssum simplex Rudolphi “European Madwort”
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Literature Cited:
- Rudolphi, K. A., 1799.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
mihi;
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Einige botanische Beobachtungen. [Some botanical observations.]
Von dem Herrn Dr. K. A. Rudolphi.
[From the Mr. Dr. K.A. Rudolphi.]
Journal fu¨r die Botanik, hrsg. vom Medicinalrath Schrader [Journal of Botany, edited by Medicinal Councillor Schrade]
v. 2 (1799)
pp. 290-291
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21. Alyssum simplex mihi aus Portugal ,
eine neue Art , wovon ich eine Menge Exemplare erhielt ,
so dafs ich sicher bestimmen kann ,
da?s es keine Varietät ist .
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21. Alyssum simplex, as described by me, from Portugal,
a new species, of which I received a number of specimens,
so that I can determine with certainty
that it is not a variety.
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Planta tota vix digitalis, pilis stellatis fecta.
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The entire plant is almost digital, covered with stellate hairs.
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Radix simplex, subramosa.
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Root simple, subbranched.
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Caulis bi-triuncialis, ex qualibet radice vnicus, vel simplex,
vel basi subramosus, erectus.
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Stem bi-triangular, from each root only,
either simple or sub-branched at the base, erect.
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Folia in superiori tantum caulis et ramorum parte sita, obouata vel lato-lanceolata.
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Leaves located only on the upper part of the stem and branches,
obovate or broad-lanceolate.
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Racemus caulis vel ramorum terminalis, densus, breuis.
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Terminal raceme of stem or branches, dense, short.
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Flores minuti. Calyces decidui. Corollae pallide luteae.
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Flowers minute. Calyxes deciduous. Corollas pale yellow.
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Stamina, quantum in siccis speciminibusvidere potui, simplicia, quatuor maiora.
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The stamens, as far as I could see in the dry specimens,
are simple, four in number.
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Siliculae orbiculares, compressae, vix emarginatae,
stylo brevissimo coronatae, pedicellis longiores aut iisdem aequales.
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Silicules orbicular, compressed, scarcely emarginate,
crowned with a very short style, longer than or equal to the pedicels.
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Vom Alyssum montanum unterscheidet es sich hinreichend:
a) magnitudine multo minori;
b) caule vnico, nec plurimis ex eadem radice diffusis;
c) foliis et siliculis viridibus, pilis stellatis, nec subtomentosis incanis;
d) foliis breuioribus, latioribus;
e) siliculis maioribus, pedicello longioribus nec breuioribus;
f) stylo silicularum breuissimo, nec siliculis aequali;
g) corollis minoribus, pallidioribus.
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It differs from Alyssum montanum in that it is:
a) much smaller in size;
b) a single stem, not spreading out from the same root;
c) green leaves and scutes, with stellate hairs, not subtomentose and inconspicuous;
d) shorter, wider leaves;
e) larger scutes, longer pedicels, not shorter;
f) very short style of scutes, not equal to scutes;
g) smaller, paler corollas.
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A. simplex: caule simplici basi subramoso,
foliis lato-lanceolatis, stylo siliculae breuissimo.
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A. simplex: with a simple stem with a sub-branched base,
broad-lanceolate leaves, and a very short silicle style.
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Literature Cited:
- Willdenow, Carl L., 1797-1830.
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Willdenow (1800) treated A. simplex as a variety of A. campestre as
Alyssum campestre var. simplex (Rudolphi) Willd. in Sp. Pl. 3: 467 (1800)
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Arabis pycnocarpa;
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Arabis pycnocarpa M. Hopkins var. pycnocarpa “Cream Flower Rockcress”
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Boechera Á.Löve & D.Löve. “Rockcress”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Boechera fendleri;
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Boechera fendleri (S.Watson) W.A.Weber. “Fendler's Rockcress”
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Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
- Gray, Asa, 1878-1895.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
syntopical;
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Sereno Watson in his work on volume 1 of
Gray (1878) Syntopical Flora of North America
described our Boechera fendleri as
Arabis holboellii var. fendleri.
| Original Text
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A. Holboellii, Hornem.
Biennial …
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| …
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Var. Fendleri, Watson, n. var.
Stems often several and ascending from a biennial root,
a foot high, hirsute below with simple of branched hairs, glabrous above :
lower leaves roughly stellate-pubescent and petioles ciliate ;
the upper glabrous :
pods somewhat curved.
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—
From Colorado, Parry, no. 94, Hall & Harbour, no. 36 ;
N. Nevada to New Mexico, Fendler, no. 27,
Palmer, Rusby ;
and California, Tulare Co., Coville & Funston, no. 1388.
(Chihuahua, Wright, no. 1313.)
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Fendler no. 27 is not listed in Gray (1849) Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae.
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Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1895-1897.
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The variety fendleri was repeated in Robinson's edition of Gray (1895-1897, p. 186) Syntopical Flora of North America.
| Original Text
|
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A. Holboellii, Hornem. Biennial, …
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Var. Fendleri, Watson, n. var.
Stems often several and ascending from a biennial root, a foot high,
hirsute below with simple or branched hairs, glabrous above;
lower leaves roughly stellate-pubescent and petioles ciliate;
the upper glabrous; pods somewhat curved.
—
From Colorado,
Parry, no. 94,
Hall & Harbour no. 36;
N. Nevada to New Mexico,
Fendler no. 27,
Palmer, Rusby ;
and California, Tulare Co., Coville & Funston, no. 1388.
(Chihuahua, Wright, no. 1313.)
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Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1897.
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Two years later, Greene (1897) published Arabis fendleri
differnentiating it mostly on the different pubescent compared
to A. holbollii
| Original Text
|
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Arabis Fendleri.
More slender than the above and less tall,
mostly or wholly destitute of stellate hairs,
only the lowest entire oblanceolate leaves very distinctly hirsute-ciliate,
and with scattered trifurcated hairs on the lower face,
all the upper parts of the plant,
including all but the lower cauline leaves, glabrous and glaucus ;
the sessile cauline leaves barely auricled, not sagittate :
pods mostly less than 2 inches long, scarcely curved, acutish,
on spreading or scarcely deflexed pedicels of 1/2 inch or more :
seeds in 2 rows,
small marginless.
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A somewhat variable plant of subalpine situations in the Rocky Mountains
from New Mexico to Wyoming ;
but in none of its phases does it exhibit the pubescence of
A. Holbollii, but always its own,
which is chiefly conspicuous as a ciliation of the leaf-margin.
The description here drawn mainly from Colorado specimens of my own collecting,
which exactly match Fendler's n. 27 from New Mexico,
which is the type of Mr. Watson's A. Holbollii Fendleri,
in Gray, Syn. Fl. i. 164.
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., 1982.
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Weber (1982) published Boechera fendleri
after taking Rollins to task.
| Original Text
|
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Love & Love (1976) proposed the genus Boechera to
accommodate species of Arabis having the chromosome
base number x=7,
the type species of Arabis (alpina) having x=8.
Rollins (1977) certainly had the right to criticize the Love's for not
pointing out morphological evidence to support their
separation on cytogenetic grounds.
But at the same time, the difference in basic chromosome number,
especially when it continues to be borne out on examination of other species,
does represent a divergent phylogenetic line,
and the genetic barrier that it presents to interbreeding
of the units is sufficient justification for thinking in terms of discrete genera.
However, Rollins is not scientifically objective when he says that
“their describing a new genus to accommodate
perfectly ordinary species of Arabis
has no merit and should not be followed.”
Posterity, rather than appeal to authority,
should be allowed to decide the wisdom of this.
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Rollins himself says earlier that
“those species of North America most closely to Arabis
of Eurasia have the same basic chromosome number pattern,
i.e., x=8, whereas those species
with a somewhat different circle of close affinity [my italics]
are based on x=7.”
Even a cursory examination of Arabis in the herbarium results
in fairly easy separations:
the loose slender root systems, large and numerous cauline leaves,
most commonly toothed in Arabis, versus the short clustered caudices,
small or absent and almost always entire cauline leaves of Boechera.
The often very dense indument of forked or stellate trichomes
of Boechera is not a characteristic feature of Arabis.
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Even with Boechera removed, Arabis in America remains a genus
in need of additional fragmentation.
One group in particular deserving attention is the purple-flowered
species endemic in the ancient Siskiyou area of southwestern Oregon
and northwestern California (cf. Rollins 1977).
At present, however, I am confining transfers to those
taxa in the Colorado flora.
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| …
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BOECHERA FENDLERI (S. Wats.) W. A. Weber, comb. Nov.
Arabis holboellii var. fendleri S. Wats. In Gray,
Syn. Fl. N. Am. 1:164. 1895.
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Love, Askell & Doris Love. 1976. Nomenclatural notes on Arctic plants.
Bot. Not. 128:497-523.
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Rollins, Reed C. 1973. Purple-flowered Arabis of the Pacific Coast of
North America. Contrib. Gray Herb. 204:149-154.
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Rollins, Reed C. & Lily Rudenberg.
Chromosome numbers of Cruciferae III.
Contrib. Gray Herb. 207:101-116. 1977,
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Chorispora tenella;
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Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. “European madwort”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pallas, Peter Simon, 1771-1776.
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Literature Cited:
- DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus de, 1818-1821.
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Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de, 1778-1841
Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, sive Ordines, genera et species plantarum secundum methodi naturalis normas digestarum et descriptarum
[The natural system of the vegetable kingdom, or the orders, genera, and species of plants, digested and described according to the rules of natural method.]
Parisiis [etc.], sumptibus sociorum Treuttel et Würtz, 1818-21
v. 2 (1821), p. 436
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...
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...
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Habitat in ruderatis Tauriae (Bieb. Stev.), in deserto Caspico locis praeruptis et
nitrosis et ad ripas inundatas Wolgae copiose (Pallas), ad lacus salsos Inderienses
(Fisch.), ad Tanaim (Goldb.), usque as Ucraniam, circa Isjum (Bieb.)
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Habitat in the ruins of Tauria (Bieb. Stev.),
in the Caspian desert in steep and nitrous places
and on the banks of the Volga in abundance (Pallas),
on the salty lakes of India (Fisch.), on Tanaim (Goldb.),
as far as the Ukraine, around Isjum (Bieb.)
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Descurainia incisa;
|
Descurainia incisa (Engelm.) Britton “Mountain Tansy Mustard”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
|
Gray (1849, n.s. v. 4, p. 8) from a manuscript by George Engelmann ...
| Original Text
|
|
29-31. Sisymbrium incisum (Engelm. Mss.) : "annuum vel bienne ; caule glabriusculo
seu puberulo seu glanduloso-piloso ; foliis pinnatisectis, segmentis lanceolatis vel
lineari-lanceolatis inciso-serratis ; petalis flavis lanceolato-spathulatis calycem superantibus ;
pedicellis calyce ter-quaterve longioribus, fructiferis (racemo fructifero elongato)
patentibus capillaribus siliquas lineari-filiformes erecto-patentes subaequantibus ; valvis
indistincte uninerviis." — Banks of streams in New Mexico ; Santa Fe Creek and Mora
River ; June to August. Plant 1 to 2 feet high, blanching, at length almost glabrous.
Silique about 5 lines long ; the valves with one indistinct middle nerve. Seeds linear-oblong,
yellow, almost smooth, in one row. — Distinguished from S. Sophia by the
longer petals, shorter silique on proportionally longer pedicels, and coarser, much less
divided leaves. No. 29 and No. 31 are forms with large leaves, their lanceolate segments
coarsely serrate or incised. No. 30 is a very imperfect and dubious specimen.
—
From Clear Water, Oregon, by Mr. Spalding, I have another form (β filipes) of
the same species, with the divisions of the cauline leaves narrowly linear, sparingly
incised or incisely pinnatifid, or some of them quite entire, and with fructiferous pedicels
three fourths of an inch long and longer than the pods. The species would appear to
stand between S. Sophia and S. tanacetifolium, L. (Hugueninia, Reichenbach), with
which, like its allies, it accords in the barely one-nerved valves of the silique.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Descurainia pinnata;
|
Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton “Western Tansymustard”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Descurainia pinnata brachycarpa;
|
Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton ssp. brachycarpa (Richardson) Detling “Western Tansymustard”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Draba reptans;
|
Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald “Carolina Whitlow Grass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 1783.
- Plukenet, Leonard, 1696.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
paronychia;
• Publication Details:
Plukenet, 1696;
|
Lamarck (1783, t. 1, p. 222) ...
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
|
21. Arabette rampante ,
Arabis reptans.
Arabis foliis subrotundis . integerrimus ,
hirsutis , surculis reptantibus.
N. B.
Paronychia myosotis Virginiana, foliis subrotundis.
Pluk. Alm. 281. Tab. 51. f. 5.
|
Arabis with roundish, entire, hirsute leaves, with young branches creeping.
“N. B.” — unknown meaning.
“Pluk. Alm.” — Plukenet, Leonhart. 1696. Almagestum botanicum. London.
|
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Cette plante, encore peu connue des Botaniftes,
nous paroit devoir etre rapportee a ce genre.
Sa racine eft fibreufe, & pouffe de fon collet quelques
jet fteriles,
feuilles & rampans.
Ses feuilles font ovales-arrondies, retrecies vers leur bafe, tresentieres,
& velues ou hifpides.
Ses tiges font greles, nues, ou chargees d'une ou deux fleurs difpofees en grappes,
auxquelles fuccedent des filiques pedonculees,
d'une longueur mediocre.
Cette plante paroit originaire de la Virginie.
|
This plant, still little known to Botaniftes, seems to us to be related to this genus.
Its root is fibrous, and its root pod has a few sterile streams, leaves & crawlers.
Its leaves are oval-rounded, narrowed towards their base, presentieres, & hairy or hispid.
Its stems are slender, bare, or loaded with one or two flowers arranged in clusters, to which follow pedunculate threads of mediocre length.
This plant appears to be native to Virginia.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fernald, M. L., 1934.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Erysimum asperum;
• Glossary:
divaricate;
|
Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. “Prairie Wallflower”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1816.
|
| Original Text
|
|
527. ERYSIMUM. Gen. pl. 1090.
|
|
lanceolatum.
|
3. E. foliis lanceolatis inferioribus dentatis,
unguibus calyce longioribus,' laminis orbiculato-obovatis,
stigmate sessili.
Ait. Kew. Ed. 2. t. 4. p. 116.
Chieranthus erysimodes. Willd. Sp. Pl. 3. p. 514.
Icon. Jacq. Fl. Austr. 74.
On the banks of the Missouri. ♂. June. v. s.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
asperate;
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
Locations:
White River.
|
Nuttall (1818, v. 2., p. 69) …
| Original Text
|
|
462. CHEIRANTHUS. L. (Wall-flower. Stock.)
|
|
Calix closed; 2 of the leaves gibbous at the base.
Petals dilated.
Disk of the germ biglandulous.
Silique compressed or terete.
Stigma bilobed.
Seeds flat, sometimes marginated.
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Herbaceous or suffruticose;
leaves more or less pubescent, entire or pinnatifid;
flowers yellow or purple, large, and often odorous.
A genus very nearly allied to Hesperis
and to the entire leaved species of Erysimum,
excluding E. Alliaria.
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Species.
1. C. Pallasii. Ph.—North West Coast.
2. *asper.
Stem simple, and acutely angular;
leaves canescently polise, sublinear, entire,
margin acculeately and retrorsely asperate,
radical fasciculated attenuated-sublanceolate, acute, retrorsely toothed;
silique very long quadrangular and divaricate;
claws of the petals longer, than the calix.
Cheiranthus erysimoides. Ph.
Hab.
On the plains of the Missouri, commencing near the colfluence of the White river.
Fl. June.
Obs.
Biennial.
Stem 12 to 18 inches high,
mostly simple, but now and then branching towards the summit.
Leaves every where covered with white short, retrorse, strigose and appressed hairs;
margin aculeolate, stem leaves crowded, 2 or 3 lines wide and 2 inches long.
Flowers very similar to those of C. Cheiri, and almost equally odorous.
Calix oblong, 2 of the leaves distinctly gibbous at the base.
Petals dilated, claws long, limb broud obovate, bright yellow.
Stigma bilobed.
Silique 2 or 3 inches long, spreading, 4-sided, 2 of the angles asperate.
|
|
A genus of about 40 species,
indigenous to Europe and the temperate and colder parts of Asia and Africa
in both hemispheres.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus de, 1818-1821.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
asper;
|
DeCandolle (1821, v. 2, p. 505) ...
| Original Text
|
|
29. Erysimum asperum.
|
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E. foliis lineari-oblongis, inferioribus dentato-runcinatis,
cauleque pubescentibus scabris, siliquis patentibus,
stylo brevissimo crasso.
|
Erysimum lanceolatum. Pursh. fl. bor. am. 2. p. 436.
Cheiranthus asper. Nutt. gen. am. 2. p. 69. *
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Hab. in campis Missouriensibus (Nutt.).
(2). fl. jun.
(v. s. sp. in h. Banks et Lamb.)
|
|
...
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Erysimum capitatum;
|
Erysimum capitatum (Hook.) Greene “Sanddune Wallflower”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
|
Hooker (1829, v. 1(1), p. 38) ...
| Original Text
|
|
1. C. capitatus ; subasper,
foliis lineari-lanceolatis magis minusve dentatis vel integris
basi longe attenuatis cauleque pube bipartita arctissime appressa strigosis,
floribus (majusculis) dense corymbosis,
"siliquis pedicello triplo longioribus."
—
Douglas, MSS.
C. asper. Schlecht. et Cham, in Linncaea, v. 1. p. 14.
|
|
[Latin diagnosis omitted.]
|
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Hab. Common on rocky places of the Columbia, near the sea; and at Puget Sound, Douglas. Chamisso found it on the coast of California.
—
I regret that I do not possess the fruit of this plant ;
but there can be no
question of the accuracy of Chamisso and Schlechtendal,
who assure us that the cotyledons are accumbent.
It must therefore be separated from Erysimum, with the species of which,
and especially with E. lanceolatum, as is well observed,
it bears a very close affinity.
It is quite a different plant from the Erysimum asperum, De Cand.,
the Cheiranthus asper of Nuttall,
and which is also supposed to be the Erysimum lanceolatum of Pursh;
but I know not upon what authority.
I am indebted for specimens to M. de Chamisso,
which agree in every respect with those from Mr. Douglas :
both are remarkable for the great attenuation of the base of the leaves.
It has been found by no other of our North American travellers :
but is now cultivated in the gardens of the Horticultural Society,
from seeds sent by Mr. Douglas from the Columbia.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward Lee, 1891-97.
|
Greene (1891, p. 269) ....
| Original Text
|
|
2. E. capitatum, Greene. Dougl.; Hook. Fl. i. 38 (1829), under
Cheiranthus. Stout and low, ½ — l½ ft. high, spariugly pubescent with
appressed bifid or 2-parted hairs; leaves narrow, entire, or sinuately or
angularly toothed or lobed: fl. large, cream-color or yellowish, in a
depressed terminal corymb, scarcely fragrant: pods in a short raceme;
valves nearly flat, with a strong midvein, 1½ lines wide, the whole
1½ — 2½ in. long, abruptly and stoutly short-pointed: seeds flattened.
—
Among the sandy or rocky hills of the seaboard only, from Monterey
northward to Mendocino Co.; easily mistaken for E. aspertum, but we
have not seen it with even yellow, much less orange-colored flowers.
The petals are broader than in that species, but at San Francisco they
are invariably almost white. Feb. — May.
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| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lepidium;
|
Lepidium L.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lepidium Sect. Cardaria;
|
Lepidium Sect. Cardaria
@jgaskin Your point about the possibilities of this observation being of one of three species of Lepidium is well-taken. Unfortunately, it lumps this observation of three very similar invasive, rhizomatous, difficult-to-control, introduced plants into a larger genus that also includes many natives. It seems to me an improvement to iNaturalist observations would be to include an infrageneric section named Cardaria that could be used to encompass all three taxa, citing Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A., Klaus Mummenhoff and Oliver Appel. 2002. Cardaria, Coronopus, and Stroganowia Are United with Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Novon, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Spring, 2002), pp. 5-11 as the authority.
There is no such thing as Lepidium Section Cardaria.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Al-Shehbaz, Ihsam A., Klaus Mummunhoff, and Oliver Appel, 2002.
|
|
There is disagreement as to the number of species recognized in Cardaria.
Mulligan and Frankton (1962) and Czerepanov (1995) recognized as many as five and six species, respectively.
By contrast, other authors (e.g., Hedge, 1968; Al-Shehbaz, 1986) recognized two,
while Rollins (1993) recognized three.
We believe that only two species merit recognition,
and both should be placed in Lepidium.
These are L. draba,
which consists of subspecies draba and chalapense (L.) Thellung,
and L. appelianum Al-Shebaz,
a new name proposed herein because the transfer of Hymenophysa pubescens C. A. Meyer
to Lepidium would crete a later homonym of the South American L. pubescens Desvaux.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Francis, A., and S. I. Warwick, 2007.
|
|
Abstract:
Francis A. and Warwick, S. I. 2008. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 3. Lepidium draba L., L. chalepense L.,
L. appelianum Al-Shehbaz (updated). Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 379401.
This paper updates an earlier paper by Mulligan and Findlay (1974)
on the cruciferous weeds Lepidium draba, L. chalepense and L. appelianum
(treated in the previous paper as Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis and C. pubescens, respectively).
Known collectively as hoary cresses,
these species reached North America in the 19th and early 20th centuries as contaminants in seed or in ballast.
The three species spread extensively in the western
parts of the continent by the mid 20th century, partly through seed dissemination, but also by establishment of clonal
patches and rhizomatous spread.
In the prairie provinces the three species are weeds in grainfields, hayfields and forage
crops, and have been largely under control in those crops since the 1970s.
By the 1970s all three species had spread into
agricultural regions of south central British Columbia and remain a serious problem there.
They have also spread into
forest, range, and riparian areas of Alberta and British Columbia and are among weedy threats to native ecosystems.
Populations in Saskatchewan and Manitoba appear to have stabilized, but remain on noxious weed lists.
In the western
United States, the species have also spread from cultivated areas into rangelands, and L. draba in particular competes
successfully withnative vegetation, resulting in reduced local biodiversity.
Lepidium draba can also reduce forage
production, quality and palatability.
Biocontrol measures for L. draba are under investigation.
Mechanical controls have
proved to be generally ineffective in large populations.
Herbicides are effective in the short term in some agricultural crops,
but do not provide long-term control, and are of restricted use on rangelands and at riparian sites.
Potential beneficial uses
of Lepidium draba in phytoremediation and as a source of disease-fighting chemical derivatives are reported.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittmann (2012) ... regarding Cardaria ...
|
CARDARIA Desvaux 1815 [for the heart-shaped fruit of C. draba]. Whitetop
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Cardaria latifolia was originally called Ledidium latifolium L.
Spach placed it in Cardaria in 1836, correctly so, we believe.
However, about a hundred years later, Lepidium latifolium was
selected by Britton to be the type species of Lepidium,
an arbitrary and unfortunate choice.
|
In his key to the genera, Rollins (1993) separates Lepidium (nonrhizomatous)
from Cardaria (rhizomatous),
but includes L. latifolium in the species key as being rhizomatous in one couplet and stoloniferous in another.
Rollins wrote:
“Weber (1989), wants to recognize Lepidium latifolium as Cardaria latifolia (L.) Spach.
What he did not take into account is that L. latifolium is the type of the genus Lepidium.
If his suggestion were followed,
Lepidium would replace Cardaria, leaving most species no known in Lepidium to be re-shuffled to another generic name.
Such as move, in my view, would be irresponsible."
We agree, but for the sake of stability, it might be reasonable to retypify Lepidium.
L. latifolium, in all respects, belongs to Cardaria.
Al-Shehbaz et al. (2002) cut the Gordian knot by submerging Cardaria into Lepidium,
rather than recognizing it as a paraphyletic genus.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Hinz, H. L., R. S. Bourchier, and M. Schwarzlader, 2013.
|
|
Abstract:
Hoary cresses or whitetops, Lepidium draba, L. chalepense and L. appelianum (Brassicaceae),
are deep-rooted, clonal mustards that were introduced from Eurasia to North America in the 19th and early 20th centuries
as contaminants in seed or in ballast.
This chapter presents information on the status of these weeds in Canada,
followed by a comprehensive background on previous studies,
review of the application of biological control in these programmes (using phytophagous arthropod species),
an evaluation of the biological control efforts and future needs in research or implementation activities.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lepidium campestre;
|
Lepidium campestre (L.) W. T. Aiton “Field Pepperweed”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lepidium draba;
|
Lepidium draba L. White Top
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 645) ...
|
14. LEPIDIUM foliis lanceolatis amplxicaulibus dentatis
Hort cliff. 331.
Sauv. monfp. 78. 120.
|
Draba.
|
|
Draba umbellata. f. Draba major capitulis donata.
Bauh. pin. 109.
Morif. hift. 2. p. 313. t. 21. f. 1.
|
|
|
Draba 1. vulgaris.
Cluf. hift. 2. p. 314.
|
|
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β. Draba chalepenfis repens humilior, foliis minus cenereis & quafi viridibus.
Morif. hift. 2. p. 314.
|
|
|
Habitat in Germania, praefertim Auftria, Gallia, Italia.
♃
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lepidium latifolium;
|
Lepidium latifolium L. “Broad-Leaved Pepperweed”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lepidium perfoliatum;
|
Lepidium perfoliatum L. “Clasping Pepperweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1888.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Physaria montana, Watson, 1888;
|
Lesquerella S.Watson
Watson (1888, v. 23, new ser. v. 15, p. 249) published a new genus Lesquerella saying:
| Original Text
|
|
* The Old World genera of the Vesicaria and Alyssum group are variously
understood by European botanists and are very troublesome.
The species of
Vesicaria upon which all are agreed
(V. utriculata, V. Graeca and V. glabrescens,
the first being one of the two original species)
have stout erect leafy stems from
a suffrutescent base, glabrous, or pubescent below with appressed 2-parted or
somewhat stellate hairs, with large Erysimum-like flowers, very large globose
coriaceous pods, nerveless septum, and wing-margined seeds. This is the genus
as it is generally accepted on the continent, …
|
| … [text omitted.] …
|
|
The American species differ from them all, more or
less positively.
In all our species there is a distinct nerve extending from the
apex to the middle of the septum or beyond. The filaments are never toothed
or appendaged; the petals are never narrowly unguiculate, and, except in one
or two species, are yellow ; the ovules are never solitary in the cells, and the
pubescence is always more or less stellate or lepidote.
|
| … [text omitted.] …
|
|
To the species that have hitherto been placed in Vesicaria, I would, therefore,
now give the generic name Lesquerella (in preference to reviving Lesquereuxia,
the former name of a genus now merged in Siphonostegia),
in honor of our venerable and in every way worthy veteran palaeontologist and bryologist,
Leo Lesquereux. Our one flat-podded species that has been referred to Alyssum
(A. Lescurii) appears to differ in no other respect than its less convex valves from
a somewhat distinct group of species which can be separated, however, only as
a section from the rest.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lunaria annua;
|
Lunaria annua L. “Money Plant”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Nasturtium officinale;
|
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. “Watercress”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Aiton, William T., 2nd. ed., 1810-13.
|
W. T. Aiton (1812, v. 4, p. 110) noted that N. officinale was grown at Kew.
| Original Text
|
|
officinale.
|
1. N. foliis pinnatis : foliolis ovatis subcordatis repandis.
Sisymbrium Nasturtium. Willden. sp. pl. 3. p. 489.
Curtis lond. Engl. bot.855.
Water-cress
Nat. of Britain.
Fl. June–September. H. ♃
|
| |
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Al-Shebaz, I. A., 2014.
|
| |
|
Noccaea fendleri (A. Gray) Holub “Fendler's Pennycress”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
|
Gray (1849, p. 10) referred Fendler's collection to Thlaspi cochleariforme
| Original Text
|
|
44. Thlaspi cochleariforme, DC. Syst. 2. p. 381 ;
Deless. Ic. Select. 2. t. 52.
Santa Fe Creek, in the mountains ; March to June.
|
The image of the original publication, which came from George Engelmann's library,
has several pencilled notations, such as “No!”
and “Th. Fendleri Agr / Pl Wrightii 2. 14.”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1852-1853.
|
Gray (1853, part 2, p. 14) published Thlaspi fendleri as a correction to his identification ...
| Original Text
|
|
Thlaspi Fendleri:
foliis carnosulis subintegerrimis, radicalibus petiolatis ovalibus,
caulinis sagittato-oblongis amplexicaulibus ; racemo etiam fructifero brevi conferto ;
floribus majusculis ; petalis calyce triplo longioribus; siliculis lato-obovatis
subalatis basi acutis apice immaturis sinu aperto leviter obcordatis maturis truncato-subintegris,
loculis 3-4-ovulatis ; stylo filiformi fructu dimidio breviore.
—
T. cochleariforme, Gray, Pl. Fendl p. 10, non DC, nec Hook.
—
On the Organ Mountains, northeast of El Paso ; May : mostly in fruit.
(1322.)
—
Plant a span high, or lower ;
the raceme an inch, or, even in full fruit, not over 2 inches, in length ;
the pedicels closely approximate, spreading, in fruit 5 or 6 lines long.
Petals (in Fendler's specimens) 4 lines long.
Ovary obcordate by a broad and shallow sinus ;
the cells 3 - 4-ovulate.
Ripe silicles 4 lines long, with sharp but slightly winged edges,
obscurely emarginate or even truncate at the broad summit ;
the style a line and a half or two lines long.
—
The specimens of Fendler were mostly in flower only :
mine with young fruit have the raceme more loose than in those gathered this
spring by Mr. Wright ; which, being in fruit, plainly show that I was wrong in
referring the New Mexican plant to T. cochleariforme.
The latter has the fructiferous raceme long and loose,
and has likewise smaller flowers, narrower pods, with
a deep and narrow apical sinus, and a short style.
Our plant is more like T. praecox ;
which also has smaller flowers, and winged pods, with a very deep notch.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Holub, Josef, 1998.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Thlaspi, Mummemhoff, 1997;
|
Holub (1998, v. 70, n. 2, p. 108) published some names in Noccaea for American taxa
to complete the genus. This is explained in a note to the first name proposed.
| Original Text
|
|
N o t e : F. K. Meyer ( 1973) undertook a generic reform (or rather a radical revolution)
of the earlier standing concept of the genus Thlaspi .
It was shown, that - especially on the basis of the anatomical structure of the seed testa
- the small group Thlaspi s.s. with the type species T. arvense L.,
differs substantially from other groups of
Thlaspi s.l., including many species.
In Central Europe (s.l.) a few representatives of Microthlaspi F. K. Meyer
and numerous species of Noccaea Moench occur.
F. K. Meyer's classification has not been followed very much by other authors.
The present author (Holub 1983: 205). accepted the genus Noccaea in circumscription proposed
by F. K. Meyer.
Most recently Kerguelen and Cerepanov also supported this classification by some new
proposals of nomenclatural combinations with Noccaea.
Justification of the generic exclusion of Thlaspi s.s.
from the remainder of that genus (Thlaspi s.l.) and by this the acceptance of the genus Noccaea,
are indicated by the most recent studies based on modern methods of molecular research
(Mummenhoff et al. 1997; chloroplast DNA restriction-site variation - Mummenhoff & Koch 1994, Zunk et al. 1996;
isoelectric focusing analysis of Rubisco - Mummenhoff & Zunk 1991).
Nomenclatural combinations for taxa of the genus Noccaea were proposed especially
for European and Oriental species of that genus.
Here also some new nomenclatural combinations for taxa from the American continent are proposed.
|
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Noccaea fendleri (A. Gray) Holub, comb. nova.
—
Bas.: Thlaspi fendleri Asa Gray,
Smithsonian Contrib. Knowl. 5(6): 14, [= Plantae Wrightianae 2: 14], Washington 1853 .
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Noccaea fendleri glauca;
|
Noccaea fendleri (A. Gray) Holub ssp. glauca (A. Nelson) Al-Shehbaz & M. Koch “Alpine Pennycress”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nelson, Aven, 1896.
|
Thlaspi alpestre var. glaucum A.Nelson, Wyoming Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 28: 84 (1896).
Nelson (1896, p. 84) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Thlaspi alpestre glaucum, n. var.
|
|
The perennial basal part of stem rather freely branched,
herbaceous stems simple and erect, 6-10 inches high; radical leaves
broadly to narrowly elliptical, entire or obscurely repand-denticulate;
cauline deltoid-auticulate entire. It also differs from the
species in the glaucus hue of the leaves, the laxer inflorescence
and will marked notch at the apex of the capsule as well as in its habitat.
The species flowers in early speint on open hillsides; the
variety was collected in the forest almost at timber line, growing in
the thick beds of Spruce needles. La Plata Mines, August 21,
1895 (No. 1777).
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nelson, Aven, 1898a.
|
Nelson (1898, v. 25, p. 275) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Thlaspi glaucum (A. Nelson).
|
|
Thlaspi alpestre glaucum A. Nelson, First Rep. Fl. Wyo. 84. 1896.
|
|
The perennial, basal part of stem freely branched, the several
or many herbaceous stems simple, erect or ascending, 1-3 dm.
high ; root leaves numerous, petioled, from oval to oblong or obovate,
entire or obscurely repand-denticulate ; cauline leaves deltoid-auriculate
or oblong, entire, 10-20 mm. long, smooth or even
glaucous ; raceme dense in flower, much elongated in fruit (5-15
cm.) ; sepals greenish, thin, ovate ; petals white, spatulate, about 6
mm. long ; pods obovate, obtuse or emarginate ; pedicels divaricate,
10-14 mm - long.
|
|
In 1897 an abundance of material of this form was secured,
an examination of which leads me to think that it is worthy of
specific rank. Its habitat is sub-alpine in open parks or among
open spruce timber. It is separated from T. alpestre by its uni-
formly larger size, numerous stems, numerous and larger stem
leaves, longer pedicels and raceme (in fruit), longer, greenish
sepals, etc.
|
|
Type specimen in Herb. University of Wyoming, no. 4176,
Battle Lake, August 16, 1897. Prof. Henderson's no. 2893 from
Kendrick, Idaho seems to be nearly the same.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Holub, Josef, 1998.
|
Holub (1998, v. 70, n. 2, p. 108) published some names in Noccaea for American taxa
to complete the genus. This is explained in a note to the first name proposed.
| Original Text
|
|
Noccaea glauca (A. Nelson) Holub, comb. nova.
—
Bas.: Thlaspi alpestre glaucum A. Nelson, First Report Fl. Wyoming, 84, 1896 (n.v.).
–
Syn.: Thlaspi glaucum (A. Nelson) A. Nelson, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 275, New York 1898.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
- Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A., and Steve L. O'Kane, 2002.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
cytology;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Physaria montana;
|
Notes on Physaria
The taxonomic world knew for a long time that keeping Physaria and
Lesquerella separate was very tenuous.
More recently molecular data clearly showed that Physaria is nested within Lesquerella.
Also, the data showed that Physaria evolved more than once from Lesquerella.
Regardless of how many times Physaria evolved from Lesquerella,
Physaria is polyphyletic and Lesquerella definitely paraphyletic.
The two genera could no longer be maintained separately on either molecular,
morphological, cytological, biogeographic, or ecological grounds.
Therefore the two genera should be combined.
Physaria is the older of the two names and thus has priority,
but there are far more species in Lesquerella.
It might make more sense to conserve Lesquerella
and transfer the Physaria thereto.
An proposal to conserve the name Lesquerella against Physaria
was made to the Committee for Spermatophyta (2000).
However, the proposal was denied.
Therefore, names in Physaria were proposed for most of the former Lesquerella
(Al-Shehbaz & O'Kane, 2004).
One of the taxa transferred to Physaria was P. montana a bladderpod found in Jefferson County,
including Golden.
Seven taxa of Physaria have been reported for Jefferson County.
Four of the taxa are unlikely to occur here,
as the collections are misidentified or otherwise quesitonable data.
The three confirmed Jefferson County taxa are:
- P. bellii G. A. Mulligan
- P. montana (A. Gray) Greene
- P. vitulifera Rydb.
The four spurious reports of Physaria in Jefferson County are:
- P. acutifolia Rydb. — there may be two collections of P. acutifolia from the
Evergreen - Kittridge - Parmalee Gulch area. They are old records and a bit sketchy.
Otherwise this is an western slope taxon.
- P. didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray — misidentified, two vouchers at YU, duplicate at CS9266 determined P. vitulifera.
- P. floribunda Rydb. — western slope taxon.
Data point from NY showing P. floribunda in Golden is misidentified.
- P. rollinsii G. A. Mulligan — generally known only from the Gunnison River basin,
except for Rollins No. 5151, July 6, 1951, 2 miles west of Deckers, GH 01691383,
which has been annotated P. rollinsii, date and name of annotator unknown.
The following key is abstracted from Ackerfield (2015).
(1b.) Fruit (and ovary) pubescent with stellate hairs … 4
(4b.) Plants not present in the alpine, found below 11,000 ft in elevation … 6
(6b.) Inflorescence usually obviously exceeding the leaves,
or if included then the plants otherwise unlike the above;
plants sometimes mound-forming,
but the mounds usually not small and button-like … 8
(8b) Mature fruiting pedicels S-curved (sigmoid), ascending, or sometimes horizontal … 12
(12a) Plants of the eastern slope … 13
(13a) Fruit entire at the apex, not or only slightly inflated; ovules 4-20 per ovary … 14
(14a) Basal leaves suborbicular, obovate, or elliptic,
mostly over 4 mm wide (rarely narrowly elliptic and 2-3 mm wide),
usually with a well-defined petiole; stem leaves usually secund;
ovules (8) 12-24 per ovary … P. montana
(13b) Fruit notched at the apex (didymous), usually inflated; ovules 4 per ovary … 16
(16b) Plants of the foothills, absent from the northeastern plains;
fruit not conspicuously broader at the apex or appearing flared from the base … 17
(17a) At least some basal leaf margins deeply and broadly incised,
rarely almost entire … P. vitulifera
(17b) Basal leaf margins shallowly dentate or entire … 18
(18a) Basal leaves gradually tapering to an ill-defined petiole;
fruit 2-8 mm wide … P. bellii
| |
|
Notes on Physaria bellii Mulligan
| |
Literature Cited:
- Mulligan, Gerald A., 1966.
|
10. Physaria bellii G. A. Mulligan, Canad. J. Bot. 44: 1662, fig. 1, plate 1, fig. 3. 1966.
| |
Other articles:
• S. & W. Deer Creek Canyon Road:
74500;
• Owens Street:
78000;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Physaria vitulifera, Borland, 1988;
|
Jim Borland collected Physaria bellii and P. vitulifera twice: 12 May 1988 and 22 June 1988.
Collections of P. bellii were:
- Verbatim Date: 12 May 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, On north road cut as Deer Creek Canyon road enters the canyon.
Habitat: Road cut.
Reproductive Condition: Flr & Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13848645
- Verbatim Date: 22 June 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, 100 ft. S of junction of West Ute Ave. and Owens Street, west side of road.
Habitat: On limestone/shale outcrop.
Reproductive Condition: Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13848646
| |
Literature Cited:
- O'Kane, Steve L., 1988.
|
O'Kane (1988, p. 463) ...
O'Kane, Steve L.
(Colorado Natural Areas Program),
Colorado's Rare Flora.
Great Basin Naturalist.
v. 48, n. 4, p. 433-484. 31 October 1988.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Physaria bellii Mulligan, Canadian J. Bot. 44:
1662-1663. 1966.
|
|
|
Map 66
|
|
|
Family. — Brassicaceae (Cruciferae).
|
|
|
Federal status. — Category 2.
|
|
|
Bells twinpod, endemic to the Niobrara
Formation, grows on fine-textured soils
derived from black shale high in calcium in
the southern part of its range and from light-
colored, limey shale in the north. The species
is scattered along the foothills and hogbacks
from Fourmile Canyon near Boulder to Box
Elder Creek north of Owl Canyon. One old
collection, however, exists from Cheyenne
Mountain near Colorado Springs (Churchill
s.n. MO), and a 1988 report (J. Borland,
personal communication, specimen verified by
W. A. Weber) places the species southwest of
Denver in Jefferson County on a small outcrop
of Niobrara shale at the mouth of Deer
Creek Canyon. As Cheyenne Mountain is
composed of Pikes Peak Granite, it is likely
that the collection locality is in error unless a
disjunct population occurred at the foot of the
mountain on Pierre Shale. Bells twinpod is
usually found in shrub communities dominated
by Rhus trilobata and Cercocarpus
montanus at elevations of 1,580 to 1,750 m.
Oryzopsis and species of Stipa are common
associates. Although not threatened everywhere
in its range, threats to individual populations
can be significant. Some populations
are threatened by road construction and
maintenance. The populations near LaPorte
could be impacted by mining for cement
products. The effects of grazing are not
known.
| Two vouchers of J. Borland collections are
at COLO.
|
Boulder County:
TIN R70W:
Weber 3270, 4/10/47 (COLO, CS);
T2N R70W:
Naumann 2, 6/7/84 (CS);
Neely 2514, 5/5/85 (CS, UTC);
T2N R71W:
Denham & Denham 1315, 4/16/67 (COLO);
Gambill s.n., 5/7/84 (KHD);
Mulligan & Crompton 2898, 8/24/64 (Isotype: COLO);
Ramaley 1016, 5/30/05 (COLO);
Rolhns 7948, 5/24/79 (COLO, MO, RM);
Weber 3372, 5/22/47 (COLO, CS);
Wiegand & Upton 3320, 6/12/22 (MO);
Wynn s.n. , 5/10/83 (KHD);
T3N R71W:
Wilken 12887, 5/18/77 (CS).
El Paso County:
T15S R67W:
Churchill s.n., 6/22/12 (MO).
Larimer County:
Location obscure:
Osterhout 5616, 6/25/17 (COLO);
T4N R70W:
Popp s.n., 6/18/83 (CS);
T4S R69W:
Robinson s.n., 5/25/80 (COLO);
T5N R69W:
Naumann & Trout 4, 7/2/84 (CS);
T6N R70W:
Popp s.n., 6/29/83 (COLO);
Schromberg s.n., 5/8/83 (COLO);
T7N R69W:
Naumann & Trout 3, 5/6/84 (CS);
Popp s.n., 6/18/83 (CS);
T8N R69W:
Crandall 212, 5/14/1890 (CS);
Crandall 425, 5/2/1896 (CS, MO);
Crandall 427, 6/7/1898 (CS);
Crandall 426, 5/7/1898 (CS);
Wilken 14302, 5/6/85 (CS);
T9N R69W:
Lanham s.n., 6/8/80 (COLO);
Neely 2734, 6/2/85 (CS, UTC);
Popp s.n., 6/17/83 (CS);
T10N R69W:
Ramaley 2743, 6/14/07 (COLO).
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Physaria montana;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Physaria;
|
Physaria montana (A. Gray) Greene “Mountain Bladderpod”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1863.
|
Gray (1863, v. 15, p. 58) article titled,
“Enumeration of the Species of Plants collected by Dr. C. C. Parry, and Messrs. Elihu Hall and J. P. Harbour,
during the Summer and Autumn of 1862, on and near the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado Territory,”
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
… 49. Vesicaria montana, n. sp.*
from the middle mountains ; also collected last year at Eureka by Mr. Howard,
but without fruit. …
|
The asterisk (*) refers the reader to a footnote that is reproduced below.
The number 49 corresponds to a Hall & Harbour collection number 49 that is designated the holotype at GH
(https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=23018520&clid=0)
I assume the Eureka place name is Eureka, San Juan County, Colorado, a former mining town 19 miles northeast of Silverton.
|
*Vesicaria Montana (sp. nov.): argenteo-incana : caulibus e radice perenni diffusus foliosis:
foliis spathulatis, radicalibus subovatis petiolatis nunc 1-2-dentatis; racemo fructifero elongato;
silicula ovali seu ellipsoidea cano-pubescente stylo gracili longiore pedicello patente sursum
curvato paullo breviore.
Habit of V. Ludoviciana, argyrea, and argentea; well-marked by the oval
or oblong silicle (which is. in some specimens, 3 lines in length, but of scarcely half that breadth,
while in others it is shorter and broader, barely oval in outline,) hoary, with a fine stellular
pubescence, one-third longer than the style, commonly one-third or one-half longer than the pedicel,
nearly terete; the valves of the same rather firm texture as those of V. Ludoviciana, more convex
than those of V. alpina. Seeds four or six in each cell, wingless. Petals spatulate, light yellow.
Filiments filiform.
| This is a footnote at the bottom of page 58.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1888.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Lesquerella, Watson, 1888;
|
Watson (1888, v. 23, new ser. v. 15, p. 249) placed V. montana A. Gray in Lesquerella saying:
| Original Text
|
|
10. L. Montana. Pubescence often evidently stellate; caudex rarely branched:
leaves oblanceolate, the radical often subovate on slender petioles and obscurely
toothed: petals spatulate: pods 3 lines long, with long slender style; cells
4-8-ovuled. — V. montana, Gray. Northern Colorado and southern Wyoming,
near and on the mountains.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward Lee, 1891-97.
|
Greene (1891, p. 249) in his Flora Franciscana ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
3. PHYSARIA, A. Gray. Low herbs (our species perennial) silvery-
canescent with a dense close stellate pubescence, entire or pinnatifid
leaves, and racemose yellow flowers of middle size; calyx more or less
persistent as in Alyssum. Pods globose or ovoid, or the valves more
inflated and distended, nerveless. Style long, persistent. Seeds few, in
2 rows, flattened, rarely somewhat margined: cotyledons accumbent.
|
|
|
* Pods didymous. — Typical Physaria.
|
|
|
1. P. didymocarpa, Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 162 (1849); Hook. Fl. i. 49. t. 16
(1829), under Vesicaria. Leaves rosulately crowded on a short crown
or caudex, broadly spatulate, occasionally somewhat lyrate, those of the
decumbent flowering branches oblanceolate, entire: racemes short: pods
2 — 6 lines broad, i. e., more or less widely didymously-inflated, the partition
narrow or nearly obsolete. — East of the Sierra, thence common
to Colorado.
|
While there are collections from Colorado, including Jefferson County,
that are determined P. didymocarpa, I think they are mis-identified
specimens of P. vitulifera.
The species is known to occur in Wyoming.
|
|
* * Pod globose or ovate. — Genus Lesquerella, Wats.
|
|
|
2. P. montana, Greene. Gray, Proc. Philad. Acad. 58 (1868), under
Vesicaria. Habit of the preceding: rosulate radical leaves orbicular or
obovate, long-petioled, those of the branches oblanceolate or spatulate,
entire, or with few teeth : fl. 3 lines long: pods oblong-ovoid, 2½ lines
long, on slender recurved pedicels; style a third shorter. — On Lassen's
Peak, Lemmon, thence eastward and northward.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Mulligan, Gerald A., 1966.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Physaria vitulifera;
Physaria vitulifera;
|
Physaria vitulifera Rydb. “Roundtip Twinpod”
It appears to me that, in addition to Rydberg's type with two vouchers, there are two “approximate topotypes:” Ripley & Barneby (1950) #10475 (GH 1691622, CAS 303257) and Mulligan (1963, GH 1691620).
Mulligan's collection was likely in connection of his study of the genus (Mulligan, 1966).
| |
Other articles:
• Interstate 70:
in Clear Creek Canyon;
|
Physaria vitulifera, Parry, 1861
The oldest known collection of P. vitulifera was made by C. C. Parry,
in his first expedition to the Rocky Mountains.
We know that he collected in upper Clear Creek and traveled in the direction of Pikes Peak,
but he did not keep a diary or detailed itinerary.
|
Plants of Colorado
Brassicaceae
Physaria vitulifera Rydb. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 278. 1901.
Roundtip Twinpod.
Clear Creek Headwaters, Clear Creek County, Colorado.
United States of America, Colorado, From the head-waters of Clear Creek, and the alpine ridges lying east of "Middle Park," Colorado Territory.
|
There are three existing vouchers of Parry's collection.
They were all initially determined P. didymocarpa Gray.
Several indicate that they may be an undescribed variety.
One of them, GH1639631, was annotated P. vitulifera by Rollins in 1938.
Mulligan agreed in 1966 and stamped the voucher “STET.”
The other two vouchers, PBRU39332 and YU137402, remain determined P. didymocarpa.
| |
Other articles:
• Interstate 70:
Idaho Springs;
|
Physaria vitulifera, Rydberg, 1895
|
Brassicaceae
Physaria vitulifera Rydb.
Roundtip Twinpod.
Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado.
United States of America, Colorado, Clear Creek Co., Idaho Springs
39.7425°N, 105.5136°W.
WGS 1984
|
P. A. Rydberg
|
26-Aug-1895 |
|
Vouchers: NY3188335, RM29916.
There are 11 other collections at NY by Rydberg with the same date and location of Idaho Springs.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1901.
|
Physaria vitulifera, Rydberg, 1901
Rydberg (1901) described a new Physaria that he called P. vitulifera from a collection he made
at Idaho Springs.
An image of this specimen at NY is available through SEINet.
Rydberg (1895) also cited a collection by Parry made in 1861 in the headwaters of Clear Creek.
An image of this voucher at GH is also available through SEINet.
| Original Text
| Interpretation
|
|
Physaria vitulifera sp. nov.
|
|
|
A densely tufted finely stellate-pubescent perennial with deep tap-root.
Basal leaves numerous, fiddle-shaped, the larger 4-5 cm. long ;
terminal lobe nearly orbicular to broadly obovate, subentire, obtuse ;
upper sinuses rounded : lateral lobes 1-2 pairs, much smaller :
stems ascending, or decumbent, 1-2 dm. high :
stem-leaves 1-2 cm. long, obovate or oblanceolate, entire :
pedicels short, usually curved in fruit :
sepals about 4 mm. long, oblong, acute :
petals clawed, 8-9 mm. long :
fruit obtuse at the base, deeply divided above ;
cells much inflated, round-obovate, divergent, about 5 mm. in diameter :
style about 5 mm. long.
|
|
|
This species, as well as the two following,
differs from P. didymocarpa in the smaller fruit,
which is divided only above,
not at the base.
In this respect they resemble P. Newberryi ;
but the fruit is much smaller and not flattened on the sides.
P. vitulifera differs from the following in the form of the leaves and the curved pedicels.
It grows in dry places at an altitude of about 2500 m.
|
The "following" are Physaria floribunda and
Physaria acutifolia.
|
|
Colorado : Idaho Springs, 1895, P. A. Rydberg (type);
Middle Park, 1861, C. C. Parry, 101.
|
|
Rydberg's (1901) description of P. floribunda cites
“Hills about Golden, 1892, Crandall, 53.”
This collection can be found by searching SEINet for collections
of Physaria by Crandall in 1892.
Vouchers at CS and GH have been determined P. vitulifera.
A voucher at YU has two specimens, determined as P. didymocarpa, one labelled as
“Hills about Golden” and
the other as “Hills about Dolores.”
The Golden specimen looks more like Physaria montana
than either P. vitulifera, P. floribunda, or P. didymocarpa.
| |
|
Physaria vitulifera, Ripley & Barneby, 1950
On July 14, 1950, Ripley and Barneby made 9 collections from Breckenridge, Dillon, Loveland Pass, and Idaho Springs.
|
Plantae Occidentales Selectae
Brassicaceae
Physaria vitulifera Rydb. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 278. 1901.
Roundtip Twinpod.
Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado.
United States of America, Colorado, Clear Creek County, Idaho Springs
Habitat: steep banks of granite gravel. (approx. topotype)
|
H. D. Ripley & R. C. Barneby
10475. |
14-Jul-1950 |
|
The label notation of “(approx. topotype)” suggests they were looking for P. vitulifera at its type location of Idaho Springs.
While there, they also collected two Astragalus, A. flexuosus and A. parryi.
Voucher: GH16911622, CAS303257.
| |
|
Physaria vitulifera, Mulligan, 1963
|
Brassicaceae
Physaria vitulifera Rydb.
Roundtip Twinpod.
Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado.
United States of America, Colorado, Clear Creek County, Northwest outskirts of Idaho Springs
Elev. 2178 m.
Collected by permit: Permit Unspecified, issued: , to: .
|
G. A. Mulligan
2765. |
18-Jun-1963 |
|
Voucher: GH1691620
| |
Other articles:
• CO Highway 119:
near Russell Gulch;
|
Physaria vitulifera, Higgins, 1968
The Higgins collection is probably not an “approximate topotype.”
There is one voucher of P. vitulifera that incorrectly implies that Higgins collected the plant at or near Idaho Springs.
The label of RM343593 states the collection was made in Clear Creek County, 4 miles south of Black Hawk.
However, Higgins other collections on this day were made 7 miles west of Boulder and 4 miles south of Black Hawk.
Of the collections 4 miles south of Black Hawk, only RM343593 gives the county as Clear Creek County,
whereas the other seven vouchers of collections at that location give the county as Gilpin County.
I think it is far more likely that Higgins was 4 miles southwest of Black Hawk on CO Highway 119.
This would place his collection in Clear Creek Canyon approximately at the mouth of Russell Gulch.
This location is 4 miles northeast of Idaho Springs.
|
Plants of Colorado
Brassicaceae
Physaria vitulifera Rydb. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 278. 1901.
Roundtip Twinpod.
Clear Creek Canyon, Gilpin County, Colorado.
U.S.A., Colorado, Clear Creek, Ca 4 mi S of Black Hawk.
Reproductive Condition: flowering and fruiting
Habitat: Sandy soil; growing in the bottom of creek bed with Astragalus parryi.
|
Larry C. Higgins
1494. |
4-Jun-1968 |
|
Voucher: RM343593, UTC176647
| |
Other articles:
• U. S. Highway 6:
near CO Hwy 119;
|
Physaria vitulifera, Mellichamp & Neson, 1968
This Mellichamp and Nesom collection is not an “approximate topotype”
Being made 2.3 miles east of the junction of US Hwy 40 and US Hwy 6, it would be very close to the junction with CO Highway 119, and thus about 7 miles east of Idaho Springs.
|
Plants of Colorado
Brassicaceae
Physaria vitulifera Rydb. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 278. 1901.
Roundtip Twinpod.
Clear Creek Canyon, Clear Creek County, Colorado.
Rocky roadbank, 2.3 mi. east of jct US 40 & US 6.
Elev. 7600 ft.
|
T. L. Mellichamp & Guy Nesom
|
11-Jun-1968 |
|
Vouchers: UNCC19620
| |
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Physaria bellii, Borland, 1988;
|
Jim Borland collected Physaria bellii and P. vitulifera twice: 12 May 1988 and 22 June 1988.
Collections of P. vitulifera were:
- Verbatim Date: 12 May 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, Along west Alameda Ave. (rte. 26) above Rooney Road.
Reproductive Condition: Flr & Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13848718
- Verbatim Date: 12 May 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, Across street from coke oven along Rooney Road.
Habitat: On mineralized soil.
Reproductive Condition: Flr & Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13848800
- Verbatim Date: 12 May 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, Becket Street, Ľ mi. E of junction Rte. 26.
Habitat: On mineralized soil (not shale).
Reproductive Condition: Flr & Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13848801
- Verbatim Date: 22 June 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, Becket Street, 1/4 mi. E. of junction Rte. 26 (W. Alameda Parkway) and Becket Street.
Habitat: On mineralized soil (not shale).
Reproductive Condition: Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13849334.
|
Literature Cited:
- Wichmann, Brenda L., 2023.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Physaria vitulifera;
|
|
Jennifer Ackerfield, with assistance from
Sami Naibauer (population genetics lab coordinator
and field botanist at the University of Northern
Colorado’s (UNC’s) School of Biological Sciences),
updated the group on a collaborative effort to
elucidate the taxonomic status of a plant referred to as
Physaria ×1, a suspected hybrid of Bell’s twinpod
(Physaria bellii) and fiddleleaf twinpod (Physaria
vitulifera). The suspected hybrid has now been
determined to be within the species concept of
Physaria vitulifera.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rorippa palustris;
|
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser “Bog Yellow-Cress”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 657) ...
| Original Text
|
|
3. SISYMBRIUM filiquis, declinatis oblongo-ovatis, foliis pinnatifidis ferratis.
|
amphibium.
|
α. Sifymbrium foliis pinnatifidis ferratis. Fl. fuec..
Sifymbrium foliis infomis capillaceis, fummis pinnatifidis.
Hort. cliff. 337.
Roy. lugdb. 341.
Dalib. parif. 203.
Raphanus aquaticus, foliis in profundas lacinias divifis.
Bauh. pin. 97.
prodr. 38. t. 38.
Fl. lapp. 262
|
paluftre.
|
β. Sifymbrium foliis fimplicibus dentatis ferratis.
Hort. cliff. 336.
Fl. fuec. 350.
Roy. lugdb. 341.
Hall. helv. 548.
Raphanus aquaticus, rapiftri folio.
Bauh. pin. 97.
Raphanus aquaticus alter.
Bauh. prodr. 38. t. 38.
|
aquaticum.
|
δ. Sifymbrium aquaticum, foliis variis.
Vaill. parif. 185.
Sifymbrium foliis imis integris ovatis ferratis, fuperioribus pinnatis.
Hall. helv. 548.
|
terreftre.
|
|
Habitat in Europae feptentrionalioris aquofis.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Leysser, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 1761.
|
Leysser (1761, p. 126) in his first edition of Flora Halensis accepted Linnaeus' treatment of R. palustris
as a variety of S. amphibium.
| Original Text
| Interpretation and Comments
|
|
603. Sisymbrium (amphibium) filiquis declinatis oblongo-ouatis,
foliis pinnatifidis ferratis.
Linn. fpec. 657.
|
|
|
α. Sifymbrium (paluftre) foliis pinnatifidis ferratis.
Linn. fuec. 2. n. 593.
β. Icon. orig. cent. 3.
|
|
|
β. Sifymbrium (aquaticum) foliis simplicibus dentatis ferratis.
Linn. fuec. 2. n. 593. α.
|
|
|
H. ad foffas circa Paffenforf, & alibi paffin:
fl. Maio & feqq.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Leysser, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 1783.
|
In his second edition of Flora Halensis, Leysser (1783, p. 166)
treated our plant at the rank of species without comment
regarding why he elevated it to that rank.
| Original Text
| Interpretation and Comments
|
|
679. Sisymbrivm paluftre filiquis declinatis oblongo-ouatis,
foliis pinnatifidis ferratis,
(petalis calyce breuioribus.)
L. f. 3. p. 250. n. 3. α.
| In this edition,
Leysser seems to have interchanged the letters ‘u’
and ‘v.’
For example, the description of the silique as “oblongo-ouatis,”
would otherwise be written as
“oblongo-ovatis.”
|
|
Ad foffas, aquas, pifinas paffim, rarior tamen praecedente;
Maio et feqq.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Besser, Wilibald S., 1822.
|
Besser (1822, p. 27) writing in an enumeration of plants in a section of eastern Europe,
placed our plant in Rorripa.
| Original Text
|
CCCXII. Roripa Scop. Nasturtium H. Kew. Sisymbrium L.
824. palustris.
825. amphibia.
826. sylvestris.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rorippa sinuata;
|
Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. “Spreading Yellowcress”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Torrey & A. Gray, 1838-1843, publication details;
|
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 73) proposed Nasturtium sinuatum from a manuscript by Thomas Nuttall
describing plants he had seen in Oregon Territory and in the Arkansas.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
5. N. sinuatum (Nutt.! mss.):
“ decumbent ; leaves pinnatifid ;
segments lanceolate, subserrtat or toothed on the lower margin ;
pedicels spreading or recurved, longer than the oblong acute silique ;
style nearly one-third the length of the silique.
|
|
|
“Banks of the Oregon and its tributaries ;
also in Arkansas.
—
Glabrous.
Leaves all rqually pinnatifid ;
the terminal segments more or less confluent.
Flowers rather large, bright yellow.
Sepals ovate.
Petals oblong-ovate.
Silique about one-tird of an inch long, slightly curved.”
Nutt.
Cotyledons o==
|
“… the Oregon …” is a synonym for the Columbia River.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rorippa tenerrima;
|
Rorippa tenerrima Greene “Modoc Yellowcress”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1895.
|
Greene (1895b, v. 3, p. 46) published R. tenerrima
from collections in Modoc County, California by Mrs. R. M. Austin.
| Original Text
|
|
Roripa tenerrima.
Annual, weak and decumbent, very
sparingly branching, 6 to 10 inches high, of delicate texture
and glabrous: leaves few, lyrate-pinnatifid, the terminal lobe
acutish: rachis of the few racemes almost capillary: pods
rather distant, subconical, slightly curved, the tapering apex
surmounted by a considerable beak-like style; valves and
septum both very thin: seeds many, in 2 rows under each
valve.
|
|
Collected sparingly, in Modoc Co., California, 1894, by
Mrs. R. M. Austin.
|
| |
|
Thlaspi L. “Pennycress”
Thlaspi L. s.s. is not known from Colorado, the only representative being Thlaspi arvense L. “Field Pennycress,” an introduced species.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Mummenhoff, Klaus, Andreas Franzke, and Marcus Koch, 1997.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Noccaea fendleri, Holub, 1998;
|
Mummenhoff, et al. (1997) examined phylogenetics of Thlaspi s.l.
using primarily European material.
The main lineages recognized are Thlaspi s.s., Noccaea (Raparia) included,
and Microthlaspi.
Noccaea includes by far the highest number of species formerly classified in Thlaspi s.l.
It will be up to Holub to propose names for the American Noccaea.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Turritis glabra;
|
Turritis glabra L. “Tower Rockcress”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 666) ...
| Original Text
|
|
glabra.
|
1. TURRITIS foliis radicalibus dentatis hifpidis,
caulinis integerrimus amplexicaulibus glabris.
Hort. cliff. 339.
Fl. fuec. 544.
Roy. lugdb. 339.
Hall. helv. 5600.
Dalib. parif. 203
|
|
|
Braffica fylveftris, foliis circa radicem cichoraceis.
Bauh. pin. 112.
|
|
|
Habitat in Sueciae, Germaniae, Angliae pafcuis fylvaticis.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cleomella serrulata;
|
Cleomella serrulata (Pursh) Roalson & J. C. Hall “Rocky Mountain Beeplant”
[Syn: Cleome serrulata Pursh, Peritoma serrulata (Pursh) DC.]
| |
Literature Cited:
- Moulton, Gary E., 1999.
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
Locations:
Vermillion River.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 441) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
2. C. glabra ; floribus hexandris, foliis ternatis, foliolis
lanceolatis tenuissime serrulatis, racemo elongato,
bracteis linearibus.
| serrulata.
|
|
|
On the banks of the Missouri.
☉.
Aug. v . s. in Herb. Lewis.
Flowers pale purple or white.
|
|
Mouth of the Vermillion River, Clay County, South Dakota,
or Cedar or Dixon County, Nebraska, August 25, 1804 (Moulton, 1999).
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Roalson, Eric C., Jocelyn C. Hall, James P. Riser II, Warren M. Cardinal-McTeague, Theodore S. Cochrane & Kenneth J. Sytsma, 2015.
|
Cleomella serrulata (Pursh) Roalson & J.C.Hall, Phytotaxa 205(3): 140 (2015).
There is really nothing specific about Cleomella serrulata in this paper that focuses on the North American cleomids,
except perhaps, that it fits into alternatives of Peritoma s.l., Peritoma s.s., and Cleomella s.l.,
along P. jonesii and P. lutea.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Polanisia dodecandra;
|
Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. “Sandyseed Clammyweed”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sedum acre;
|
Sedum acre L. “Goldmoss Stonecrop”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sedum lanceolatum;
|
Sedum lanceolatum Torr. “Spearleaf Stonecrop”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John G., 1828.
|
|
|
|
172. S. lanceolatum, foliis planis, subalternis, inferioribus confertis,
oblongo-lanceolatis, acutiusculis, glabris, margine
glanduloso-serrulatis ; caule ramoso, assurgente ; floribus
cymoso-corymbosis ; petalis lanceolatis, patentibus.
|
|
Desc. Stem a little branched at the base, creeping. Leaves about half
an inch long, rather crowded, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved,
smooth, except on the margin, which is glandularly serrate under a lens.
Cyme corymbose, the branches spreading, or reflexed. Flowers white ?
decandrous ? Segments of the calyx lanceolate. Petals 7, lanceolate,
acute. Stamens — .
|
|
Hab. Near the Rocky Mountains.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Goodman, George J., and Cheryl A. Lawson, 1995.
|
| Original Text
|
|
James could have collected the type (NY) of S. lanceolatum in early July
along his route from the chasm of the Platte, Jefferson County,
south to Manitou Springs and Pikes Peak, El Paso County, Colorado.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sedum stenopetalum;
|
Sedum stenopetalum Pursh “Wormleaf Stonecrop”
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Fendlera rupicola;
|
Fendlera rupicola Engelm. & A. Gray “Fendler's Cliff-Bush”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Jamesia americana;
|
Jamesia americana Torr. & A. Gray “Fivepetal Cliffbush”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rafinesque, C. S., 1832.
|
Rafinesque (1832, p. 145) published a Jamesia
|
8. Jamesia Raf. differs from Psoralea,
calyx not glandular, hairy, 5 subulate clefts nearly equal,
stamens Monadelphous, pod acuminate by style,
stigma smooth.
J. obovata Raf. Psoralea jamessi T. Sp. 75.
|
Psoralea jamesii is now treated as a synonym of Dalea jamesii (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray.
Jamesia obovata is treated as nom. superfl,
whereas Jamesia Raf. is treated as nom. rej.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & Gray (1840, v. 1(4), p. 594) published Jamesia americana
with a tribute to the work of Dr. Edwin James.
They placed our plant in Order LXVI. Saxifragaceae Juss., Suborder III. Hydrangeae DC.
|
|
|
J. Americana.
|
| Dr. James !
—
Shrub erect? With terete branches.
Leaves, including the petioles,
1-2 inches long, ovate, simply serrate with broad mucronate teeth.
Cymes shorter than the leaves : bracts subulate.
Calyx persistent, cleft rather below the middle ;
the segments mostly acute, two of them somewhat narrower ;
one of the broader ones sometimes minutely 3-toothed at the apex.
Petals twice or more the length of the calyx. Stamens deciduous.
Styles more than twice the length of the ovary, much exserted beyond the calyx.
Ovary free, except the base, the parieties rather thick and firm ;
the dissepiments very short ;
the placentae lunate, at first distinct, many-ovuled.
—
We much regret that we have not more adequate materials for describing this plant.
Our specimens were collected by Dr. Edwin James (in Long's Expedition),
but the particular locality is not recorded.
It is probably rare or very local, as no other botanist seems to have met with it.
It appears to be an entirely distinct genus, to which we have applied the present name in
commemoration of the scientific services of its worthy discoverer,
the botanist and historian of ‘Major Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in
the year 1820,’ and who, during that journey, made an excellent collection of
plants under the most unfavorable circumstances.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Bentham, George, and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1862.
|
Bentham and Hooker (1862) ...GH
|
Ordo LIX. SAXIFRAGEAE
|
|
...
|
|
Tribus III. Hydrangese.
|
|
...
|
|
** Ovarium supernum
|
|
...
|
|
32.JAMESIA. Petals 5, Convoluta. Stamina 10. Stylii 3-5. — Nov. Mexico.
|
Interesting to me that sister genera are
Fendlera, Carpenteria, and Whipplea.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Porter, Thomas C., and John M. Coulter, 1874.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Porter & Coulter, 1874, publication details;
|
Porter and Coulter (1874) treat Jamesia americana as a member of the Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae).
|
Jamesia1 Americana, T. & G.
Cymes often longer than the leaves, 5-10 flowered;
petals white, 3"-5" long, glabrous or slightly hairy within;
calyx-lobes shorter than the petals, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit.
—
Hll & Harbour, 568;
Parry.
Georgetown, Dr. Smith;
Canby.
Chiann Cańon and Glen Eyrie, Porter.
James's Peak and Clear Creek Cańon, Coulter; Redfield.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Joseph Dalton, 1875.
|
Hooker, J. D. (1875, Tab. 6142) ...
|
TAB. 6142.
|
|
JAMESIA americana.
|
|
Native of The Rocky Mountains..
|
|
|
Nat. Ord. Saxifrageae. — Tribe Hydrangeae.
|
|
Genus Jamesia, Torr. and Gray ;
—
(Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Plant., vol. i. p. 643).
|
|
|
JAMESIA americana ; ramulis junioribus petiolis foliis subtus et inflorescentia
laxe villosis, foliis ovatis obtusis crenato-dentatis supra glabris,
paniculis brevibus terminalibus basi foliosis, calycis lobis rotundatis, petalis
oblongis.
|
|
JAMESIA americana, Torr. & Gray Flor. N. Am., vol. ii. p. 593;
Walp. Ann., vol. ii. p. 614;
A. Gray Plant. Fendl., p. 55 in nota ;
Carriére in Rev. Hortic., October, 1874, p. 389 cum ic xylog.
|
|
|
First described from imperfect specimens by Torrey and
Gray, in 1540, and named by them “in commemoration of the
scientific services of Dr. Edwin James, its worthy discoverer,
the botanist and historian of Major Long’s expedition to the
Rocky Mountains in 1820, and who during the journey made
an excellent collection of plants under the most unfavourable
circumstances.”
Those were the days when every traveller
in the Rocky Mountains carried his life in his hand, and
when to hold it fast required the subtlety of the savage, plus
the pluck of the white man. Little was known of this plant
for many subsequent years, not until it was gathered by
Fendler in 1847, and after another long interval by C. C.
Parry, in 1861, in the very spot where James had discovered
it – namely, the head-waters of Clear Creek, and on Alpine
ridges east of Middle Park, in the Colorado territory,
lat. 40° N. Considering the numerous collections that have
been made in other parts of the Rocky Mountains, and that
do not contain the Jamesia, it is evident that it is a very
rare and local plant.
|
|
Though so much more like a Rosaceous plant in habit and
inflorescence, Jamesia is truly saxifragaceous, and closely
allied to Hydrangea ; it is quite hardy, and was raised at Kew
about twelve years ago, from seed received, I believe, from
Dr. Asa Gray, where, however, it has not flowered.
For the
plant here figured I am indebted to the Rev. Mr. Ellacombe, of
Bitton, near Bristol, who flowered it in October last.
|
|
Descr.
A branching shrub; branches opposite, covered
with a loose, papery bark ; branchlets, petioles, leaves beneath,
and inflorescence clothed with soft villous pubescence.
Leaves opposite, petioled, one to two inches long, ovate, obtuse,
crenate-toothed, glabrous, but not shining above, with impressed
veins; petiole one-quarter to one-third inch long.
Cymes terminal, erect, shortly pyramidal, many-flowered, the
lower branches leafy at the base.
Flowers half an inch diameter ;
white, pedicels one-sixth inch long.
Calyx villous, turbinate, 5-lobed, lobes rounded or broadly ovate, acute, white.
Petals 5, spreading, oblong, obtuse.
Stamens 10, the alternate shorter; filaments linear, flattened;
anthers broadly oblong.
Ovary conical; styles 3-5, stout, erect, stigmas subcapitate.
—
J. D. H.
|
|
|
Fig. 1, Flower ; 2, the same, with the petals removed ; 3, long and short
stamens; 4, ovary : — all magnified.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John Merle, 1885.
|
Coulter (1885) published his
Manual of the Botany of the Rocky mountain Region.
By this time the known distribution
of Jamesia americana
has expanded to include Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico.
|
10. JAMESIA, Torr. & Gray.
|
|
Calyx-lobes sometimes bifid. Petals 5, obovate. Alternate stamens shorter;
filaments linear, flattened acuminate. Capsule included. Seeds striate-reticulate.
—
Low, diffusely branching, 2 to 3 feet high: leaves ovate, mucronately
serrate, canescent beneath, as well as the petioles, calyx, and branchlets, with
a soft hairy pubescence : flowers cymose, in terminal panicles.
|
|
1. J. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Cymes often longer than the leaves,
5 to 10-flowered : petals white, glabrous or softly hairy within : calyx-lobes
shorter than the petals, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Fl. i. 593. Utah,
Colorado, and New Mexico.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Heller, A. A., 1897.
|
Heller (1897, v. 24, n. 10, pp. 477-478) proposed a new genus, Edwinia, because the genus name Jamesia had been previously used by Rafinesque.
Heller also noted that Fendler found our plant to be plentiful along Santa Fe Creek (now Santa Fe River).
No higher rank was specified.
|
EDWINIA nom. Nov.
|
|
[Jamesia T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1: 593. 1840. Not Raf. 1832.]
|
|
Edwinia Americana (T. & G.).
|
|
Jamesia Americana T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1: 593. 1840.
|
|
The specimen upon which the genus was founded was imperfect
and scanty, and the exact locality from which it was obtained
is not known, but it is supposed to have come from “along the
Platte or the Canadian River.” Fendler re-discovered it on the
“banks of Santa Fe Creek, near the water, where the stream is
walled in on both sides by high rocks.” It is plentiful along
Santa Fe Creek in favorable situations, usually growing on rocks
or on talus. No. 3710.
|
|
Heller also listed Edwinia Wrightii (Engelm. & Gray),
placing in synonomy,
Fendlera rupicola var. Wrightti Engelm. & Gray,
Pl. Wright. 1:77, pl. 5.f. 2. 1852.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1906.
|
Rydberg (1906, p. 176) placed our plant in the family Hydrangeaceae Dumort., though still as Edwinia.
|
2. EDWINIA Heller
|
|
1. Edwinia americana (T. & G.) Heller.
(Jamesia americana T. & G.)
On cliffs, mountain sides and in cańons, from Wyo. And Utah to N. M.
—
Alt. 5000-7000 ft.
—
Rist Cańon; Minnehaha; Pikes Peak; Rock Mountain Pass, Ward;
West Spanish Peak; Central City; Engelmann's Cańon; North Cheyenne Cańon;
Green Mountain Falls. Foorthills, Larimer Co.;
Georgetown; Cańon City; headwaters of Clear Creek and alpine ridges east of Middle Park;
Manitou; Graymont; Narrows, Moon's Ranch;
Horsetooth Gulch; Soldier Cańon; Howe's Gulch; Pennock's mountain ranch;
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward; Eldora to Baltimore.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fernald, M. L., and C. A. Weatherby, 1929.
|
Fernald & Weatherby (1929).
Proposed Amendments to the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature
Rhodora. v. 31 (1929).
|
...
|
|
II. To add to the list of Nomina Generica Conservanda the following,
in case the amendment to Art. 50 proposed by Dr. A. S. Hitchcock
(“Eliminate the words: or because of the existence of an
earlier homonym which is universally regarded as non-valif”) is
adopted:
|
|
No.
|
Fam.
|
Nomina conservanda
|
Nomina rejicienda
|
|
...
|
|
3209
|
Saxifragac.
|
Jamesis T. & G. Fl. N. Am. i. 593 (1840);
not Raf. Atl. Journ. (1832), 145.
Standard-species: J. americana T. & G.
|
Edwinia Heller, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxiv. 477 (1897).
|
|
DISCUSSION OF THE AMENDMENTS
Amendment I.
|
|
3209 Jamesia T. & G. Fl. N. Am. i. 593 (1840).
|
|
Jamesia Raf. (1832) was based on Psoralea Jamesii Torr., which is generally
kept in the genus Dalea Juss. (1789) or Parosela Cav. (1802)
—
see No. 3709.
Rafinesque's Jamesia has been taken up by no subsequent author; but Jamesia
T. & G. (1840) is a generally used name for a genus of shrubs of North America
with one species widely known in cultivation as Jamesia. If Jamesia T. &
G. is to be maintained it will be necessary specially to conserve it, at least if
Dr. Hitchcock's amendment as to homonyms is adopted. In that case we
should move the conservation of Jamesia T. & G.
|
|
...
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rickett, H. W. , & F. A. Stafleu, 1959c.
- Rickett, H. W., and F. A. Stafleu, 1959.
|
Rickett, H. W., and F. A. Stafleu (1959c) presented Jamesia Torrey & Gray as a conserved name over Jamesia Rafinesque.
|
3209
|
Jamesia Torrey et Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1: 593. Jun 1840
T.: J. americana Torrey et Gray.
|
(H)
|
Jamesia Rafinesque, Atl. Journ. 145. 1832 sero. [LEGUM.].
T.: J. obovata Rafinesque, nom. illeg. (Psoralea jamesii Torrey).
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Holmgren, N. H., & P. K. Holmgren, 1989.
|
Holmgren & Holmgren (1989) …
|
Jamesia, an easily distinguished of Hydrangeaceae,
is endemic to western North America from the southern Rocky Mountains in southeastern Wyoming,
south through Colorado, New Mexico, and the mountains further south
to southeastern Arizona, Chihuahua, and Nuevo Leon,
and west across the Great Basin to southern Sierra Nevada.
|
|
…
|
|
Fernald and Weatherby's (1929) proposal to conserve Jamesia Torr. & Gray
over Jamesia Raf. was accepted by the Nomenclatural Section
of the Cambridge International Botanical Cogress in 1930 (Briquet, 1935).
|
|
…
|
|
Jamesia has been identified by Axelrod (1987) from Oligocene fossil floras in
southwestern Colorado (Creede flora, 26.5 million years ago) and southwestern
Montana (Ruby flora, 29 million years ago).
The fossil beds near Creede, Mineral County, Colorado, consist of shales that were
produced from sediments deposited in a caldera lake.
The Jamesia leaves are found in thin-bedded, tuffaceous, silty shales and fine sandstone.
The Creede lake was a moat circling a large dome (today's Showshoe Mountain);
it was surrounded by steep caldera walls 900 to 1200 meters high.
The Creede formation has been exposed by erosion by the Rio Grande.
Axelrod based his description of J. caplanii on 15 leaf specimens from
four different sites.
Five of these are pictured in his monograph (1987, pl. 30, figs. 12-16).
The venation, margins, and petiole are a good match for modern-day
J. americana var. americana;
the only noticeable different is a proportionally slightly narrower blade with a
more acute tip.
|
|
…
|
|
Axelrod and Raven (1985) suggested that Jamesia originated in the southern
Rocky Mountains in the late Eocene along with the monotypic and small rosaceous
genera Chamaebatiaria (Porter) Maxim., Fallugia Endl.,
Holodiscus (K. Koch) Maxim.,
and Peraphyllum Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, giving it a Madrean affinity.
|
|
That all Jamesia taxa seem to have a fine-tuned adaptation to cliff and rock
habitats suggests that the ancestral form giving rise to them very likely did as
well.
|
|
Another possible explanation for today's spotty occurrence could be that under
present climatic conditions Jamesia survives the dry summers better where it is
exposed to the cold moist air that descends nightly from the higher mountain
peaks.
|
|
Selected Literature
Briquet, J., editor. 1935. International rules of botanical nomenclature
(Cambridge Rules). Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Fernald, M. L. & C. A. Weatherby. 1929. Proposed amendments to the international
rules of botanical nomenclature. Rhodora 31: 91-96.
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Holmgren & Holmgren (1989) accept the following taxa:
- Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray
- Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. americana
- Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. zionis N. Holmgren & P. Holmgren
- Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. macrocalyx (Small) Engl.
- Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. rosea Purpus ex C. Schneider
- Jamesia tetrapetala N. Holmgren & P. Holmgren
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
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Weber & Wittmann (2012) ...
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JAMESIA Torrey & Gray 1840 [for Edwin James, its discoverer]. Waxflower
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One species, J. americana Torrey & Gray.
Common in canyons of the foothills, up to the subalpine on warm, southern exposures.
Some years ago while visiting Boulder, Guido Pontecorvo, a famous geneticist,
was taken by this species as a potential cultivar and took seed to Glascow,
where he patiently germinated them.
One day in 1957 I visited him and he proudly showed me these plants,
which he was to be the first yo introduce to Scottish gardens,
growing nicely in his lath-houses.
Shortly afterward, we walked across the campus to lunch
and, turning a corner, we discovered a beautiful bush, many years old,
in full flower!
Embarassing, yes,
but a tribute to the fact that very little escaped the Scottish gardeners of the last century.
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Jamesia is evidently a Tertiary (Oligocene) relict, for it occurs as a
fossil in the Creede formation. (See Axelrod 1987.)
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Axelrod, D. I. 1987.
The late Oligocene Creede flora, Colorado.
Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 130: 1-235.
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Freeman (2017) in Flora of North America followed Holmgren & Holmgren (1989) in accepting the following taxa:
- Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray
- Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. americana
- Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. zionis N. Holmgren & P. Holmgren
- Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. macrocalyx (Small) Engl.
- Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. rosea Purpus ex C. Schneider
- Jamesia tetrapetala N. Holmgren & P. Holmgren
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Heuchera bracteata;
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Heuchera bracteata (Torr.) Ser. “Bracted Alumroot”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Heuchera parvifolia;
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Heuchera parvifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray. “Littleleaf Alumroot”
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
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Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 581) published H. parvifolia in the section Heucherella.
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§ 4. Filaments and styles subulate, very short : calyx obconic at the base, rotate, equal :
petals small, fugacious : flowers small : panicles narrow, loose. — Heucherella.
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13. H. parvifolia (Nutt.! mss.):
scabrous-puberulent ;
scape naked ;
leaves forming a small radical cluster, roundish-cordate,
crenately 5-7-lobed, at length glabrous, ciliate ;
the lobes short and rounded ;
panicle racemose, rather loose ;
bracts small, laciniate-ciliate ;
flowers very small ;
limb of the calys flat, dilated ;
petals minute, caducous ;
stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx ;
styles very short, conical.
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Typically when quoting a Nuttall manuscript, Torrey & A. Gray will place double quotes around the description.
They did not do so in this case.
I assume that was a printer's oversight in this case, and is not significant.
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Rocky Mountains, Dr. James!
Blue Mountains of Oregon, Nuttall!
—
Caudex somewhat ligneous, thick.
Leaves an inch or more in diameter ;
the lobes with one or two crenatures, not mucronate.
Scape 8-12 inches : panicle branching below.
Calyx-tube obconic, adherent nearly to the summit of the ovary.
Filaments very short and thick, subulate :
anthers large for the size of the flower.
Seeds hispid.
—
Mr. Nuttall supposes this species to be nearly allied to H. Richardsonii.
It seems to us, however, to form, with the succeeding species,
a very well-marked section.
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The succeeding was “14. H. hirtiflora …”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Micranthes rhomboidea;
• Field Notes:
Coll. No. 2262, 6 May 2020;
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Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small. “Diamondleaf Saxifrage”
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Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1898.
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Greene (1898, v. 3, n. 19, p. 343) ...
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Saxifraga rhomboidea. Stem leafless and scapiform,
stoutish, 5 to 10 inches high, pubescent : leaves all in a
radical tuft, usually depressed and rosulate, the earliest ones
rhombic-ovate, the later more oval, 1 to 2½ inches long
including the broad short petiole, variously toothed, often
crenate, sometimes repand-dentate, glabrous or the margins
short-hairy: flowers small, white, in a commonly dense
ovoid capitate-terminal cluster, but this in fruit becoming
somewhat obviously branched and thyrsiform : petals white,
spatulate-obovate, usually emarginate.
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Common species of dry open slopes, chiefly in the belt of
Pinus ponderosa, in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, thence
northward to Montana and southward to New Mexico;
long referred to the Old World S. nivalis, a very different
alpine or subarctic species. Mr. Holm, who has independently
made a careful anatomical study of S. nivalis and its
allies, informs me that this Rocky Mountain plant bears
internal evidence of a closer relationship to S. integrifolia
by far, than to S. nivalis. S. rhomboidea has an American
but high-northern ally in S. radulina of page 308 preceding.
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Literature Cited:
- New York Botanical Garden, 1905-1949.
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Small (1905, v. 22, pt. 2, p. 136) ...
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9. Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small.
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Saxifraga nivalis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 248, in part. 1832. Not S. nivalis L.
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Saxifraga rhomboidea Greene, Pittonia3: 343. 1898.
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? Saxifraga rhomboidea austrina A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 31 : 394. 1901.
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Leaves spreading or ascending, 2-6 cm. long, the blades mainly ovoid or rhombic-
ovoid, sometimes oblong-ovoid, obtuse, crenate or dentate-serrate, nearly glabrous except
the more or less ciliate margins, mainly green, sometimes purplish beneath, abruptly or
gradually narrowed into petiole-like bases which are occasionally longer than the blade
itself; scapes mainly erect, 8-31 cm. high, green, copiously glandular-pubescent, simple or
Sparingly paniculate above ; cymules aggregated into a terminal head or in several heads
terminating the short branches of the inflorescence; bracts subtending the peduncles
narrow, green; sepals ovate to triangular, 1.5-3.5 mm. long, barely if at all ciliate, 3-
veined; petals white, obovate to oblong-obovate, 2.5-4 mm. long, longer than the sepals,
commonly notched at the apex, often contracted into broad claw-like bases ; filaments subulate ;
follicles 3-3.5 mm. high, green or purple-tinged, the stout tips widely spreading.
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Type locality : Mountains of Colorado.
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Distribution: Montana, Wyoming and Colorado.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ribes aureum;
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Ribes aureum Pursh “Golden Currant”
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Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
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Pursh (1814, p. 164) published Ribes aureum from collections by Lewis & Clark,
and from garden-grown specimens he had seen.
| Original Text
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aureum.
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8. R. inerme, glaberrimum ;
foliis trilobis :
lobis divaricatis inciso-pauci-dentatis petiolo basi ciliato brevioribus,
racemis laxis dense-mujiifloris, calycibus tubulatis pedicellis longioribus :
tubo gracili : laciniis oblongis obtusis,
petalis linearibus laciniis calycis duplo brevioribus,
bracteis linearibus longitudine pedicellorum,
baccis glabris.
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On the banks of the rivers Missouri and Columbia
M. Lewis.
♄
April, v. s. in Herb. Lewis. ;
v. v. in Hort.
Flowers in close racemes, beautiful golden-yellow ;
berries red or brown, of an exquisitely fine taste,
and considerably larger size than any of garden currants.
The shrub before flowering has the appearance of a species of Crataegus.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ribes cereum;
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Ribes cereum Douglas “Wax Currant”
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Literature Cited:
- Douglas, David, 1830.
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| Original Text
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I brought seeds of this species to England in October 1827.
The plants flowered last April, in the Garden of the Society,
but rather weakly, being only one year old.*
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3. R. cereum : inerme, foliis subrotundis obtuse trilobis crenatis viscidis,
racemis 3-5-floris pendulis pubescentibus longitudine foliorum, calycibus tubulatis
laciniis ovatis reflexis : petala subreniformia duplo excedentibus, bracteis
cuneiformibus apice dentatis, baccis rubris glabris.
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This bush is of more humble stature and slender habit than
the one last mentioned, growing erect, about five or six feet
high, with white smooth bark on the old branches. The
young shoots which are curved and flexible, are covered with
a brown viscid scentless glutinous substance, which when
exposed to the sun, acquires a rough, hardened, waxy, warty
appearance. The leaves are nearly round, bluntly three-lobed,
crenate, scarcely an inch long, of a leathery texture
and almost veinless, clothed on the upper surface with white
and (in dry weather) hardened waxy minute granulations,
quite smooth below ; footstalks somewhat longer than the
leaves. The clusters are dense, of the same length as the
leaves, three or five-flowered, slightly pubescent, hanging in
great profusion below the branches, with scarcely any partial
footstalks ; bracteas wedge-shaped, glandular and toothed at
the apex. The calyx is tubular, imperfectly four-sided, white,
pink at the base, three-fourths of an inch long, with rounded,
short, reflected segments double the length of the minute
somewhat kidney shaped petals. Filaments, same length as
the petals ; style slightly cloven. Berry spherical, small,
red and glossy, thin-skinned, rarely containing more than
three large seeds and a great quantity of insipid, viscid,
red juice.
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This species in point of beauty cannot be compared to the
fragrant flowered R. aureum, and its varieties, nor can it vie
with the gaudy inflorescence of R. sanguineum. It blossoms
at the same season and with equal profusion, is equally hardy
and as readily cultivated.
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On dry exposed decayed granite rocks or schist, throughout
the chain of the river Columbia from the Great Falls 45° 46'
17" N. Lat. to the source of that stream in the Rocky Mountains,
52° 07' 09" this is a common shrub, flowering in March
and April, and ripening its fruit in June.
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Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1900a.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ribes inerme;
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Ribes inerme Rydb. “White Stem Gooseberry”
Rydberg (1900) established the species name based on specimens that were completely smooth or lacked noticeable spines on mature stems.
Later authors included various notations that admitted the presence of prickles and spines.
Morton Peck (1954, var. subarmatum) formally accounted for the armed variations commonly found by field collectors, recognizing that the stems frequently exhibit small nodal spines and occasional bristles on younger growth.
Today, major floras like the Flora of North America treat these varieties as synonyms under a single highly variable species, explicitly noting that Ribes inerme can range from completely unarmed to having up to 3 sharp nodal spines per node.
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Rydberg (1900, p. 202) described Ribes inerme as an unarmed shrub ...
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Ribes inerme.
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An apparently unarmed shrub of the Grossularia section,
with reddish-brown bark, as in R. cereum. Leaves rounded-cordate, about
1 cm. in diameter, with short petioles, 3-5-cleft with rounded crenate lobes,
glabrous and shining ; raceme short, about equalling
the leaves, 2-4-flowered : hypanthium tinged with yellow and rose-purple,
turbinate, about 4 mm. long; sepals oblong, 2-3 mm. long,
in anthesis reflexed, later descending ; petals white or rose-color,
rhombic-cuneate, about half as long as the sepals ; filaments subulate,
about equalling the sepals ; styles distinct, with the lower portion bearded,
a little exceeding the stamens.
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It may have been mistaken for R. oxyacanthoides, but the form
of the flower is different, and the leaves are much smaller, glabrous
and shining. It was found at an altitude of about 2200 m.
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Yellowstone Park: Slough Creek, 1885, Tweedy, 830.
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Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., and Aven Nelson, 1909.
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Coulter & Nelson (1909, p. 241) ... placed our gooseberry in synonomy with Hooker's (1833) Ribes saxosum
noting that it was sometimes unarmed but usually more or less prickly and with spines.
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1. Ribes saxosum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 231. 1833. Stems simple or
branched, sometimes unarmed but usually more or less prickly and with
scattering short spines: leaves from glabrous to finely puberulent, 3-5-lobed;
the lobes crenately incised or coarsely toothed; base usually somewhat cordate:
peduncles short, deflexed; peduncles and bracts glabrate or minutely
glandular and pubescent: calyx-tube usually glabrous; the lobes reflexed and
twice as long as the petals: stamens not longer than the calyx-lobes: berry
smooth and often quite large, dark purple. R. divaricatum irriguum and R.
oxyacanthoides. (R. Purpusii Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 187. 1893; R. inerme
Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 202. 1900; R. vallicola Greene.)
Our commonest gooseberry; throughout our range and extending into the Canadian regions.
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Literature Cited:
- Peck, Morton E., 1954.
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Peck, Morton E. (1954, p. 182)
Notes on Certain Oregon Plants with Descriptions of New Varieties
Leaflets of Western Botany
Vol. VII, pp. 177-200. December 10, 1954.
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Ribes inerme Rydb. var. subarmatum Peck, var. nov.
A specie baccis aculeis 12-20 gracilibus armatis differt.
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Differs from the species in having the berries armed with 12-20 slender
prickles more than half as long as the diameter of the fruit.
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Type, Peck 16729, from a moist bank along Dead Indian
Road, 12 miles northeast of Ashland, Jackson Co., Oregon, July
7, 1931. This locality is well outside the regular range of typical
R. inerme. The variety would have more weight, if more material
were available from the same general area.
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Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Saxifraga bronchialis austromontana;
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Saxifraga bronchialis L. ssp. austromontana (Wiegand) Piper “Spotted Saxifrage”
The specific epithet bronchialis in Saxifraga bronchialis comes from New Latin bronchialis
(pertaining to the windpipe or bronchial tubes),
derived from the Greek bronchos (windpipe/trachea) plus the Latin adjectival suffix -alis (pertaining to).
Historically, this plant and its relatives were used in traditional herbal medicine as a remedy for bronchitis or other respiratory and throat ailments.
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Linnaeus (1753, vol. 1, p. 400) ....
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bronchialis.
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8. SAXIFRAGA foliis serratis, caule nudo ramofo petalis acuminatis.
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bronchialis.
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8. Saxifrage with serrated leaves, a naked, branched stem, and acuminate petals.
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Habitat in Sibiria.
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It inhabits Siberia.
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Stolones oblongi, confertim imbricati;
Foliis planis, fubulatis, mucronato-fpinofis, spinofo-ciliatis.
Caulis altus nudiufculus, foliis aliquot minimis mucronatis margine laevibus.
Panicula parva.
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Stolons oblong, densely imbricated;
Leaves flat, subulate, with a sharp, spiny tip, and spiny-ciliate margins.
Stem tall, nearly naked, with a few very small, sharp-tipped leaves having smooth margins.
Panicle small.
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Wiegand, K. M.
Some Notes on Saxifraga and Primula
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
v. 27, 388-391
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Saxifraga austromontana sp. nov.
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Densely caespitose, glabrous, the rootstocks densely scaly-bracted:
stems divaricately ascending (7-18 cm. high, .75 mm. thick), slender, usually purplish:
leaves thick and firm, crowded on the caudex (7-10 mm. x 1.5 mm.), linear oblong, slightly
narrowed below, gradually acute or almost acuminate at the apex,
terminated by a stout white bristle, shining, spinulose-ciliate from
the base to within 1.5 mm. of the tip: cauline leaves much smaller,
4-6 mm. long, linear-subulate: flowers numerous, 4-12 or even
more, on slender slightly glandular peduncles (4-10 mm. long),
in a convex or often oblong open cyme, the lower sometimes quite
distant :
calyx-lobes 2 mm. long, ovate, obtuSe, rarely apiculate,
sparingly glandular: petals white, spotted with orange dots below
the middle, and with deep-purple dots above, elliptic-oblong (5.5
mm. × 2mm.), broadest just below the middle, obtuse at the
apex, rounded and somewhat truncate at the base, not at all
unguiculate: stamens 1/5—1/4 shorter than the petals :
ovary deltoid :
styles very short, not over ½the length of the ovary.
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Cascade Mountains of Washington to Alberta, and southward
along the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. .
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Specimens examined:
Cascade Mts. (Lyall);
Tunnel Mt., Alberta (W. C. McCalla, no. 2287 (1899));
Colorado (Parry, no. 168; Hall and Harbour, no. 197 ; Wolf, no. 802);
New Mexico (Heller, no. 3775).
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This species differs from S. bronchialis in its more subulate,
darker green leaves, with fewer ciliae near the apex ; more slender,
often purple stems ; many-flowered convex or oblong cymes, more
slender pedicels; smaller, white petals with purple dots above,
and not unguiculate at the base ; stamens shorter than the corolla ;
and smaller capsules with much shorter styles.
It probably includes all of the so-called S. bronchialis from the Rocky Mountains south of Alaska.
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Literature Cited:
- Piper, Charles V., 1906.
|
Piper (1906, p. 313) ...
|
2. Saxifraga bronchialis L. Sp. Pl. 1: 400. 1753.
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Saxifraga austromontana Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club 27: 389. 1900.
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Saxifraga cognata E. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 30: 118. 1900.
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Type Locality: Siberia.
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Range: Alaska to Oregon and New Mexico; also Siberia and Russia.
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SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
Olympic Mountains, Piper 2210;
Baldy Peak, Lamb 1312;
Whidby Island, Gardner 115;
Mount Constitution, Henderson, July, 1892;
Mount Rainier, Piper 2036 and August, 1888;
Smith 348;
Goat Mountains, Allen 197;
Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall in 1859;
between Colville and the Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall in 1860;
Mount Adams, Suksdorf 11;
Henderson, July, 1892;
Stevens Pass, Sandberg & Leiberg 763;
Loomis, Elmer 583;
without locality, Vasey in 1889;
Cape Horn, Piper 4972.
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ZONAL DISTRIBUTION: Hudsonian and Arctic.
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Two forms of this variable species occur in Washington, both with white flowers. The
alpine form has acute or acuminate leaves, while the plant common on the cliffs along the
Columbia River and in Island County has thinner obtuse or obtusish leaves and larger
corymbs. Mr. Howell has referred the latter form to S. cherlerioides D. Don, with which,
however, it is not identical.
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Smalla recognizes Saxifraga austromontana Wiegand as valid
(Leptasea austromontana Small, loc. cit.)
and describes the second form mentioned above as Leptasea vespertina.
Saxifraga bronchialis L. as generally accepted is a polymorphic species and the above are,
as we believe, mere subspecies at best. Intergrading forms occur. They may be designated,
however, Saxifraga bronchialis austromontana and S. bronchialis vespertina.
The type of the latter is Lamb’s 1312.
aN. Am. Fl. 222: 153. 1905.
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9330510118Saxbroaus1900Wiegand
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Rosaceae — Rose Family
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Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Coleogyne ramosissima.;
|
For many years, I told people that some of the eastern Mojave Desert shrubs, e.g.,
Cercocarpus sp. (mountain mahogany),
Coleogyne ramosissima (blackbrush),
Fallugia paradoxa (Apache plume),
and Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush)
were closely related.
Now, looking at current phylogenetics in APG IV,
I see they are spread across three subfamilies and four tribes of the Rosaceae.
The idea that those eastern Mojave–desert rosaceous shrubs are all closely related reflects older,
morphology-based classifications rather than the modern molecular view.
What I was telling people was reasonable based on historical taxonomic treatments,
but it doesn’t match up with the current, DNA-based phylogeny in APG IV.
Here’s how the understanding has changed:
- Older classifications grouped many desert rosaceous shrubs
In 19th and early 20th-century treatments (e.g., Focke, Schulze-Menz, Rydberg)
a number of these western shrub genera were placed together in a group called Dryadeae (a tribe within Rosoideae)
on the basis of morphological similarities (achenes with persistent styles, woody shrub habit, etc.).
Cercocarpus, Purshia, Fallugia, and allied genera like Cowania were often included there.
This is probably the source of the intuitive “they’re all close relatives” idea: they were traditionally considered part of the same broad subgroup of the Roses.*
- Later work began splitting them within Rosoideae
Even in mid-20th-century morphology-based schemes, authors like Juel (1918)
and others divided the former Dryadeae into smaller “tribes” (e.g., Cercocarpeae, Purshieae)
because of differences in features like pollen, chromosome numbers, and fruit/flower characters.
So even before modern DNA studies, there was recognition that Fallugia might not be that close to Purshia/Cercocarpus
based on detailed structural characters.
- Molecular phylogenetics rewrote Rosaceae
Since the advent of DNA phylogenies (1990s onward), the family has been reorganized:
The traditional Dryadeae morphed into the subfamily Dryadoideae,
a well-supported clade mostly defined by DNA data and by actinorhizal (Frankia)
root nodulation in genera like Purshia and Cercocarpus.
These are indeed relatively more closely related to each other in molecular trees.
However, not all of your desert genera fall in the same lineage:
Cercocarpus and Purshia are in Dryadoideae today,
reflecting a real genealogical grouping supported by DNA and chemistry.
Fallugia, by contrast, is placed in Rosoideae within the tribe Colurieae (often grouped with Geum and allies), not Dryadoideae.
Coleogyne has been variably placed but most modern frameworks treat it in the broader Amygdaloideae
(often stacked with the spiraeoids or in a distinct tribe), not in Dryadoideae with Cercocarpus/Purshia.
So on a cladistic (molecular phylogenetic) level, these four genera do not form a monophyletic group
—
Cercocarpus/Purshia are sister taxa within Dryadoideae,
but Fallugia and Coleogyne are on other branches.
(Thanks be to ChatGPT, who wrote most of this.)
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Amelanchier alnifolia;
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Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. “Saskatoon Serviceberry”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Moulton, Gary E., 1999.
|
Collected by Lewis & Clark on April 15, 1806 at The Dalles of the Columbia River. However, it was not published by Pursh.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
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Order IV. — Pentagynia
340. Aronia. Persoon. Mespilus. L.
Calix 5-toothed.
Petals 5.
Berry inferior 5 to 10-celled; cells 1 or 2-seeded.
Seeds cartilaginous.
Shrubs without spines, having alternate undivided leaves,
and flowers which are corymbose or racemose, generally white;
fruit a small black purple or scarlet pomois berry,
containing seeds similar to those of apples.
Species.
1.
…
6. * Alnifolia.
Smooth: leaves roundish, upperpart toothed, pinnately nerved,
under side somewhat glaucous;
raceme simple, elongated;
fruit black and sweet.
Habitat.
In ravines and on the elevated margins of small streams from Fort Mandan to the Northern Andes.
Observation.
A shrub 4 or 5 feet high;
leaves roundish and retuse, somewhat attenuated at the base, toothed towards the summit;
fruit dark purple, somewhat pruinose, very agreeable and saccharine;
ripening about July and August.
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1834a.
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In 1834, Nuttall referred to Amelanchier alnifolia in his review of plants collected by Nathaniel Wyeth:
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37. Amelanchier alnifolia. Source of the Missouri.
|
Unfortunately this possible publication of a new name for the taxon is invalid because
there is no reference (either direct or indirect) to the intended basionym Aronia alnifolia Nutt. (1818).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Roemer, M. J., 1847.
|
Roemer validly published Amelanchier alnifolia in 1847, referring to Nuttall's 1834 use of the name.
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3) prope apicem tantum serrata, subrotunda v. late elliptica, utrinque obtusissima v. retusa ;
racemi densiflori ;
petala lineari-oblonga, calyce 3–4plo longiora;
stamina brevissima.
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18. A. alnifolia Nutt. In Joun. Acad. Philad. VII. 22
A. ovalis β semiintegrifolia Hook. L. c. 201. – G.Don l. c.
A. canadensis δ alnifolia Torr. & A.Gr. l. c.
Aronia alnifolia Nutt. gen. I. 306
Pyrus alnifolia Ser. l. c. 637. 39. – G.Don l. c. 649. 56.
Ad flum. Columbia pr. Fort Vancouver et ad “the grand Rapids,”
in editoribus ad flumen Multnomah. 5 5.
|
| |
|
There is one collection of A. utahensis made June 1, 1913 on Lookout Mountain.
The name of the collector is unknown.
This is one of 13 collections made that day on Lookout Mountain or at its base.
The Lookout Mountain Road was under construction on that day, and opened to public use August 21, 1913,
but not completed until December 1913 (Colorado Transcript, multiple dates).
| |
|
J. H. Ehlers collected A. utahensis on a rocky slope of a hogback near Golden (COLO662346).
There are three possible hog backs which may be this location.
There is Dakota Ridge (North Hogback) at the very north of Golden.
There is a small hogback informally named Eagle Ridge near the intersection of US Highway 6 and Heritage Road.
Finally, at the very south end of Golden is Tin Cup Ridge, the northward extension of Dinosaur Ridge into Golden.
There are three other vouchers of Ehlers collections made the same day, though none of them give any more details on the actual location.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Jones, George Neville, 1946.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Some authors, such as Ackerfield (2015), treat A. utahensis as a variety of A. alnifolia,
explaining that the two taxa overlap in morphology and distribution, and that
it can be difficult, if not impossible, to assign one name or the other to some specimens.
Then we would have:
- Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. var. alnifolia “Saskatoon Serviceberry” and
- Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. Ex M. Roem. Var. utahensis (Koehne) M. E. Jones “Utah Serviceberry”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Amelanchier utahensis;
|
Amelanchier utahensis Koehne “Utah Service-Berry”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cercocarpus montanus;
• Field Notes:
Coll. No. 2270.1, 9 May 2020;
|
Cercocarpus montanus Raf. “Alder-Leaf Mountain Mahogany”
| |
|
Coleogyne Torr. — Blackbrush
Coleogyne is a "monotypic outlier" in the Kerrieae,
meaning it is not closely related to the other three genera
and is often considered a paleoendemic of the Mojave and Colorado Plateau deserts.
Unlike its relatives, it has adapted to hyper-arid conditions, forming extensive, monospecific stands (blackbrush scrub).
It has opposite leaves with malpighian (pick-shaped) hairs, 20-40 stamens,
and 1 pistil, producing a single dry achene with a feathery projection.
| |
Other articles:
• Blackbrush:
Introduction;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Rosaceae;
|
Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. — Blackbrush
See: colramA.html
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cotoneaster lucidus;
|
Cotoneaster lucidus Schltdl. “Hairy Stem Cotoneaster”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Crataegus erythropoda;
Locations:
Magpie Gulch.
|
Crataegus erythropoda Ashe “Cerro Hawthorn”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Crataegus succulenta;
|
Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link “Fleshy Hawthorn”
(Syn: Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe, Crataegus erythropoda Ashe, Crataegus macrantha Britton var. occidentalis (Britton) Eggl.)
| |
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Potentilla;
|
Drymocallis Fourr. ex Rydberg “Wood Beauty”
There is a table comparing key characters of Drymocallis to those of Potentilla in the paragraph on Potentilla.
Use the link at left.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fourreau, Jules Pierre, 1868.
|
The generic name Drymocallis was first published by Fourreau (1868).
Fourreau, 1868, Catalogue des Plantes qui le Long di Cours du Rhone [Catalogue of Plants Along the Course of the Rhône], Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon [Annals of the Linnean Society of Lyon], n.s. t.16 (1868)p. 371
|
Drymocallis.
|
|
D. rubricaulis (Jord.). Le Bugey. — Environs de Cremieu. — Environs de Lyon. P. rupestris L. ex parte.
|
This name is invalid, though, because there is no description of the new name.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1898.
|
Rydberg's (1898) monograph of the North American Potentilleae ... first valid publication of Drymocallis ...
12. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr.
|
Potentilla L. Sp. Fl. 495, In part. 1753.
|
|
Argentina Lam. Fl. Frang. 3: 118. In part. 1778.
|
|
Bootia Big. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 851. 1824. Not Necker.
|
|
Potentilla subg. Closterostyles Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1: 445. 1840.
|
|
Drymocallis Fourr. Ann. Soe. Linn. Lyon (IL) 16: 371. 1868.
|
|
Hypanthium saucer-shaped or hemispheric.
Bractlets, sepals and petals 5.
Petals obovate, elliptic or nearly orbicular, neither unguiculate nor emarginate, yellow or white.
Stamens 20-30 in 5 festoons on the much-thickened margin of a pentagonal disk around
the receptacle ; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong, truncate at both ends or cordate at
the base, flat and dehiscent by a longitudinal marginal slit. Receptacle hemispheric or
semiellipsoid with very numerous pistils. Style nearly basal, in all our species except
two thickened and glandular a little below the middle and tapering to both ends, rather
persistent; stigma minute.
Seed attached near the base of the style, ascending and orthotropous.
|
|
The genus consists of about 18 or 20 more or less elandular or viscid, erect and
generally rather tall herbs, with perennial rootstocks and pinnate leaves.
Potentilla rupestris L. of Europe and northern Asia,
P. macrocalyx of the Pyrenees and P. geoides of Siberia and perhaps a few others also belong here.
The following are North American.
| |
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Drymocallis fissa;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Potentilla fissa;
|
Drymocallis fissa (Nuttall) Rydberg “Bigflower Cinquefoil”
Collected on most mesas, mountains, and ridges around Golden s.l..
Found throughout Jefferson County and probably more common that the number of collections (48) would indicate.
Published as Potentilla fissa in Torrey & A. Gray's (1838) Flora of North America from an manuscript written by Thomas Nuttall.
Placed in Drymocallis by Rydberg (1898), though most authors kept it in Potentilla until the phylogenomic
data became too strong to ignore.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, 446) published Potentilla fissa from Nuttall and Wyeth collections
on the plains of the Rocky Mountains towards Oregon.
| Original Text
|
|
34. P. fissa (Nutt.! mss.):
“viscidly pubescent ;
stem erect, branching, leafy ;
leaves pinnately 9-11-foliolate, on shory petioles ;
leaflets unequal, roundish or oval,
deeply incised or incisely toothed, the teeth entire ;
stipules entire or toothed ;
flowers rather crowded ; segments of the calys ovate,
acute, shorter than the roundish (sulphur-yellow) petals.”
|
|
β. major : larger in all its parts ; flowers more crowded.
—
P. arguta, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7.
p. 21, not of Pursh.
P. glutinosa, Nutt.! July.
|
|
Plains of the Rocky Mountains towards the Oregon, Nuttall! July.
β Headwaters of the Oregon, Capt. Wyeth!
—
“Stem about a span high.
Leaflets small, the lower ones roundish ;
those of the upper cauline leaves ovate.
External sepals much smaller, often toothed.
Flowers rather large.” Nutt.
—
The plant which we have joined as a variety of this species seems to be
a larger plant, and bears more resemblance to P. arguta.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1898.
|
Rydberg's (1898) monograph of the North American Potentilleae ... first valid publication of Drymocallis ...
5. Drymocallis fissa (Nutt.).
|
Potentilla fissa Nutt.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1: 446. 1840.
|
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Dietr. Syn. Pl. 8: 187; Walp. Rep. 2: 35; Ann. 2: 477; Lem. Rey. Pot. 49.
|
|
Hook. Journ. Bot. 6: 220; Gray, Am. Journ. Sc. (IJ.) 338: 411 (Repr. 22); Proc.
Acad. Phil. 1863: 61; Porter, U. S. Geol. Surv. 1871 : 482.
|
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Potentilla arguta Porter & Coulter, Syn. Fl. Col. 36 (in part); Coulter, Man. Rocky
Mts. 83 (in part); Aven Nelson, Wy. Exp. St. Bull. 28: 102; Coult. U. 5. Geol. Surv.
1872: 765.
|
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Potentilla glandulosa Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 552 (in part). 1873.
Coult. Man. Rocky Mts. 83 (in part).
|
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Potentilla scopulorum Greene, Erythea, 1: 4. 1893.
|
|
Illustration: Plate 106, f. 1, 2; dissection of flower, f. 3; stamens, f. 4; pistil, f. 5; fruiting hypanthium and calyx, f 6.
|
| Stem low, 2-3 dm., or sometimes 4 dm. high, very leafy and branched, glandular-
hirsute throughout. Stipules very wide, broadly ovate to subreniform, acute and
generally deeply toothed. Basal leaves with short petioles, very veiny and slightly hairy on
both sides, or subglabrous above, pinnate; leaflets, as a rule, 4 pairs, nearly orbicular,
except the upper ones, which are somewhat rhombie, all deeply incised and doubly serrate.
Stem leaves similar, only the upper ones reduced. Flowers large, 15-20 mm. in diame-
ter, in a narrow eyme, often in the axils of the leaves far down. Hypanthium densely
elandular-viscid. Bractlets linear to ovate, the broader ones sometimes toothed, shorter
than the triangular-lanceolate, long-acuminate sepals, which are often 1 cm. long in fruit.
Petals orbicular, very concave, much exceeding the sepals.
|
|
The flowers much resemble those of the preceding, the petals being bright yellow,
very large, orbicular, very concave, and much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate long-acuminate sepals,
but the habit is very different; D. fissa is a low plant, seldom exceeding 2
dm. high, very bushy, with a narrow and few-flowered cyme; also often with some flowers
in the axils of the leaves; the leaves most resemble those of the next, but the leaflets
are generally more rounded and with stronger veins. The type specimens of D. scopulorum
are less glandular than the original of D. fissa, but very glandular specimens
have been collected even in Colorado. D. fissa occurs in the higher Rockies.
It is common in Colorado, rare in Wyoming and Montana.
|
|
Colorado: Numerous collections.
|
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Wyoming: T. C. Porter, 1871; Aven Nelson, Nos. 85 and 95, 1894; No. 1351,
1895; F. Tweedy, No. 74, 1893; B. C. Bufftum, 1892.
|
|
Yellowstone National Park: G. W. Letterman, No. 136, 1885; C. H. Hall, 1888.
|
|
Montana: F. V. Hayden, No. 8, 1859; Mrs. Moore, 1874 (?); F. W. Traphagen, 1885.
|
|
?Oregon: Nuttall (type).
| |
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Fallugia paradoxa;
|
Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl.
Fallugia paradoxa is native to Colorado, primarily in the San Luis Valley, but cultivated as a landscape plant elsewhere.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Don, David, 1824.
|
Don, David.
1824.
Description of Cowania, a new Genus of Plants ; and of a new Species of Sieversia.
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 14(3).
pp. 573-577.
|
XXVIII. Description of Cowania, a new Genus of Plants ; and
of a new Species of Sieversia. By Mr. David Don, Libr. L.S.
|
|
Read November 2, 1824.
|
|
In an extensive Mexican collection, forming part of the Herbarium
of the Spanish botanists Sessč and Mocinno, which has
lately come into Mr. Lambert's possession, are specimens of two
remarkable plants belonging to the family of the Rosaceae : one of
them forms a very singular new genus, and the other has all the
essential characters of Sieversia, but widely different in its habit.
I have named this new genus Cowania, a name which is intended
to commemorate the botanical zeal and acquirements of James
Cowan, Esq., who, as a merchant, had several times visited
Mexico and Peru; from whence he has introduced many new
plants, some of which have now become common in our gardens,
— such as Cineraria Petasites and Inula glauca. The showy
Solanum amazonium, Russelia multiflora, Chrysiphiala flava, and
Allium Cowani were first introduced by him. Mr. Lambert received
from him in 1823 a rich collection of seeds and bulbs:
among the latter were Chrysiphiala urceolata and Amaryllis
candida. A number of plants, some of them apparently new,
have been raised in the stoves at Boyton from the seeds, and
are likely soon to produce flowers. Much was still to be expected
from Mr. Cowan's exertions in the advancement of his
favourite pursuit; but alas! death deprived science of his labours.
He died at Lima in the autumn of 1823, deeply regretted
by all his acquaintance. …
|
|
…
|
|
SIEVERSIA. Willd. Brown.
|
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Calyx decemfidus, laciniis alternis accessoriis.
Petala 5.
Stamina indefinite numerosa.
Ovaria indefinita, ovulo adscendente.
Styli terminales, continui.
Achenium stylo toto persistenti aristatum.
Embryo erectus.
|
|
Habitus fere, nec omnino Gei, quod differt stylis geniculatis
articulo superiore dissimili sepiusque deciduo.
Brown in Suppl. to Parry's Voy. p. 276.
|
|
1. S. paradoxa, foliis fasciculatis linearibus obtusis sessilibus integris
3- v. 5-fidis, floribus subcorymbosis, stylis plumosis, caule fruticoso.
TAB. XXII. Fig. 7.
|
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Geum plumosum. Sesse et Mocinno Mss.
|
|
Habitat in Mexico. Sesse et Mocinno.
♄. (v. s. sp. in Herb. Lamb.)
|
|
[Long Latin description omitted.]
|
|
The habit of this plant, so widely different from that of the
species of Sieversia hitherto recorded, led me at first to suspect
it might prove a distinct genus ; but after a careful examination
of the parts of fructification; I could discover nothing material
to confirm my suspicion. A comparison of the description of
this plant with Mr. Brown's excellent character of Sieversia,
given above, will show how nearly they coincide in every essential
point. The other species of Sieversia are all herbaceous
plants, with the habit of Geum.
|
|
EXPLANATION. OF TAB. XXII.
|
Fig. 1. A Branch of Cowania Mexicana.
2. A Leaf, magnified.
3. Calyx laid open to show the inside of the tube, and the
situation of the ovaria.
4. An Achenium surmounted by the persistent Style.
5. The Embryo — natural size.
6. The same magnified.
7. A Branch of Sieversia paradoxa.
8. A Leaf of the same magnified.
9. Achenium of the same.
10. Embryo of the same magnified.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Endlicher, Stephan, 1840.
|
Endlicher, Stephan, 1804-1849
1840
Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita
Vindobonae, Apud F. Beck, 1836-1840
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14572
|
6385. Fallugia.
Calyx tubu brevissime turbinato, limbo explanatus, quinquefidus,
extus minutissime quinquebracteoiatus, aestivatione
valvatus, persistens.
Corollae petala 5, calyci inserta
ejusdem laciniis alterna et subaequiionga, obovata.
Stamina plurima, cum pctalis inserta; filamenta libera,
antherae biloculares, longitudinaliter dehiscentes.
Ovaria plurima, fundo calycis insidentia, libera, unilocnlaria, ovulo unico, adscendente.
Styli tenninales,continui, filiformes;
stigmata papulosa.
Achenia plurima, calycis tubo inclusa, stylis continuis , barbato-plumosis
longissime exsertis aristata.
Semen ascendens.
Embryonis exalbuminosi radicula infera.
—
Frutex mexicanus, ramosissimus ; ramis pilosis
foliis alternis, cuneato - linearibus, tri-quinquefidis.
stipulis lineari-lanceolatis , floribus subcorymbosis.
Sieversia paradoxa Don in Linn. Transact. XIV. 576. t.22. f. 7-10.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, 1848.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Emory, 1848, publication details;
|
Torrey, John.
1848
Appendix No. 2.
Notes of a military reconnoissance, from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California, including part of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila rivers [House Report: Ex. doc. no.: 41]
p. 139
|
Fallugia paradoxa, Endl. gen. 6385,
Sieversia paradoxa, Don. in Linn., trans. 14, p. 576, t. 22.
A remarkable resaceous shrub, with white flowers,
and very long slender plumosa tails to the carpels.
It differs, in some respects, from Endlicher's character of the genus;
but I have not had an opportunity of comparing it with Don's
description and figure.
It was found in various parts of the valley of the Del Norte.
Can it be Geum dryadoides, DC.?
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Gray, 1849, publication details;
Locations:
Rayado Creek.
Rio del Norte.
|
Gray, Asa.
1849.
Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae :an account of a collection of plants made chiefly in the vicinity of Santa Fe´ New Mexico, by Augustus Fendler.
p. 41
|
193. Fallugia paradoxa,
Torr.! in Emory’s Report, t. 2.
(F. Mexicana, Walp. Repert. 2. p. 46.
Sieversia paradoxa, Don in Linn. Trans. p. 326. t. 22.
—
Rayado Creek, between Bent’s Fort and Santa Fé : and on the Rio del Norte, on steep banks ;
May, in flower ; October, in fruit. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, William Jackson, 1849.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Hooker, 1849-1857, publication details;
|
Hooker, William Jackson.
1849.
Notes on California Plants.
Hookers journal of botany and Kew Garden miscellany
p. 94
|
Several new species of plants are described by Dr. Torrey.
Among the more remarkable we may mention the little-known Fallugia paradoxa
of Endlicher (Sieversia paradoxa, Don, in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 376.
t. 22).
We possess what we consider the same plant in Fendler's
Plantze Novo-Mexieanae, n. 193 ; but there the flowers are about as
large as those of our Dog-rose. In Don’s figure they are rather
more than half that size; while in Dr. Torrey's plate they are not so
large as those of Potentilla reptans. Dr. Torrey queries if it be not
the Geum dryadoides of De Candolle: it sufficiently accords with
the brief character; and G. cercocarpoides does not appear to differ
either.*
|
|
|
* A still more remarkable shrubby Rosaceous (Dryadeous) plant than this, will be
described by Mr. Bentham from Hartweg's Californian plants, n. 1712, the most
singular plant perhaps of that collection. Its leaves are decompoundly pinnate
with leaflets exceedingly small and resembling those of Azolla.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Fragaria virginiana;
|
Fragaria virginiana Mill. “Virginia Strawberry”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Miller, Philip, 1768.
|
Miller (8th ed., 1768, p. FOEN-FRA) ...
|
2. Fragaria (Virginiana) foliis oblongo-ovatis ferratis,
inferne incanis, calycibus longioribus, fructu fubrotundo.
Strawberry with oblong, oval, fawed leaved,
hoary ontheir under fide, longer empalements,and a
roundifh fruit. Fragaria Virginia fructu Coccineo.
Hift. Ox. 2. 186.
Virginia Strawberry with a fcarlet
fruit, commonly called the Scarlet Strawberry.
|
Hift. Ox. Rob. Morifoni Hiftoria Plantarum Univerfalis Oxonienfis.
Pars ada, Oxoniae, 1680; Pars 3, abfoluta a Bobarto ; Oxon. 1699, fol.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Geum macrophyllum;
|
Geum macrophyllum Willd. “Large-leaf Avens”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Geum macrophyllum perincisum;
|
Geum macrophyllum Willd. var. perincisum (Rydb.) Raup. “Large-leaf Avens”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Holodiscus discolor var. dumosus;
|
Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray) A.Heller. “Rock Spirea”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Moulton, Gary E., 1999.
|
There are two collections of Holodiscus discolor in the Lewis & Clark herbarium both collected May 29, 1806 on the Clearwater (Kooskooske) River, Camp Chopunnish, Kamiah, Idaho County, Idaho (Moulton, 1999).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 341-342) ...
| Original Text
|
|
413. SPIRĆA. Gen. pl.862.
* Fruticosć
|
...
|
|
|
discolor
|
8. S. foliis ovatis lobatis dentatis subplicatis subtus niveotomentosis,
paniculatis terminalibus pedunculatis ramosissimis.
On the banks of the Kooskoosky. ♄.
June, July.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
A shrub about five feet high.
| |
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Torrey & A. Gray, 1838-1843, publication details;
|
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 416) ...
| Original Text
|
|
5. SPIRĆA. Linn. ; Gćrth. fr. t. 69 ; DC. prodr. 2 p. 541.
|
|
...
|
§ 2. Flowers perfect : disk free at the margin, mostly crenate or with glandular teeth or lobes :
carpels distinct, not inflated :
ovules mostly several, pendulous :
seeds mostly with a loose membranous testa, attenuate at each end :
shrubs with entire or serrate exstipulate leaves.
—
Euspiraea.
|
...
|
|
* * * *
Flowers in large and loose compound panicles :
calyx deeply 5-cleft, spreading :
disk sholly coherent, entire ;
ovules 2, collateral !
|
|
8. S. arićfolia (Smith):
leaves broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse, pinnatifidly incised or somewhat lobed,
dentate with mucronate teeth, almost glabrous above,
canescently hairy or tomentose beneath ;
panicle large and loose, much branched, and, with the calyx, tomentose-pubescent ;
segments of the calyx acute, apreading ;
carpels 5. broad, compressed, margined, very hirsute.
—
Smith ! in Rees, cycl. ;
Seringe in DC. l.c. ;
Lindl.! bot. reg. t. 1365 ;
Hook.! fl. Bor-Am. 1 p. 173 ; &
bot. Beechey, suppl. p. 338.
|
|
β
discolor :
leaves much smaller, cuneiform at the base,
the serratures scarcely mucronate, silvery-tomentose beneath.
—
S. discolor, Pursh. ! fl. 1. p.342 ;
Seringe, l. c. ; Torr. ! in ann. lyc. New York, 2. p. 195.
S. dumosa, Nutt. ! mss.
|
N. W. Coast ! Oregon ! and California !
(Menzies ! Douglas ! Dr. Scouler ! Nuttall!)
β. In the Rocky Mountains, Dr. James ! Nuttall ! and on the
Kooskoosky River, Lewis !
June-July.
—
The ordinary forms is frequently somewhat arborescent, according to Nuttall,
with a stout trunk, rising to the height of 12-14 feet.
His S. dumosa is said to tbe a low shrub, confined to mountain regions.
Douglas's Californian specimens are quite intermediate between the two,
and probably came from the back country :
the young leaves agree well with the description of Pursh.
|
…
| | |
| |
Literature Cited:
- Geyer, Charles A., 1846.
- Hooker, Sir William J., 1847.
|
Hooker (1847, v. 6., p. 217) published Nuttall's H. dumosa
in his Catalogue of Geyer's collections of plants in the upper Missouri,
Oregon Territory, and the intervening portion of the
Rocky Mountains.
IPNI judges this name as illegitimate.
| Original Text
|
|
4. S. dumosa, Nutt.
—
S. discolor, Ph. (fide Torr. et Gr.)
—
S. arićfolia, β. discolor, Torr. et Gr. Am. 1. p. 416.
|
|
Hab.
Stony and sandy places of Platte River;
a shrub, from 2-10 feet high :
and at the mouth of Walla-Walla River, Upper Oregon.
June.
(n. 228.)
—
These are specimens of a dwarf shrub,
with leaves smaller than those of a gooseberry,
and the foliage and panicles very different from those of
S. arićfolia, with which Torrey and Gray unite it.
Nuttall's, Geyer's and Gordon's specimens
(the latter from the Upper Platte) are uniform.
|
Geyer (1846) published an account of his travels in Hooker's London Journal of Botany.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Gray, 1849, publication details;
|
A. Gray (1849, p. 40) in Planteć Fendlerianć ...
| Original Text
|
|
ROSACEAE
|
|
...
|
|
188. S. dumosa, Nutt ! Mss. ; Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 6. p. 217.
Steep mountain-sides, upper part of Santa Fé Creek ; July.
Shrub about 4 feet high.
—
This is the S. discolor of Torrey in Ann. Lyc. New York (James's Collection),
and a good species ;
but the original S. discolor, Pursh, I believe to be only S. arićfolia ;
as certainly is a plant of Menzies so named by Pursh in Herb. Lambert.
|
Remarks in the International Plant Names Index
A. Gray used: S. Dumosa, Nutt! Mss.; Hook. Land. Jour. Bot. 6. p. 217. … This is the S. discolor of Torrey in Ann. Lye. New York (James's Collection), and a good species; but the original S. discolor, Pursh, I believe to be only S. ariaefolia; as certainly is a plant of Menzies so named by Pursh in Herb. Lambert. S. dumosa Nutt. ex Hook. (1847) is an illegitimate superfluous name for S. discolor Pursh (1813). Since A. Gray used S. dumosa Nutt. ex Hook., but excluded its illegitimacy causing synonymy (i.e., S. discolor Pursh), he created a later homonym (see Vienna Code Art. 48.1).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Heller, A. A., 1898.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Heller, 1898;
|
Heller (1898, p. 4) published Holodiscus dumosa
with Spiraea dumosa as the basionym.
| Original Text
|
Holodiscus dumosa (Nutt.)
Spiraea dumosa Nutt.: T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 416. 1840. as synonym.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Harrington, H. D., 1964, 2nd ed..
|
Harrington (1964, 2nd ed., p. 309) accepts Holodiscus microphyllus Rydb. and H. dumosus (Nutt.) Heller.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittmann (2012, p. 338) accept only Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maximovicz and include H. dumosus and H. microphyllus therein.
|
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Ackerfield (2015) accepts only Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Hook.) A. Heller.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lis, Richard, 2015.
|
Lis (2015) accepts the following names in Holodiscus ...
- Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maximowicz
- Holodiscus discolor var. discolor
- Holodiscus discolor var. dumosus (S. Watson) Maximowicz ex J. M. Coulter
- Holodiscus microphyllus Rydberg
- Holodiscus microphyllus var. glabrescens (Greenman) F. A. Ley
- Holodiscus microphyllus var. microphyllus
- Holodiscus microphyllus var. sericeus F. A. Ley
| |
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Pyrus;
|
Malus Mill. “Common Apple”
| |
|
To distinguish apple (Malus) from pear (Pyrus) trees while in flower without fruit, focus on petal color and leaf texture.
Pear flowers are exclusively white, often with dark red/purple anthers and glossy leaves, blooming earlier.
Apple flowers are often white or pinkish with fuzzy leaves, blooming slightly later.
Key Differences During Flowering:
- Inflorescence:
Pear inflorescences are arranged in corymbs.
Apple inflorescences are arranged in umbels, technically a sub-umbelloid cyme of a simple "umbel-like" cluster.
- Flowers:
Pear flowers are almost always pure white, sometimes with a faint scent, and display red or purple anthers.
Apple flowers (blossoms) range from white to bright pink, usually with a sweeter scent.
- Leaves:
Pear leaves are typically smooth, shiny, and glossy.
Apple leaves are often matte and hairy or "fuzzy" on the underside.
- Buds:
Apple tree buds are often larger, fatter, and "fluffier" compared to pear buds.
- Pedicel Bractlets: Pear Trees have 2 or 5. Apples have 0 or 1.
- Styles: Pears have 2-5 styles ± free. Apples have (2)5 styles; ± fused at base
- Bloom Time: Pears generally bloom slightly earlier in the season than apples.
- Growth Habit: Pear trees often have a more upright, tapered growth, while apple trees tend to be more spreading and gnarly.
Quick Check Method:Check the petals and leaves at the same time: If the tree has white flowers with pinkish buds and fuzzy, matte leaves, it is an apple. If the tree has purely white flowers and very glossy, smooth leaves, it is a pear.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Malus pumila;
|
Malus pumila Mill. “Common Apple; Crabapple”
| |
|
Physocarpus Maxim.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Maximowicz, C. J., 1879.
|
Maximowicz (1879, p. 219) is credited with publishing Physocarpus,
though he credits "Camb." for the name,
and notes Neilliae sectio Physocarpus Hook. F. Gen. pl. I 612.
Names published were Ph. opulifolia L. Cod. 3724. (sub Spiraea),
Ph. Torrey Wats., and Ph. Amurensis Maxim.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Physocarpus monogynus;
|
Physocarpus monogynus (Torr.) J.M. Coult. “Mountain Ninebark”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John G., 1828.
|
Torrey (1828, p. 194) describes ...
|
Original Text
|
|
119. S. monogyna,
foliis lato-ovatis, subtrilobis, inciso-serratis, glabris ;
floribus corymboso-umbellatis, monogynis ;
pedicellis glabris ;
calycis lobis erecto-patentibus, ovariis villosis.
|
|
Desc.
Fruticose.
Branches alternate, covered with a loose bark as in S. opulifolia.
Leaves roundish-ovate, broad and subcordate at the base, somewhat 3-lobed,
incisely toothed, slightly pubescent beneath, smooth above ;
petioles without stipules.
Umbels corymbose, few-flowered, on short peduncles ;
pedicels filiform, about half an inch long.
Flowers perfect.
Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed ; lobes ovate-obtuse, somewhat spreading, pubescent.
Petals —.
Stamens 20 ;
filaments inserted on a torus, which is free at the margin.
Germen solitary, stipulate, ovate, compressed, villous, 3-seeded,
acuminate with the persistent filiform style ;
stigma small, capitate.
|
|
Hab. On the Rocky Mountains.
|
|
Obs.
This species, so far as I have examined it, is constantly monogynous.
In many respects if resembles the genus Neillia of Don prod. fl. Nep.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Maximowicz, C. J., 1879.
|
Maximowicz (1879, p. 219) ... chooses to use Watson's name over Torrey's basionym.
|
2 Ph. Torreyi Wats. in Proceed. Amer. Acad. New ser. XI.
136. (sub Neillia). Foliis parvulis obtuse trilobis; corymbis plurifloris;
staminibus 30 petala glabra, carpellis 1-2 stellatotomentosis calycem
vix superantibus.
Spiraea monogyna Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II. 194.
S. opulifolia var. γ. pauciflora Torr. et Gray l. c.
|
|
Hab in America boreali occidentali : montibus Colorado et occidentem
versus ad Sierram Nevadam, ex Watson. Vidi specc. Fendler pl.
Neo-Mexic. n. 187. et Parry pl. Colorado .207
|
|
Staminum circiter 30 series 3 : 10 per paria sepalis, 10 paulo
breviora petalis et sepalis opposita, cum praecedentibus igitur alterna, 40
intima omnium breviora cum serie secunda alternantia. Ovula suturae
ventrali prope apicem inserta, summa horizontalis, infima pendula.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., 1891.
|
John M. Coulter (1891, p. 104) published P. monogyna from the
Guadalupe Mountains of west Texas.
| Original Text
|
|
4. PHYSOCARPUS Maxim.
|
|
Diffuse shrubs, with palmately lobed leaves, corymbose flowers,
and 1 to 5 divergent inflated membranaceous dehiscent 2 to several-seeded carpels.
|
|
1. P. monogyna.
A small shrub :
leaves ovate or often cordate, 3-lobed and toothed, sometimes densely white-tomentose beneath :
flowers on short pedicels in simple umbel-like corymbs :
ovaries densely tomentose and but 1 or 2.
(Spiraea monogyna Torr.
Neillia Torreyi Watson.
Physocarpus Torreyi Maxim.)
—
In the Guadalupe Mountains.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Oh, Sang-Hun, and Daniel Potter, 2005.
|
“ … in Physocarpus one dispersal event from western North America to eastern Asia occurred.”
| |
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Drymocallis;
|
Potentilla L. “ Cinquefoil”
| |
|
Drymocallis (wood-beauty) and Potentilla (cinquefoil) are closely related genera in the rose family (Rosaceae)
that were historically grouped together.
They are primarily distinguished by their botanical structure
—
specifically the style placement and anther characteristics
—
and their, often, sticky, glandular hair.
Key Distinguishing Characteristics:
- Style Insertion:
Drymocallis has sub-basal styles (attached near the base of the ovary),
whereas Potentilla has terminal or sub-terminal styles (attached at the top or near the top).
- Anther Structure:
Drymocallis anthers have a single, horseshoe-shaped chamber (theca), similar to strawberries (Fragaria).
Potentilla anthers have two distinct chambers separated by a connective apex.
- Glandular Hair (Stickiness):
Many Drymocallis species are notably sticky or glandular-hairy (protocarnivorous),
a feature that is generally less pronounced or absent in common Potentilla species.
- Appearance:
Drymocallis plants often resemble strawberry plants with sticky stems and leaves (roughly 7-11 leaflets),
while Potentilla species are diverse, often with five leaflets (cinquefoil).
Summary Table
| Feature
| Drymocallis
| Potentilla
|
| Style Position
| Sub-basal (side/bottom)
| Terminal/Sub-terminal (top)
|
| Anthers | Single, horseshoe-shaped | Two separate chambers
|
| Glandular Hairs | Present/Sticky | Usually absent or less glandular
|
| Leaflets | Often 7–11 | Often 5 (though variable)
|
| Lineage | Fragaria (Strawberry) lineage | Potentilla s.str. lineage
|
Drymocallis is often considered a separate genus due to its closer relationship to strawberries
(Fragaria) and its distinct pollen and genetic data, as shown in studies referenced on Wikipedia and the Montana Field Guide
(Google AI, 7 May 2026)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Potentilla effusa;
|
Potentilla effusa Douglas ex Lehm. “Wooly Cinquefoil”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Potentilla fissa;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Drymocallis fissa;
|
Potentilla fissa Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray. “Bigflower Cinquefoil”
See Drymocallis fissa.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Potentilla gracilis;
|
Potentilla gracilis Hook. “Slender Cinquefoil”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, William J., 1830a.
|
Hooker (1830, v. 57, t. 2984) ...
|
( 2984 )
|
|
POTENTILLA GRACILIS. TALL UPRIGHT ClNQUEFOIL.
|
|
*********************
|
|
Class and Order.
|
|
Icosandria Polygynia.
|
|
( Nat. Ord. — Rosaceae. )
|
|
Generic Character.
|
|
Cal. 10-fidus, laciniis alternis minoribus. Pet. 5.
Caryopses nudae, plurimae, in receptaculo sicco, saepe piloso.
Spr.
|
|
Specific Character and Synonym.
|
|
Potentilla gracilis ; caule erecto elato superne
corymboso-paniculato molliter hirsuto, foliis longe petiolatis
5-natis superioribus solummodo sessilibus, foliolis
lanceolatis profunde pinnatifido-serratis subtus
albo-tomentosis, stipulis magnis lanceolatis, calyce senceo
petalis obcordatis longiore.
|
|
Potentilla gracilis. Douglas MSS.
|
|
|
Descr.
Root perennial, with many brown scales at its
summit, from which arises a stem, a foot to a foot and a
half high, rounded and slender in the wild specimens, more
robust when cultivated, every where clothed with rather
long, more or less patent, soft and silky hairs, pamculato-
corymbose upwards. Leaves few upon the stem, the upper
ones sessile and ternate, the uppermost ones laciniated
and bracteiform, the rest, and especially the radical ones,
upon long hairy stalks, quinate : the leaflets three to tour
inches long, cut into very deep pinnatifid segments or
serratures, pointing upwards, varying somewhat in breadth,
dark green above with a few scattered hairs, beneath
clothed with a dense, white, somewhat downy substance,
mixed with silky hairs. The stipules are particularly large,
lanceolate, acuminate, hairy, especially at the margin and
beneath, where they are whitish. Flowers in the wild state
almost corymbose, in the cultivated plant paniculated, but
still nearly level-topped, peduncles forked, with generally
a single flower between the forks. Cal. of five
broadly-lanceolate, and five alternate, smaller, almost subulate
segments, all of them clothed with rather long and silky
hairs. Petals broadly obcordate, wavy, longer than the
calyx.
|
|
This is a handsome, and, in our gardens, a strong-growing
species of the Genus, but much better deserving the
name of gracilis, as seen on the banks of the Columbia and
the plains of the Multnomah rivers, where it was discovered
by Mr. Douglas, than as it appears after cultivation. I
cannot refer it to any described species, nor does it appear to
have been gathered by any other Naturalist, except by Dr.
Scouler, who accompanied Mr. Douglas as far as Fort
Vancouver ; unless it be the same as a Rocky Mountain
species, collected by Mr. Drummond, as I suspect it will
prove to be.
|
|
The seeds were introduced to the Horticultural Society,
and the plants, from which the annexed figure was taken,
flowered there in the month of July, 1829.
|
|
Fig. 1. A Panicle, with the upper part of the Stem. 2. An upper Stem-leaf.
3. A radical Leaf, nat. size. 4. Petal, and 5. Calyx. — Slightly magnified.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & Gray (1838-1840, v. 1, p. 440) ...
|
13. P. fastigiata (Nutt. ! mss.) : “canescently silky-tomentose ; stem
erect, leafy ; leaves palmately 5-7-foliolate ; leaflets cuneate-oblong,
incisely or pinnatifid-serrate ; stipules mostly entire ; flowers crowded,
fastigiate ; segments of the calyx lanceolate, the outer ones much smaller ;
petals obovate, a little longer than the calyx ; achenia smooth.
|
|
β “larger, more densely clothed with soft silky hairs.
|
|
“Plains of the Rocky Mountains. — Plant 7-8 inches high. Flowers
much smaller than in P. rigida.” Nuttall.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1873.
|
Watson (1873, v. 8, p. 557) ...
|
15. P. gracilis, Dougl. (P. Blaschkeana, Turcz.) Villous and
more or less tomentose ; stems 2-3° high ; stipules ovate or lanceolate,
entire or subincised ; leaflets mostly 7, sometimes 5, very rarely
but 3, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, incisely serrate or pinnatifid, tomentose
beneath, green above and subvillous or appressed-silky, 1 - 2½' long ;
flowers in a loose subfastigiate cyme, the pedicels at length elongated
and slender ; calyx with the narrow bractlets shorter than the broad
acute or lanceolate sepals ; petals broadly obcordate, 3 - 4" long, a
little exceeding the calyx; carpels very numerous (40 or more). —
From the Saskatchewan to Southern Alaska, and southward to New
Mexico, Utah, and California. The leaflets occasionally show a tendency
to a pinnate arrangement, and the species is distinguishable from
the digitate form of P. Hippiana, var. pulcherrima, only by the more
numerous carpels and the usually fewer and more deeply incised leaflets.
Specimens like 159 Hall & Harbour tend to unite the two
species.
|
|
...
|
|
Var. fastigiata (P. fastigiata, Nutt., P. olopetala, Lehm.) is a
form, often low, with a shorter and more crowded cyme, the pubescence
more dense and silky, especially upon the calyx and short pedicels.
|
|
…
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Potentilla norvegica;
|
Potentilla norvegica L. “Norwegian Cinquefoil”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Potentilla pensylvanica;
|
Potentilla pensylvanica L. “Prairie Cinquefoil”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Potentilla recta;
|
Potentilla recta L. “Sulphur Cinquefoil”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Potentilla rivalis;
|
Potentilla rivalis Nutt. “Brook Cinquefoil”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 437) published P. rivalis from a Nuttall manuscript.
| Original Text
|
|
2. P. rivalis (Nutt.! mss.) :
“clothed with soft somewhat viscous pubescence ;
stem erect, much branched ;
radical leaves pinnately 5-foliate ;
the leaflets crowded, and the 3 upper ones confluent ;
those of the cauline leaves 3, often confluent, oblong, cuneiform at the base,
coarsely serrate ;
stipules ovate, nearly entire ;
flowers numerous, small, on rather short pedicels ;
calyx-segments acute ;
petals inconspicuous;
achenia smooth and even.
|
|
“In alluvial soil along the Lewis River.&rdquo
July.
—
A very distinct species, allied to P. Norvegica.
Cauline leaves small.
Flowers inconspicuous.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Prunus americana;
• Field Notes:
Coll. No. 2443, 4 Sep 2020;
|
Prunus americana Marshall. “American Plum”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Marshall, Humphry, 1785.
|
Marshall (1785, p. 111) ...
|
1. Prunus americana. Large Yellow Sweet Plumb.
|
|
This generally rifes to the height of twelve or fifteen
feet, fpreading into many ftiff branches. The
leaves are oblong, oval, acute pointed, fharpiy fawed
on their edges and much veined. The flowers
generally come out very thick round the branches,
often upon thick fhort fpurs; and are fucceeded by
large oval fruit, with a fweet fucculent pulp. We
have a great variety of thefe, growing naturally in
a good, moift foil, with reddifh and yellowifhi fruit,
but differing much in fize, tafte, and confiftence.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Prunus domestica;
|
Prunus domestica L. “European Plum”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Prunus pensylvanica;
|
Prunus pensylvanica L. f. “Pin Cherry”
(Syn: Cerasus pensylvanica (L. f.) Loiseleur)
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1782.
|
Linnaeus (1782, p.252-253) ...
| Original Text
|
Penfylva-
nica.
|
PRUNUS umbellis feffilibus, foliis ovato-lanceolatis, ramulis pallide punctatis.
|
|
|
Habitat in America feptentrionali. ♄. H. U.
|
|
|
Facies P. Cerali, fed ramuli punctis albidis adfperli, up in P. Virginiana.
|
|
|
Folia P. Cerafi, lanceolato-ovata, ferrulata, laevia, bafi glandulus duabus, faepe rubris.
|
|
|
Umbellae feffiles.
|
|
|
Flores P. Cerafi minores.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Prunus virginiana;
|
Prunus virginiana L. “Chokecherry”
| |
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Malus;
|
Pyrus L. “Pear”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi;
|
Rosa acicularis Lindl. ssp. sayi (Schwein.) W. H. Lewis “Say's Acicular Rose”
(Syn: Rosa acicularis Lindl., Rosa sayi Schweinitz )
| |
Literature Cited:
- Schweinitz, Lewis D. de, 1824.
|
Schweinitz (1824a, pp. 388-389) …
|
50. Rosa *Sayi, L. v. Schw.
|
|
This appears to me a Rose quite distinct from any
American one, although it is past flowering; the germen
being manifestly not globose, (which is the case with all
the rest except laevigata,) nor do I find any European
one sufficiently agreeing. I describe it thus:
|
|
Germen oblong ovate, perfectly smooth, and proportionably
large, crowned by erect calyx leaves, exceeding
it in length, which are villous, and expand at summit.
Peduncle smooth, or somewhat glandularly hispid, rigid.
Common petiole villous and aculeate on the back, with
three pairs of ovate, sessile, deeply serrate, small leaflets,
and a single one on the lengthened petiole, furnished at
base with clasping, glandulosely villous stipules. Upper
side of the leaflets smooth, the underside glaucously villous.
The young branches thickly set with thin, unequal,
hispid spines.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lewis, Walter H., 1959.
|
Rosa acicularis subsp. sayi (Schwein.) W.H.Lewis, Brittonia 11(1): 19 (1959).
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rosa arkansana;
|
Rosa arkansana Porter “Prairie Rose”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Porter, Thomas C., and John M. Coulter, 1874.
|
Porter & Coulter (1874, p. 38) ...
|
Rosa Arkansana, Porter (n. sp.) Stem stout, erect, leafy, 1° high,
glabrous and glaucous, armed with weak, deciduous, bristly prickles ;
leaflets 9-11, ovate and oblong-ovate, 1' or more in length, acute or obtuse,
glabrous, sharply serrate; midrib and long stiipules somewhat prickly
and minutely glandular; flowers numerous, termmal, corymbed, on
peduncles about 1' long; fruit globose, smooth, glaucous; calyx-segments
ovate, reflexed in fruit, with terminal and sometimes lateral
appendages, more or less glandular and tomentose pubescent on the
margins; petals broadly obcordate or emarginate, longer than the
calyx-segments, rose-color; flowers 2' in diameter.
—
This rose may possibly be an extreme form of R. blanda,
but it differs in so many points that I have ventured to describe it as new.
—
Banks of the Arkansas near Cańon City, Brandegee.
Raton Mountains, Dr. Bell.
Texas, Wright.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rosa glauca;
|
Rosa glauca Pourr. “Red-leaved Rose”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rosa woodsii;
|
Rosa woodsii Lindl. “Mountain Rose”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lindley, John, 1820.
|
Lindley (1820, pp. 21-22) ...
|
14. ROSA Woodsii.
|
|
R. stipulis sepalisque conniventibus, foliolis oblongis obtusis glabris.
R. lutea nigra Promv. nomencl. 24.
Hab. juxta flumen Missouri Americae septentrionalis (v. v. c hort. Sabine.)
In honorem cel. Josephi Woods qui primus veris Rosarum
characteribus ad species distinguendas usus est.
|
A low shrub with upright, dull, dark branches,
having very numerous, straight, slender, scattered
prickles, with a few setae at their base, the former becoming
stipulary towards the extremities ; branchlets
often unarmed. Leaves without pubescence ; stipules
very narrow and acute, convolute and fringed with
glands ; stalks armed with straight unequal prickles ;
leaflets 7-9, shaped like those of R. rubella, shining,
flat, simply serrated, paler beneath. Flowers pink,
appearing in the spring. Fruit naked, ovate, with
short, connivent, entire sepals which are free from
glands as is the peduncle.
|
|
As it is scarcely probable that any new British rose
will be detected, worthy of bearing the name of Mr.
Woods, of whose high merit I have already had occasion
to speak, the present species has been selected by
Mr. Sabine and myself for that purpose. That it is
essentially distinct from every other is very evident
even from the incomplete account I have been able to
give of it. I first saw it growing in Mr. Sabine's garden
at North Mimms late in the month of November ;
most of the leaves had fallen, but a few heps still remained
on the bush. Its habit without foliage bears
more resemblance to that of a stunted cinnamomea than
to any thing else. In character it approaches R. carolina,
particularly in the remarkable convolution of stipulae.
From this its numerous ramifications, weak
prickles and short shining leaves sufficiently distinguish
it. It moreover flowers in the spring and has naked
fruit with conniving sepals.
|
|
I am assured by Mr. Sabine that this is the plant
which was sent to France from a nursery here as a new
American Rose with black and yellow flowers, and noticed
as such in Promvillie's book.
|
|
Said to be a native of the country near the Missouri.
| |
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rubus deliciosus;
|
Rubus deliciosus Torr. “Delicious Raspberry”
(Syn: Oreobatus deliciosus Torr. (E. James ex Torr.) Rydb.)
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John G., 1828.
|
Torrey (1828, v. 2, p. 196) ...
|
125. R. deliciosus, caule fruticoso, ramosissimo, inermi;
ramis petiolisque pubescentibus; foliis simplicibus, rotundato-cordatis,
breve 3-5-lobis, villoso-pubescentibus, rugosis; bracteis
lanceolatis, unidentatis ; floribus subcorymbosis, terminalibus ;
laciniis calycinis ovato-oblongis, acuminatis, apice foliaceis,
petalis brevioribus.
|
|
Desc.
Shrub much branched ; branches flexuous, terete, pubescent.
Leaves suborbicular-cordate, 2-2½ inches in diameter, villously pubescent,
rugous beneath, 3-5-lobed and serrate ; texture firm; petioles half an inch
in length, terete, pubescent ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than
the petioles, with a single tooth near the base.
Flowers 4-6 in a terminal corymbose panicle, rather smaller than those of R. odoratus, purple.
Pedicels 6-8 lines long, not glandular.
Calyx about two-thirds as long as the corolla, pubescent ;
sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate, somewhat foliaceous at the extremity.
Petals ovate, obtuse.
|
|
Hab. On the Rocky Mountains.
|
|
Obs. This species resembles R. odoratus, but is more
nearly allied to R. nutkanus. It differs from the latter, particularly
in not being glutinous, and in the smooth calyx,
which is longer than the petals. Dr. James states, that the
fruit is large and delicious.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rubus idaeus var. strigosus;
|
Rubus idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim. “American Red Raspberry”
| |
|
Rubus strigosus Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 1: 297 (1803).
| |
|
Rubus idaeus var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 17: 161 (1872).
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sanguisorba minor;
|
Sanguisorba minor Scop. “Burnet”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio, 1772.
|
Scopoli (1772, t. 1, p. 110-111) ...
168. Sanguisorba Minor.
|
Sanguiforba fpicis fubrotundis ; floribus polygamis. Fl. Carniol. p. 279. n. 1.
|
|
Ptterium inerme caulibus fubangulofis. LINN. Syft. Nat. p. 629. Spec. Plant. p. 994. n. 1.
|
|
Pimpinella polyftemon. HALL. Hift. n. 706.
|
|
Sanguiforba polyanthera, foliis ovatis ; fpica brevi. BOEHM> Lipf. 17.
|
|
Pimpinella fanguiforba, minor. MATTHIOL. Diofc. p. 657.
|
|
Diagn. Spicae fubrotundae. Flores polygami, polyandri, digyni.
|
|
Habitat in aridis et apricis.
|
|
Pinnarum paria (ad 12).
Flores feminei fuperiores digyni.
Hermaphrodidi plures, ftaminibus longis (ad 40), pariter digyni.
His addit HAMMERUS Mafculos, etiam a me vifos.
| |
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sorbus aucuparia;
|
Sorbus aucuparia L. “European Mountain Ash”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 477) ...
| Original Text
|
|
1. SORBUS foliis pinnatis utrinque glabris.
Hall. helv. 250.
|
aucuparia.
|
|
Sorbus foliis pinnatis.
Hort. cliff. 188.
Fl. fuec. 400.
Mat. med. 235.
Roy. lugdb. 274.
|
|
|
Sorbus fylvefttis (sic), foliis domefticae fimilis.
Bauh. pin. 415.
|
|
|
Sorbus fylveftris.
Cam. epit. 161.
|
|
|
Habitat in Europae frigidioribus.
♄
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Astragalus agrestis;
|
Astragalus agrestis Douglas ex G. Don. “Purple Milkvetch”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Don, George, 1831-1838.
|
Don, George [1798-1856]
A general history of the dichlamydeous plants :comprising complete descriptions of the different orders...the whole arranged according to the natural system.
London : J.G. and F. Rivington, 1831-1838.
p. 258
|
|
|
64. A. agrestis (Dougl. mss.) stem erect, smooth ;
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, beset with adpressed hairs ;
peduncles elongated, longer than the leaves ;
spikes of flowers capitate ; calyx villous ;
breacteas lnceolate, not half so long as the calyx.
♃
H.
Native of North America, near the Columbia river in fields.
Flowers purple.
|
|
Field Milk-Vetch.
Pl. 1 foot.
|
H. = Hardy
♃. = Perennial herbaceous.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Astragalus bisulcatus;
|
Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray “Two-Grooved Milkvetch”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Astragalus crassicarpus;
|
Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. “Groundplum Milkvetch”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1813.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Fraser's Catalogue, publication details;
|
Nuttall (1813, No. 6) published his Astragalus crassicarpus ...
| Original Text
|
|
6. * Astragalus crassicarpus. ‡
Fruit about the size and form of A. physodes,
but thick and succulent.
Collected above the River Platte.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Astragalus drummondii;
|
Astragalus drummondii Dougl. ex Hook. “Drummond's Milkvetch”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
|
Hooker (1831) 1(3): 153-4 ...
| Original Text
|
|
16. A. Drummondii ; elatus, erectus, caulibus sulcatis foliisque subtus pedunculisque
valde molliter hirsutis, stipulis ovatis valde acuminatis, foliolis 13-15-jugis liueari-oblongis
oblongisve obtusis basi in petiolulum perbrevem attenuatis, pedunculis folio
longioribus, racemis elongatis laxis, bracteis subulatis pedicello longioribus, floribus
pendulis, calycibus nigro-hirsutis, legumiuibus stipltatis subsecundis cylindraceis glabris
paululum falcatis semibilocularibus, sutura superiore obtusa, inferiore introflexa
profunde canaliculata. (Tab. LVII.) — Douglas, MSS. in Herb. Hert. Soc.
|
|
Longer Latin diagnosis omitted.
|
|
Hab. First, I believe, gathered by Mr. Wright, very many years ago, in Hudson's Bay. (Herb. nostr.)
Eagle and Red-Deer Hills of the Saskatchawan. Douglas.
Carlton-House. Dr. Richardson.
—
The present
very fine species, which Mr. Douglas wishes should bear the name of the indefatigable Drummond, has been
long known to me from a specimen gathered more than thirty years ago, by Mr. Wright, son of the late
eminent Dr. Wright of Edinburgh, in Hudson's Bay, but which, from its habit, (and being destitute of
fruit,) I was led to refer to the genus Phaca.
Its nearest affinity seems to be with the A. galegoides, Nutt.,
(A. racemosus, Pursh and De Cand.) : but that, besides being an inhabitant of more southern latitudes, is
described as only subpubescent, whereas our plant is so remarkable for its hairiness, that Mr. Douglas
in his MSS. has aptly compared it to the Oxytropis pilosa of the Old Worid.*
|
|
Tab. LVII Astragalus Drummondii. Fig. 1, Flower; fig. 2, Alae and carina, including the stamens and
pistil; fig. 3, Pistil ; fig. 4, Raceme, with fruit: —natural size. Fig, 5, Section of a legume; fig. 6, Seed :
— all but fig. 4 more or less magnified.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Astragalus flexuosus;
|
Astragalus flexuosus G. Don “Flexible Milkvetch”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Don, George, 1831-1838.
|
George Don (1832, v. 2, p. 256) ...
| Original Text
|
|
33. A. flexuosus (Doug. mss.) plant erect, flexuous, downy
in a young state ; stipulas distinct ; leaflets distant, linear, obtuse,
beset with close-pressed hairs beneath ; flowers distant, racemose;
calyx smoothish ; beateas not much longer than the pedicels.
♃
H.
Native of North America, near the Columbia river.
Flowers purple.
Plant with the habit of Vicia cracca.
|
|
Var. β, alba (Dougl. mss.) flowers white.
|
|
Flexuous-stemmed Milk-Vetch.
Pl. 1 foot.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Astragalus laxmannii robustior;
|
Astragalus laxmannii Jacq. var. robustior (Hook.) Barneby & S. L. Welsh “Prairie Milkvetch”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph van, 1776.
|
Jacquin, Nicolaus(Nicolaas) Joseph von (1727-1817), Hort. Bot. Vindob. 3: 22 (t. 37) (1776).
[Botanical Garden of Vienna.]
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
TABULA TRIGESIMA SEPTIMA.
|
Plate Thurty Seven
|
|
ASTRAGALUS LAXMANNI
|
Astragalus Laxmanni
|
|
Numerofas inter planta Imperii Ruffici, quas hortus acceptas referre debet liberalitati
illuftris Erici Laxmanni, etiam hicce Altragalus eft, ex feminibus Sibiricis enatus.
Ex radice perenni ... [Latin diagnosis omitted] ... nitida. Floret Junio & Julio.
Ad latus feorfim vexillum, ala, carina, legumen & femen fifuntur.
|
Among the numerous plants of the Russian Empire,
these gardens must be appreciated for your generosity
the illustrious Eric Laxmannus, who is also here Astragalus,
sprung from the seeds of the Siberians.
Perennial root ... [Latin diagnosis omitted] ... sharp.
Flowers June & July.
The flag, wing, keel, pod and seed are presented separately.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Glossary:
dolabriform;
|
(Syn: Astragalus adsurgens Pall. )
Pallas, Peter Simon von, 1800-1803,
Species Astragalorum Descriptae et Iconibus Coloratis Illustratae a P. S. Pallas, Eq... cum Appendice.
Lipsiae [Leipzig].
p. 40. and Tab XXXI.
| Original Text
| Translation
|
|
XLIV. ASTRAGALUS adfurgens. Tab. XXXI.
|
XLIV. ASTRAGALUS adsurgens. Tab. XXXI.
|
|
Latin diagnosis omitted. I don't see any reference to attachment of the hairs,
i.e., dolabriform or medifixed.
|
|
Crefcit hic Aftragalus tantun in regionibus Trans-Baicalenfibus, cim A. Laxmanni promifcue,
frequens ad Selengam, Ononem, circa Tarei-noor
et ufque in Mongoliae defertum.
Planta tota, etiam foliis, duriufcula, ut Glycirrhizae, minunque tenera cum generibus plerisque.
|
Astragalus grows here only in the regions of the Trans-Baicalans,
and promiscuously to[with] A. Laxmannus,
frequent to the Selengam, Ononem, around the Tarei-noor,
and it was carried all the way into Mongolia.
The whole plant, including its leaves, is quite hard, as in most species of Glycirrhiza and less tender.
|
|
|
Transbaikal, Trans-Baikal, Transbaikalia, or Dauria is a mountainous region to the east of or "beyond" (trans-) Lake Baikal in Far Eastern Russia.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
|
Hooker (1831, v. 1, -. 149-150) ... publication of vaeirty robustior
| Original Text
|
|
† Leguminibus rectis.
|
|
4. A, adsurgens; elongatus, adscendens vel prostratus, glabriusculus, foliolis 8-12-jugis
oblongis, stipulis ovatis acuminatis membranaceis, pedunculis folio longioribus, spicis
oblongis ovatis rotundatisve, floribus densis erectis, vexillo alis vix 1-3 longiore,
leguminibus erectis compactis oblongis subtriquetris hinc sulcatis appresso-pubescentibus vix
calyce nigro-hirsuto longioribus.
—
“Pall. Astr. n. 44. t 31.”
De Cand, Prodr, v. 2. p. 287.
—
A. Laxmanni. Pall. Astr. t. 30? (fide DC.)
Jacq. Hort. Vind. v. 3. t 37? (sed spicis elongatis et foliolis angustioribus.)
De Cand. Prodr. v. 2. p. 287.
—
β. robustior ;
calycibus albido-pilosis, pilis nigris perpaucis.
A. nitidus. Douglas, MSS. in Herb. Hort. Soc.
|
|
Hab.
α. Plains of the Assinaboin and Saskatchawan Rivers, as for as the mountains.
Dr. Richardson; Drummond; Douglas.
β. Common in the mountain-vallies, from the Kettle Falls to the sources of the
Columbia, on the West side of the Rocky Mountains. Douglas.
—
l possess the Asiatic A. adsurgens and A. Laxmanni from Dr. Fischer and Mr. Prescott ;
but I am unable to distinguish them specifically.
Our specimens from America seem to be identical with them.
Flowers purple-blue.
|
| |
|
Astragalus laxmannii Jacq.(1776) has priority over A. adsurgens Pall. (1800),
Barneby and Welsh (1996) published the required name to recognize this:
| Original Text
|
|
Astragalus laxmannii var. robustior (Hooker) Barneby & Welsh, comb. nov.,
based on A. adsurgens var. robustior Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:149. 1831.
|
|
Astragalus nitidus var. robustior (Hooker) M. E. Jones, Contr. W. Bot. 10:64. 1902.
|
|
Astragalus adsurgens ssp. robustior (Hooker) Welsh, Iowa State J. Sci. 37: 357. 1963.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Astragalus parryi;
|
Astragalus parryi A. Gray “Parry's Milkvetch”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Astragalus shortianus;
|
Astragalus shortianus Torr. & A. Gray “Short's Milkvetch”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & A. Gray (1840, v. 1, p. 331) ...
| Original Text
|
|
12. A. Shortianus (Nutt. m.s.): “ " stemless, canescent with appressed shining hairs;
leaflets 5-7 pairs, roundish-elliptical or ovate, very obtuse ; stipules
ovate, obtuse; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; raceme oblong ; calyx
clothed with white hairs, with rather long subulate teeth ; legume large and
turgid, cymbiform, with a short curved point, black and tranversely wrinkled.
|
|
“Rocky Mountains, towards the plains of the Oregon.
—
Almost entirely
silvery white. Leaflets nearly as broad as long, twice as large as in the preceding
species, which it nearly resembles. Flowers ochroleucous ?” Nuttall.
|
Named for Charles Wilkins Short, friend of Nuttall and Gray (Weber & Wittmann, 2012).
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Colutea arborescens;
|
Colutea arborescens L. “Bladder Senna”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 723) ...
| Original Text
|
|
1. COLUTEA arborea, foliolis obcordatis.
Hort. cliff. 365.
Roy. lugdb. 374.
Sauv. monfp. 238.
|
arborefcens.
|
|
Colutea veficaria.
Bauh. pin. 396.
|
|
|
Colutea.
Dod. pempt. 784.
|
|
|
β. Colutea africana, fenne foliis, flore fangvineo.
Comm. rar. 11. t. 11.
|
|
|
Habitat in Auftria, G. Narbonenfi, Italia praecipue ad Vefuzium.
♄
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Dalea candida;
|
Dalea candida Willd. “White Prairie Clover”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Dalea purpurea;
|
Dalea purpurea Vent. “Purple Prairie Clover”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ventenat, Etienne P., Jacques M. Cels, and Henri J. Redoute, 1801.
|
Described by Ventenat (1800, Pl. 40) ...
Original Text
(Short excerpt.)
| Interpretation
|
|
Plante herbacee, vivace, remarquable par l'elegance de son port et par l'eclat de ses fleurs,
decouverte par Michaux dans le pays des Illinois.
Elle a ete introduite chez Cels en l'an 5, et elle fleurit en fructidor.
|
Herbaceous plant, perennial, remarkable for the elegance of its habit and the brilliance of its flowers,
discovered by Michaux in the Illinois country.
It was introduced to the garden of J. M. Cels in year 5 [1794?],
and it flowers in Fructidor [late August to early September].
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Glycyrrhiza lepidota;
|
Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh “American Licorice”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1813.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Fraser's Catalogue, publication details;
|
Nuttall (1813) writing in Fraser's Catalogue
| Original Text
|
|
45 *Liquiritia lepidota.
‡
Met from the source to the confluence of the Missourie ;
and is probably the liquorice mentioned by Sir Alexander M'Kenzie,
as found on the coasts of the North Pacific Ocean.
|
IPNI (2021) annotates this name as nom. inval.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Pursh, 1814, publication details;
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2., p. 480) validly published Glycyrrhiza lepidota
indicating Fraser's Catalogue as a source of the name
and that he had seen it dried, alive, and in flower.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
|
579. GLYCYRRHIZA. Gen. pl. 1197.
|
|
|
lepidota.
|
1. G. foliolis oblongis acutis sericeo-villosis,
leguminibus racemosis oblongis hispidis.
&mdash.
Fraser. catal.
On the banks of the Missouri.
♄
July, Aug.
v. s. v. v. s. fl.
|
I have seen it dry; I have seen it alive or in flower.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
vexillum;
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
|
Nuttall (1818, v. 2, p. 106) also published Glycyrrhiza lepidota.
He does not indicate it is a new name.
Nevertheless, it is treated as an isonym.
Nuttall does give credit to Bradbury for first detecting the species around St. Louis.
| Original Text
|
|
506. GLYCYRRHIZA. L.
|
|
Calix mostly bilabiate, gibbous at the base.
Vexillum including the wings and carina.
Legume subovate or oblong, compressed, and mostly hispid, 2 to 6-seeded.
|
|
Herbaceous; leaves pinnate, stipules cauline; flowers capitate, spiked or racemose.
|
|
Species.
1. G. lepidota. T. N. in Fras. Catal. Ph. 2, p. 480.
Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acute, everywhere squamulose, under surface covered with glandulose atoms;
spikes axillary, acute, flowers crowded;
legume oblong, many-seeded, echinate, setć uncinate.
|
|
Hab.
Abundant around St. Louis, where it was first detected by Mr. John Bradbury, F. L. S.;
it is also common on the alluvial banks of the Missouri to the Mountains,
and is in all probablity the Liquorice mentioned by Sir A. Mackenzie
as indigenous to the coasts of the North Pacific Ocean.
|
|
Obs.
Roots flagelliform, creeping, and very long,
possessing in no inconsiderable degree the taste of liquorice.
Stem erect, 3 to 5 feet high;
spikes pedunculate; flowers whitish, dense, sessile;
calix almost equally 5-parted, segments subulate.
Vexillum ovate-oblong, nearly straight.
Legume oblong, compressed, hispid, 5 or 6-seeded,
much resembling the fruit of Xanthium spinulosum,
not spontaneously opening.
Nearly allied to G. foetida,
and like that species emitting a somewhat disagreeable resinous odor.
This plant appears to destroy the artificial distinction
by which Glycyrrhiza and Liquiritia have been separated;
as it can be equally referred to either one or the other.
|
|
The South of Europe, Tartary and the Levant furnish the other 6 species of this genus.
|
|
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Hedysarum boreale;
|
Hedysarum boreale Nutt. “Utah Sweetvetch”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
|
508. HEDYSARUM. L.
|
|
Calix 5-cleft.
Carina transversely obtuse.
Loment of several articulations: joints i-seeded,
compressed, and mostly hispid.
|
|
Herbaceous or suffruticose; leaves simple, ternate, or
pinnate; stipules cauline, often bath general and partial;
flowers mosth racemose, rarely solitary, racemes axillary
or terminal, often paniculate; flowers (in all the North
American species) by pairs, or by 3's, each pair or aggregate
subtendtd by 3 unequal and deciduous bractes, the
2 lateral ones minute, calix naked at the base, the lowest
segment of the border often elongated; flowers violaceous,
rarely, white, the carina often expanding and ejecting
the stamina; the leaves in a few species exhibit a
spontaneous motion.
|
|
...
|
|
18. * boreale. Caulescent, subdecumbent, leaves pinnate
(7 or 8 pair), leaflets oblong-obovate, partly villous;
racemes long pedunculate, axillary, stipules sheathing,
subulate; articulations of the loment nearly round, and
rugose. H. alpinum? Mich. Fl. Am. 2. p. 74.
Hab. In arid and denudated soils around Fort Mandan, on the
banks of the Missouri. Flowering in June and July.
Flowers of a fine red and numerous; common petiole very
short; calix subulate, wings of the corolla short.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ladeania lanceolata;
|
Ladeania lanceolata (Pursh) A. N. Egan & Reveal “Dune Scurfpea”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Syn: Psoralea lanceolata Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 475) ...
| Original Text
|
|
4. P. pubescens ; foliis ternatis : foliolis elongato-lanceolatis,
petiolis crassis, spicis axillaribus folio vix longioribus densifloris,
floribus pedicellatis, bracteis pedicello vix longioribus, dentibus calycis coloratis.
|
lanceolata.
|
|
On the banks of the Missouri.
♃.
July, Aug.
v. s.
Flowers bright blue, small.
|
|
“Collected at an unknown place and date, probably on the Missouri River (Moulton, 1999).”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1915.
|
Syn: Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydberg (1919, v. 24, p. 13)
| Original Text
|
|
1. Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydberg.
|
Psoralea lanccolata Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 475. 1814
Psoralea elliptica Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 741. 1814.
Psoralea arenaria Nutt. Gen. 2: 103. 1818.
Psoralea laxiflora Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1: 299. 1838.
? Psoralea scabra Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1: 300. 1838.
Lotodes ellipticum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 193. 1891.
Lotodes ellipticum angustissimum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 193. 1891.
|
|
A perennial, with a creeping branched rootstock; stem 1.5-4 dm. high, aromatic, glandular-
punctate throughout, sparingly strigose; leaves palmately 3-foliolate; stipules linear-lanceolate
to subulate, 3-10 mm. long; petioles 1-2 cm. long; leaflets 1-4 cm. long, oblanceolate to linear
or those of the earlier leaves obovate-oblanceolate, acute to rounded and mucronate at the apex,
sparingly strigose, especially along the veins beneath, and conspicuously punctate; peduncles
2-5 cm. long; racemes short, 1-2.5 cm. long; bracts minute; calyx campanulate, sparingly
strigose, 2 mm. long; lobes nearly equal, obtuse, glandular-punctate; corolla white or slightly
purple-tinged, 5-6 mm. long; banner almost orbicular; blades of the wings obliquely oblong-
oblanceolate; keel-petals scarcely lobed at the base and usually purple-tipped; stigma capitate;
pod globose, 5 mm. long, conspicuously glandular-warty, sparingly strigose or glabrate, the
beak short, erect.
|
Type locality: Banks of the Missouri [probably Montana]
Distribution: Missouri to Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Arizona
Illustrations: Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 51; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 2086; ed. 2. f. 2491.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Egan, Ashley N., and James L. Reveal, 2009.
|
Egan & Reveal (2009, v. 19, p. 310-314) ...
|
1. Ladeania lanceolata (Pursh) A. N. Egan & Reveal, comb. nov.
Basionym: Psoralea lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 475. 1814 [actual date, Dec. 1813].
Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydbergm N. Amer. Fl. 24: 13. 1919.
TYPE. U. S. A. Along the Missouri River, 1811, T. Nuttall s.n. (lectotype, designated by Grimes, 1989:
22, PH-LC 182; duplicate, NY [PH-LC fragm.]). Figure 1.
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Although traditionally the type was considered to have been collected by Meriwether Lewis in 1804,
Reveal et al. (1999:42) showed that this sheet could only have been gathered by Thomas Nuttall in 1811.
If indeed Pursh had Lewis 42 prior to 1813,
that specimen is now lost and Grimes' typification is an effective lectotypification (Barbeby, 1989).
...
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lathyrus eucosmus;
|
Lathyrus eucosmus Butters & H. St. John “Bush Vetchling”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Butters, Freferick K., and Harold St. John, 1917.
|
Butters, Frederick K., and Harold St. John,
Studies in certain North American Species of Lathyrus
Rhodora. 19(224): 156-163. August, 1917.
|
Lathyrus eucosmus, n. sp. — L. polymorphus of Torrey and Gray
in part, and of later American authors, not of Nuttall; L. decaphyllus
of Britton, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. v. 207 (1894), not of Pursh or
Hooker — humilis, ramosus saepe decumbens pilosus vel saepius basim
versus glabratus, 1.5-3.5 dm. altus; caule 1-3 mm. crasso striato
4-angulato haud alato; stipulis lineari-lanceolatis attenuatis semi-
sagittatis 5-22 mm. longis, 1-4 mm. latis, nervosis; foliolis 4-12
subalternis elliptico-lanceolatis mucronatis 1.5-6 cm. longis, 3-13 mm.
latis, nervosis; cirrhis simplicibus vel 2-3-fidis; ramis cum pedunculis
1-3 folia superantibus 2-5-floriferis instructis; floribus magnis pulchris
purpureis 1.8-3 cm. longis; calyce campanulato oblique 5-dentato,
dentibus superioribus brevibus adscendentibus, inferioribus
attenuatis patentibus.
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Plant low and branching, often decumbent, pilose, or more frequently
glabrate towards the base, 1.5-3.5 dm. tall: stem striate and
4-angled, not at all winged, 1-3 mm. in thickness: stipules linear-
lanceolate, attenuate semisagittate, 5-22 mm. in length, 1-4 mm. in
breadth, with prominent raised nerves; leaflets 4-12 in number,
sub-alternate, elliptic-lanceolate and mucronate, the longitudinal
nerves raised and prominent, leaflets 1.5-6 cm. long, 3-13 mm. wide;
tendrils unbranched, or 2-3-parted: branches of the stem bearing
1-3 peduncles, which are 2-5-flowered, and exceed the leaves : flowers
beautiful, large and purple, 1.8-3 cm. long; calyx campanulate
obliquely 5-toothed, the upper teeth short and ascending, the lower
elongate and divergent.
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|
Specimens examined: Colorado: Rocky Mountains, 1862, E.
Hall & J. P. Harbour, no. 111; low lands by streams on the plains,
Golden City etc., May 25, 1870, E. L. Greene, no. 94; Gunnison,
altitude 7680 ft., July 7, 1901, C. F. Baker, no. 355; Sapinero, altitude
7250 ft., June 19, 1901, C. F. Baker, no. 181; clay hillside, altitude
5400 ft. Naturita, May 16, 1914, Edwin Payson, no. 312; Gato,
June 18, 1899, C. F. Baker, no. 432; roadsides below Mancos, July 8,
1898, C. F. Baker, F. S. Earle and S. M. Tracy, no. 413; collected on
Long's 1st expedition, Dr. James. New Mexico: altitude 7044 ft.,
Santa Fe, June, 1874, J. T. Rothrock, no. 3; altitude 7200 ft., Santa
Fe, May 4, 1897, A. A. & E. Gertrude Heller, no. 3658 (type in
Gray Herb.); 1847, A. Fendler, no. 115; Gray, altitude 6000 ft., June
13, 1898, Josephine Skehan, no. 24; Fort Wingate, 1882, W. Matthews,
no. 18. Arizona: Little Colorado, Dr. Newberry; 1880, Mr. & Mrs.
J. G. Lemmon.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lathyrus lanszwertii;
|
Lathyrus lanszwertii Kellogg “Lanszwert's Pea”
Lathyrus lanszwertii Kellogg, Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences,
v. 2, p. 150 (1863). https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24102#page/164
Note the title of this journal includes “Natural” which was dropped in 1869.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lathyrus latifolius;
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Lathyrus latifolius L. “Perennial Pea Vine”
| |
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Lupinus L. “Lupine”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
|
Ackerfield (2022, p. 395) key to Lupinus,
showing how L. caudatus is distinguished from L. argenteus.
|
7a. Calyx tube shortly spurred on the upper side at the base (0.5-3 mm long),
at least on open flowers (flowers in bud may not have a developed sur yet);
banner usually hairy dorsally near the middle (this is easiest to see on unopened flower buds)
... L. caudatus
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|
7b. Calyx tube symmetrical,
or sometimes gibbous at the base on the upper side but the sac less than 1 mm deep;
banner usually glabrous or rarely hairy dorsally near the middle
... L. argenteus
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lupinus argenteus;
|
Lupinus argenteus Pursh “Loosely Flowered Silver Lupine”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
- Baldwin, Bruce G., Douglas H. Goldman, David J. Keil, Robert Patterson, and Thomas J. Rosatti, 2012.
- Harrington, H. D., 1954.
- Munz, Philip A., 1965.
- Welsh, Stanley L., N. Duane Atwood, Sherel Goodrich, and Larry C. Higgins, 1993.
|
Harrington (1954) and Ackerfield (2022) do not use keel decoration as a key character nor do they describe the decoration of the keel.
California floras, e.g., Munz (1965) and Baldwin (2012), use a ciliate keel, as a key character to identify L. argenteus.
Welsh, et al. (1993) note that the keel can be glabrous or variously ciliate.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 468) ...
| Original Text
|
|
argenteus.
|
4. L. perennis ; foliis digitatis : foliolis (5-7) lineari-lanceolatis
acutis supra glabris subtus argenteo-sericeis,
calycibus alternis inappendiculatis :
lapio superiore ontusa ;
inferiore integro.
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On the banks of the Kooskoosky.
M. Lewis.
♃.
June, July.
v. s. in Herb. Lambert.
Flowers small, cream-coloured.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lupinus caudatus;
|
Lupinus caudatus Kellogg “Kellogg's Spurred Lupine”
Of those collections of Lupinus caudatus in Jefferson County determined to an infraspecific name,
nearly all are determined var. argophyllus.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
|
The first use of the name argophyllus was by Gray (1848) in Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae.
| Original Text
|
|
166. Lupinus decumbens, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. New York, 2. p. 191.
Var. argophyllus;
caule foliisque argyreo-sericeis, supra viridiusculis.
&mdash:
A foot high, a silvery white species;
more so than in the original specimens of L. decumbens, which imperfect as they are,
I am confident belong to the same species with ours.
It is a very handsome plant, with flowers as large as in L. perennis, and apparently light blue.
A characteristic of the species is the saccate, almost spurred base of the calyx,
which is quite a conspicuous as in L. laxiflorus, next to which it should be placed.
The same plant was gathered near the sources of the Platte in the first expedition of Col. Fremont,
and forms part of what was called L. ornatus in the Botanical catalogue of that expedition.
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Literature Cited:
- Kellogg, Albert, 1863.
|
Kellogg, Albert. 1863.
Lupinus caudatus.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences.
v. 2 (1858-1862), p. 197.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24102#page/211/
Dr. Kellog does not write the locations of his collections, nor are there any collections of the lupine listed in either CCH2 or SEINet.
| Original Text
|
|
Lupinus caudatus (Kellogg). Fig. 61.
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Stem persistent, somewhat decumbent ; leafy and branching,
silvery or satiny, appressed pubescent throughout.
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Leaflets five to seven, linear-lanceolate, acute, mucronate,
narrowed towards the base, about as long as the petiole.
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Stipules persistent, small lance-acumuinte.
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Flowers blue, scattered and sub-verticillate, floral portion about
twice the length of the peduncle, or two or three times the length
of the petioles.
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Bracts caducous, twice the length of the pedicels ; calyx tubular
campanulate, upper lip straight, two-toothed, (not colored) short
and somewhat subulately spurred at the base, (spur erect nearly
half the length of the pedicel) ; lower lip entire, elongated, carinate ;
linear bracts conspicuous ; banner satiny pubescent on the
back, chiefly along the middle portion ; wings with an erect claw.
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Keel, silky-ciliate.
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Stigma, naked.
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Legumes (embryo) linear, silky ; seeded.
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Closely allied to L. calcaratus (Kellogg). But the general
appearance is quite distinct, being very silvery sericeous, with blue
flowers. The calyx is not colored ; the upper lip straight ; the spur
short, sharp and erect ; the leaflets straight and radiating, only
five or six in number ; the flowers also fewer, and the spike less
crowded. Found in the same localities, but more rare.
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Literature Cited:
- Cockerell, T. D. A., 1902.
|
Cockerell, T. D. A., 1902.
Notes on Southwestern Plants.
Torreya. v. 2, n. 3 (March 1902)
| Original Text
|
|
Lupinus Helleri Greene, Pittonia, 4 : 1 34. Santa Fe, N. M.
This name may be objected to on account of the prior L. Hellerae
Heller, though I do not consider the names identical. However,
it appears to me that L. Helleri is L. decumbens argophyllus, A.
Gray (Pl. Fendl. 37. 1849), so its proper name will be Lupinus
argophyllus. The type locality of argophyllus is “around Santa
Fe,” where, in fact, it is abundant.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Welsh, Stanley L., 1978.
|
Lupinus caudatus var. argophyllus (A.Gray) S.L.Welsh, Great Basin Naturalist 38(3): 327 (1978).
| Original Text
|
|
...
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Three rather weak varieties are known from Utah.
They are separable only arbitrarily, but seem to represent at least trends within variation.
|
|
...
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Var. argophyllus (A. Gray) Welsh stat. nov. based on
Lupinus decumbens var. argophyllus A. Gray Mem. Amer. Acad. 4:37. 1849.
[L. caudatus ssp. argophyllus (A. Gray) Phillips;
L. argophyllus (A. Gray) Cockerell;
L. laxiflorus var. argophyllus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones;
L. helleri Greene;
L. aduncus Greene].
Pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, ponderosa pine, and grassland communities at 1570 to 2430 feet
in Beaver, Garfield, Kane, and San Juan cos.; Wyoming south to New Mexico; 7 (iii).
|
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittmann (2012) do not accept infraspecific names for Lupinus caudatus Kellogg.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Ackerfield (2015) accepts two varieties of Lupinus caudatus in Colorado:
var. argophyllus (A. Gray) L. Philips (sic), and
var. utahensis (S. Watson) S. L. Welsh.
Ackerfield (2022) is the same.
If Ackerfield accepts var. argophyllus then the authors should be “(A. Gray) S. L. Welsh” in Great Basin Naturalist 38:327 (1978).
However, if Ackerfield accepts ssp. argophyllus then the authors should be “(A. Gray) L.Li. Philips” in Res. Stud. State Coll. Wash. 23:200 (1955)
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Literature Cited:
- Allred, Kelly W., 2020.
|
Allred (2020) treats L. caudatus var. argophyllus (A. Gray) S. L. Welsh and ssp. argophyllus (A. Gray) Philips as synonyms of L. argenteus Pursh var. argophyllus (A. Gray) S. Watson.
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Literature Cited:
- Jepson Flora Project, 2022-2025.
|
The Jepson Manual of California treats Lupinus caudatus as a synonym of L. argenteus var. heteranthus.
Variety argophyllus is unknown from California.
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Literature Cited:
- Sholars, Teresa, Rhonda Riggins, Unknown.
|
Sholars & Riggins (date unknown) writing in Flora of North America do not accept Lupinus caudatus,
placing it instead in L. argenteus var. heteranthus (S. Watson) Barneby in A. Cronquist et al.
L. caudatus var. argophyllus (A. Gray) S. L. Welsh is treated as a synonym of
Lupinus argenteus var. argophyllus
(A. Gray) S. Watson.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Medicago;
|
Medicago L.
"Medik" (also spelled "medick") and Medicago share the same root word.
Both trace back to the ancient Greek word medike (from Medike póa, meaning "Median grass").
The name was given to these plants because they were believed to have been imported to Greece
from the ancient Persian kingdom of Media (modern-day Iran) during the Greco-Persian Wars.
Here is how the terms break down:
- Medik (or Medick): The common name for plants in the Medicago genus, derived from the Middle English medike and the Latin medica.
- Medicago: The scientific genus name, formed in the 18th century by combining the Latin word medica with the Latin suffix -ago (meaning "resembling" or "pertaining to."
(GoogleAI, 2 June 2026)
Please summarize the phylogeny of medicago and the development of alfalfa as an agricultural crop.
ChatGPT:
Medicago is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, which includes more than 80 species, some of which are used as forage crops. Alfalfa, also known as lucerne, is the most widely cultivated species in the genus and is a major forage crop in many parts of the world.
Alfalfa is believed to have originated in central Asia, and its cultivation dates back at least 2,000 years. It was introduced to Europe by the Arabs in the eighth century and was later brought to the Americas by Spanish colonizers in the sixteenth century. The plant was valued for its high protein content, drought tolerance, and ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it an important crop in areas with poor soils.
In terms of phylogeny, Medicago is a member of the tribe Trifolieae, which also includes clovers and other forage legumes. Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the genus Medicago is monophyletic, meaning that all species in the genus share a common ancestor, and that it is most closely related to the genus Melilotus.
Alfalfa is a tetraploid species, meaning that it has four sets of chromosomes, and its genome is quite large, with an estimated size of around 800 million base pairs. This complexity has made genetic improvement of alfalfa a challenge, but recent advances in genomics and molecular breeding techniques are helping to overcome some of these difficulties.
Overall, the development of alfalfa as an agricultural crop has been a long and complex process, but the plant's many useful characteristics have made it an important component of many farming systems around the world.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Medicago lupulina;
|
Medicago lupulina L. “Black Medick”
Medicago lupulina L. “Black Medick” is a common little weed
found on North and South Table Mountains and Tin Cup Ridge.
It is also adventive in gardens.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 779) ...
| Original Text
|
|
7. MEDICAGO fpicis ovalibus, leguminibus reniformibus monofpermis,
caule procumbente.
Fl. fuec. 621.
Dalib. parif. 281.
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lupulina.
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Trifolium leguminibus fpicatis reniformibus nudis monofpermis,
caule procumbente.
Hort. cliff. 375.
Roy. lugdb. 380.
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Trifolium pratenfe luteum, capitulo breviore.
Bauh. pin. 328.
|
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Trifolium pratenfe luteum.
Fuchf. hift. 819.
|
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Habitat in Europae pratis.
♂
|
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Medicago sativa;
|
Medicago sativa L. “Alfalfa”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 778) ...
| Original Text
|
|
fativa.
|
5. MEDICAGO pedunculis racemofis, leguminibus contortis, caule erecto glabro.
Hort. cliff. 377.
Roy. lugdb. 281.
|
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Medica legitima.
Cluf. hift. 2. p. 242.
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Medica fativa.
Morif. hift. 2. p. 150. f. 2. t. 16. f. 2.
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Foenum burgundicum.
Lob. ic. 2. p. 36.
|
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Habitat in Hifpaniae, Galliae apricis.
♃
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Prosperi, Jean-Marie, Eric Jenczewski, Marie-Helene Muller, Stephane Fourtier, Jean-Paul Sampoux, and Joelle Ronfort, 2014.
|
Prosperi, et al., 2014 summarize current thought on the domestication of alfalfa.
|
It is difficult to identify the first traces of
alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) domestication.
Different authors suggested that alfalfa was
cultivated 9,000 years ago in some rare
locations in its centre of origin (Near East to
Central Asia). Sinskaya in 1950 suggested
that its distribution spread throughout the
Middle East by 1,000 BC, and from there, to
China and India. But actually, we have no
element to validate these assumptions. The
first written references mentioned the
introduction of alfalfa to Greece by the
Medes armies, its spread into Italy and then
all over the Roman Empire in Europe.
During the Middle Ages, the interest in
alfalfa regressed considerably in Europe.
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Alfalfa was reintroduced into Spain through
North Africa with the Moors. It then crossed
the Pyrenees around the fifteenth century.
Thereafter, it was introduced to South
America (Mexico, Peru, Chile) by the
Spanish in the sixteenth century, and then to
the United States through California at the
beginning of the nineteenth century as
“Chilean clover.”
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Melilotus albus;
|
Melilotus albus Medik. “White Sweet Clover”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 765) ...
| Original Text
| Interpretation
|
|
TRIFOLIUM
|
|
|
* Meliloti leguminibus nudis polyfpermis.
|
|
|
...
|
|
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4. TRIFOLIUM leguminibus racemofis nudis difpermis, caule erecto.
Hort. cliff. 376.
Hort. upf. 223.
Fl. fuec. 619.
Mat. med. 355.
Roy. lugdb. 223.
Dalib. parif. 225.
|
M. officinalis.
|
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|
Trifolium odoratum f. Melilotus.
Dod. pempt. 567.
|
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Melilotus officinarum germaniae.
Bauh. pin. 331.
|
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γ. Melilotus officinarum germaniae, flore alba.
Tournef. inft. 407.
|
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The Greek letter “γ” corresponds to the letter “c” in the excerpt from Medikis (1786), below.
|
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Lotus fylveftris, flore albo.
Tabern. hift. 893.
|
|
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Habitat in Europae campeftribus.
☉
♂
|
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|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Medikus, Friedrich Kasimir, 1786.
|
Medikus, Friedrich Kasimir (1736-1808), [May] 1786.
Versuch einer neuen Lehrart die Pflanzen nach zwei Methoden zugleich, nehmlich nach der künstlichen und natürlichen, zu ordnen, durch ein Beispiel einer natürlichen Familie erörtert.
[Attempt at a new method of classifying plants according to two methods at the same time, namely according to the artificial and the natural, explained by an example of a natural family.]
Vorlesungen der Churpfälzischen physicalisch-öconomischen Gesellschaft.
[Lectures of the Churpfälzische Physical-Economic Society.]
Mannheim. 2: 382 (1787).
http://ds.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/viewer/fullscreen/2241757_002/392/
The following excerpt is taken from the image at left.
|
4. Melilotus albus.
|
|
|
Trifolium M. officinalis c L.
|
The German letter “c” in the text at left corresponds with the Greek letter “γ” in the Linnean description above.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Melilotus officinalis;
|
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. “Yellow Sweet Clover”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de, 1778.
|
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam., Flore Françoise, ou Descriptions Succinctes de Toutes les Plantes qui Croissent Naturellement en France...Paris (Lamarck) 2: 595 (1779).
| Original Text
|
|
III. Epi de fleurs pointu , lache , & ayant un ponce ou plus de longueur.
|
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Melilot officinal. Melilotus officinalis.
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Melilotus officinarum germaniae. Tournef. 407.
|
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β Melilotus vulgaris altiffima frutefcens flore albo. Ibid.
|
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Sa tige eft haute de deux pieds , dure & rameufe ; fes
feuilles font petiolees , compofees de trois folioles glabres,
ovales-oblongues , quelquefois un peu etroites & dentees
dans leur partie fuperieure. Les fleurs font petites, de couleur
jaune ou blanche, pendantes & difpofees fur des epis greles ,
laches & affez longs. Il leur fuccede des legumes courts ,
pendans , un peu rides, & qui renferment une on deux
femences. La variete β s'eleve jufqu'a fix pieds , & porte
des epis greles & fort longs. Cette plante croit dans les
champs & fur le bord des hales , © ou a* ; fes feuilles &
fes fleurs font refolutives , emollientes & anodines.
|
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|
Oxytropis DC.
Oxytropis is a New Latin botanical name derived from Ancient Greek, combining oxys ("sharp" or "pointy") and tropis ("keel").
This refers to the distinct, sharp, or pointed tip of the petal on the keel of the flower, a key characteristic distinguishing this genus from Astragalus.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oxytropis lambertii;
|
Oxytropis lambertii Pursh “Purple Locoweed”
Oxytropis DC., Astragologia 24, 66 (ed. qto.); 19, 53 (ed. fol.) (1802), nom. cons., includes 606 accepted species.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2, addendum, p. 740) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Oxytropis Lambertii.
—
O. acaulis, sericeo pilosa ; foliolis
(19) lanceolato-ellipticis utrinque acutis, scapis folia
aequantibus, spicis capitatis, bracteis linearibus longitudine calycis.
|
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On the Missouri.
Bradbury.
♃".
Aug. Sept.
v. v. in Hort. Lambert.
Flowers a beautiful purple. It approaches near to O. argentata and setosa.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Welsh, Stanley L., 1991.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
porrect;
|
| Original Text
|
|
The porrect beak of the keel is diagnostic for the genus,
even though some species of Astragalus have extended keel apices;
none are truly porrect.
|
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Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Oxytropis multiceps;
|
Oxytropis multiceps Nuttall in J. Torrey and A. Gray
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Described by Nuttall in J. Torrey and A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 341) Flora of North America ...
|
14. O. multiceps (Nutt.! mss.): nearly stemless, cespitose, canescently
silky ; caudex divided above into numerous heads ; leaflets 3-4 pairs,
elliptical-lanceolate; stipules adnate to the petiole, ovate, acute, membranaceous;
scapes longer than the leaves, 2-3-flowered ; bracts ovate ; legumes ovate,
acuminate, wholly included in the inflated calyx, half 2-celled.”
|
|
Summit of lofty hills in the Rocky Mountain range, towards Lewis's
River.
—
Nuttall!
Plant forming beautiful silvery tufts about 3 inches
High. Leaflets about ⅓ of an inch long. Calyx at length somewhat glabrous;
the teeth subulate, ½ the length of the tube. Legumes compressed
contrary to the sutures, pubescent, about 8-seeded.
—
A well marked species,
but perhaps not referred to its proper section, as the flowers are unknown.
The legume, however, is truly that of Oxytropis.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oxytropis sericea;
|
Oxytropis sericea Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray “White Locoweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 339) ...
| Original Text
|
|
6. O. sericea (Nutt. ! mss.): “stemless, somewhat caespitose, shining and
whitish with appressed silky hairs; leaflets linear-oblong or lanceolate (those
of the primary leaves elliptical and obtuse) ; scapes longer than the leaves;
spikes short, elongated in fruit ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than
the calyx; teeth of the calyx short and subulate ; legumes somewhat cylindrical,
acuminate, 2-celled, canescently pubescent.”
|
|
Rocky Mountains. Nuttall! — Leaflets about ¾ of an inch long. Wings
emarginate. Scapes stout and rigid in fruit. Legumes (including the beak)
nearly an inch long, coriaceous, compressed contrary to the sutures.
—
Nearly related to O. Lamberti.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Pediomelum tenuiflorum;
|
Pediomelum tenuiflorum (Pursh) A. N. Egan “Slimflower Scurfpea”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
(Syn: Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh)
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 475) ....
| Original Text
|
|
3. P. pubescens, ramosissima; foliis ternatis; foliolis ellipticis
utrinque rugoso-punctatis, pedunculis axillaribus folio
longioribus sub-3-floris.
|
tenuiflora.
|
|
On the banks of the Missouri. M. Lewis. ♃ Sept.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis. Flowers very small, pale blue.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Egan, Ashley N., and James L. Reveal, 2009.
|
Egan, Ashley N., and James L. Reveal (2009, v. 19, 310-314) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydberg was first
collected on the historical expedition of Meriwether
Lewis and William Clark on 21 September 1804 at the
Big Bend of the Missouri River, which would later become
Lyman County, South Dakota, U.S.A. (Moulton, 1999).
|
|
...
|
|
Frederick Pursh (1813) later described it as
Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh. Since then, the species has
experienced a murky taxonomic history. Rydberg
(1919) designated Psoralea tenuiflora as the type of a
new genus, Psoralidium Rydberg, wherein he
recognized 14 species.
… the variation across this species is great,
but with no distinct segregation as
to definitely allow specific designation, an ascentainment
that the authors of this paper share.
|
|
…
|
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Pediomelum tenuiflorum (Pursh) A. N. Egan, comb. nov.
Basionym: Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 475. Dec. 1813.
Lotodes tenuiflorum (Pursh) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 194. 1891, nom illeg.
Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydberg. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 15. 1919.
TYPE: U.S.A. South Dakota: Lyman Co., Big Bend of the Missouri River, 21 Sep. 1804, M. Lewis s.n. (lectotype, designated by Grimes, 1990: 36, PH-LC 184; duplicated, NY [fragm.], PH-LC 183).
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Robinia pseudoacacia;
|
Robinia pseudoacacia L. “Black Locust”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 722) ...
| Original Text
|
|
PfeudoAcacia.
|
1. ROBINIA pedunculis racemofis, foliis impari-pinnatis.
Hort. upf. 212.
|
|
|
Robinia aculeis geminatis.
Hort. Cliff. 354.
Gron. virg. 82.
Roy. lugdb. 372.
|
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Acacia americana, filiquis glabris.
Raj. hift. 1719.
|
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Acaciae affinis virginiana fpinofa, filiqua membranacea plana.
Pluk. alm. 6. p. 73. 4. 4.
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Habitat in Virginia. ♄
|
|
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Conf. Pfeudo-Acacia hifpida, floribus rofeis.
Catesb. car. 3. p. 20. t. 20.
|
POWO (2022) states the tree is native to Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Vermont; not Virginia. Of course at Linnaeus' time, Virginia was a colony, not a state. USDA Plants maps its nativity as US.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, 1990.
|
Black locust has a disjunct original range, the extent of which is not accurately known.
The eastern section is centered in the Appalachian Mountains and ranges from central Pennsylvania and southern Ohio, south to northeastern Alabama, northern Georgia, and northwestern South Carolina.
The western section includes the Ozark Plateau of southern Missouri, northern Arkansas, and northeastern Oklahoma, and the Ouachita Mountains of
central Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma
(https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/robinia/pseudoacacia.htm, 16 March 2022).
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Securigera varia;
|
Securigera varia (L.) Lassen “Purple Crownvetch”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Thermopsis rhombifolia var. divaricarpa;
|
Thermopsis rhombifolia var. divaricarpa (A. Nelson) Isely. “Spreadfruit Goldenbanner”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fraser, John, 1813.
|
Fraser's (1813) Catalogue, most likely written by Nuttall, is the first reference to T. rhombifolia.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
26. *Cytisus rhombifolius. ‡ Fl. not seen.
|
I am a little surprised this is not marked by an “M” from the Missouri
because in Nuttall (1818), two paragraphs down, Nuttall will tell us that he collected this plant at Fort Mandan.
|
|
|
Symbols used by Fraser (Nuttall).
* – New Species.
‡ – Perennial.
M. – from the Missourie.
;
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Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1816.
|
Pursh (1814) published Cytisus rhombifolia in the supplement to Vol. 2 of his Flora Americae Septentrionalis.
Many of the entries in the supplement were Bradbury collections or from Nuttall descriptions in Fraser's Catalogue.
| Original Text
|
|
Cytisus rhombifolius
—
C. pubescens ;
racemis terminalibus erectis,
leguminibus falcatis subarticulatis,
foliolis oblongo-rhomboideis obtusis,
stipulus rotundato-ovatis obliquis.
|
C. rhombifolius. Fraser. Catal. 1813.
In Upper Louisiana.
Bradbury. v. s. in Herb. Bradbury.
The stipulae are large and foliaceous ;
the specimen I have seen was in fruit,
and Mr. Bradbury has seen only one plant in flower.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
carina;
vexillum;
|
Nuttall (1818) published it as Thermia rhombifolia eschewing the
Thermopsis of R. Brown.
| Original Text
|
|
401.THERMIA. Thermopsis. R. Brown. Hort. Kew. 3. p. 3.
|
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Calix subcampanulate, half 4-cleft, the supper segment truncate and emarginate.
Corolla papilionaceous, petals nearly equal in length;
vexillum reflected at the sides;
carina obtuse.
Legume compressed and falcate, attenuated at the base, many-seeded.
|
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Herbaceous; leaves ternate petiolate,
stipules large and foliaceous;
spikes terminal, interrupted, subverticillate, erect; flowers yellow.
Very distinct in habit from Cytisus but requires further comparison with that genus?
|
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Species.
1. *rhombifolia.
Leaflets rhombi-ovate …
… raceme interrupted.
Cytisus rhombifolius T. N. in Fras Catal. 1813.
Pursh, Flor. Am. Sept. 2. p. 741. Suppl.
Obs. Roots perennial …
…
—
On denudated argillaceous hills near Fort Mandan.
This plant is very closely allied to Sophora lupinoides of Pallas,
Thermopsis lanceolata of Brown,
and they appear inseparable in genus,
that species when in perfection produces a long verticillated spike of flowers;
some of Pallas's specimens, however, in the herbarium of A. B. Lambert, Esq.,
have a single verticill of flowers only as in the starved specimen
figured in the Botanical Magazine,
in this species the leaves are on both sides closely covered with a silky villous;
the primary leaves it appears occur sometimes simple
but always accompanied by the stipules after the manner of Baptisia.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Richardson, John, 1823.
|
Richardson (1823) wrote the botanical appendix for Franklin's (1823)
report of the voyage to the polar sea.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
No. VII.
—
BOTANICAL APPENDIX,
BY
JOHN RICHARDSON
—
|
|
|
…
|
|
|
The collections of Pallas and Pursh,
now belonging to Mr. Lambert,
rendered the power of referring to his valuable Herbarium
an object of the utmost importance to me ;
and the desire of promoting the science,
whoch so eminently distinguishes his character,
induced him cheerfully to accord it.
|
I include this note because it confirms that Lambert had collections made by Pallas.
Pallas and Lambert must have been frequent correspondents.
This is possibly relevant to explanation of how a Pallas'
manuscript describing Chrysocoma nauseosa might have been seen
by Pursh.
|
|
…
|
|
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137. Thermopsis rhombifolia: Nuttall. Am. 1. p. 282. (C.)
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(C.) Denotes the sandy plains in the neighborhood of Carlton,
strongly resembling the plains of the Missouri,
upon which the American botanists have lately made extensive collections.
|
|
|
…
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nelson A., 1898.
|
Nelson (1898) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
The species of this region, as they now appear to be,
are T. montana, T. rhombifolia, and the two proposed species.
The fruits of these are very characteristic,
a fact shown in the accompanying plate.
The four fruiting racemes are all from the Wyoming material,
are mature and typical each of its species
They were photographed on one plate,
hence the size is relatively correct (about one-third natural size).
|
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Thermopsis rhombifolia n. sp.
—
… …
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It is found near streams, preferring the moist, rich soil among the open underbrush.
Type specimens in Herb. Univ. of Wyo., no. 3424 by Elias Nelson, Pole creek, July 22, 1897 ;
and no. 3903 by the writer, Johnson's ranch, Big Laramie river, August 8, 1897.
|
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|
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|
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Literature Cited:
- Harrington, H. D., 1964, 2nd ed..
|
Harrington (1964, 2nd ed.) treated the Colorado taxa at the rank of species, saying, “… The mature or nearly mature fruit is necessary to be sure of the species. Even then some intergradations occur in Colorado plants.”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Isely, Duane, 1978.
|
Isely (1978) proposed var. divaricarpa despite recognizing
that infraspecific divisions and those with T. macrocarpa
are not that well-defined.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Thermopsis rhombifolia var. divaricarpa (A. Nels.) Isely, Comb. Nov.
|
.
|
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Thermopsis divaricarpa A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 25:275. 1898.
Type: United States. Wyoming, Albany Co.: Johnson Ranch, 8 Aug 1897, A. Nelson 3902
(Holotype: RM!; Isotypes: GH!, NY!).
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I view Thermopsis of the western states as one vast complex,
but have divided it into two “convenience” species,
T. macrophylla of the Pacific states,
and T. rhombifolia, which extends east to the high plains.
These combinations provide the needed names.
|
Isely also proposed var. montana based on a Nuttall type, and
var. ovata based on T. ovata Robinson ex Piper.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittman (2012) treat Thermopsis rhombifolia, T. montana, and T. divaricarpa at the rank of species.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Ackerfield (2015) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
This is a polymorphic species with considerable variation
and is often divided into three species (T, divaricarpa, T. montana, and T. rhombifolia).
However, when one examines all three species together,
considerable overlap in morphology is evident.
…
Intermediates between all three taxa can be seen where their ranges overlap.
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|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Trifolium hybridum;
|
Trifolium hybridum L. “Alsike Clover”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Trifolium repens;
|
Trifolium repens L. “White Clover”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Vicia americana;
|
Vicia americana Willd. “American Vetch”
Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(2): 1096 (1802).
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Vicia ludoviciana;
|
Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. “Louisiana Vetch”
There is one collection of Vicia ludoviciana in Golden s.l. that was made under the south side of Castle Rock.
In Jefferson County, there is just one other collection, from Chatfield Farms.
Otherwise, in Colorado there are collections along the northern Front Range,
along the Arkansas River between Canon City and Pueblo,
and then in scattered locations in other parts of Colorado.
The flowers of Vicia ludoviciana are quite small, (4.5)6-8(9) mm., and mostly white,
compared to those of V. americana that are (12)15-22(25) mm. and mostly colored.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Graustein, Jeannette E., 1967.
|
Nuttall left Philadelphia on 2 October 1818, arriving at Fort Smith 24 April 1819.
In mid-May he set off with a small Army detachment and several Cherokees for the Red River,
traveling up the Poteau River and down the Kiamichi River.
Nuttall collected on the Red River for three full days before time for the detachment to return to Fort Smith.
He lost his companions and stayed in the area until mid-June.
During this time he made many collections of new species, including Vicia americana
(Graustein, 1967, p. 144).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Torrey & A. Gray, 1838-1843, publication details;
|
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 271) ...
| Original Text
|
|
8. V. Ludoviciana (Nutt. mss.):
glabrous (except the young shoots) ;
leaflets 10-12, elliptical or obovate, obtuse or emarginate ;
stipules subulate, simple or semisagittate ;
peduncle 2-6-flowered, at length longer than the leaves ;
flowers (minute) closely approximated ;
teeth of the calyx broad, acuminate, shorter than the tube ;
legume broadly sabre-shaped, glabrous, 5-6-seeded ;
seeds compressed, dark brown.
|
|
Grassy places on the Red River, and in Texas, Dr. Leavenworth !
“In Louisiana, Mr. Tainturuer,” Nuttall.
—
♃
Stem 2-3 feet long, rather stout, strongly angled, climbing.
Leaflets 6-8 lines long, 2 lines wide, commonly emarginate.
Stipules very small.
Flowers blue, smaller than in V. Cracca, rarely solitary, often 2-6 on a peduncle.
Legume ¾ of an inch long and 3 lines wide.
—
Mr. Nuttall in his manuscript describes the peduncles as 1-2-flowered,
which is the case in some of our specimens ;
but the peduncles are more commonly at least 4-flowered.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Roth, Albrecht Wilhelm, 1788-1800.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Vicia villosa;
|
Vicia villosa Roth “Hairy Vetch”
Roth, Albrecht Wilhelm, 1757-1834
Tentamen florae Germanicae; continens enumerationem plantarum in Germania sponte nascentium.
[The German flora containing a listing of plants that grow naturally in Germany.]
Lipsiae, In Bibliopolio I.G. Mlleriano, 1788-1800.
Volume 2, part 2, page 186.
“In locis limosis prope Vegesack ante aliquot annos inveni plantam, quae quotannis in horto sterilliori culta non mutavit habitum.
[A few years ago I found a plant in muddy areas near Vegesack,
which has not changed its habit of being cultivated every year in a more sterile garden.]&rduo;
Vegesack is located about 20 km (12 mi) north from the centre of Bremen-city at the mouth of the river Lesum.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Erodium cicutarium;
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Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. ex Aiton “Redstem Stork's Bill”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Aiton, William, 1789.
|
Aiton (1789, v. 2, p. 414) ...
| Original Text
|
|
cicutarium.
|
3. E. pedunculis multifloris, foliis pinnatis :
foliolis feffilibus pinnatifidis.
L' Herit. n. 12.
|
|
|
Geranium cicutarium.
Sp. pl. 951.
Curtis lond.
|
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Hemlock-leav'd Crane's-bill.
|
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|
Nat. of Britain.
|
|
|
Fl. April-September.
H.
☉.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Geranium caespitosum;
|
Geranium caespitosum James “Pineywoods Geranium”
| |
Literature Cited:
- James, Edwin, ed., 1823.
|
James (1823, v. 2, p. 3) ...
| Original Text
| Interpretation and Comments
|
|
About the sandstone ledges we collected a geranium † intermediate
between the crane's bill and herb robert,
the beautiful calochortus, [C. elegans, Ph.] and a few other valuable plants.
|
The party was at the mouth of Platte Canyon.
|
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† G. caespitose, sub-erect, pubescent, sparingly branched above.
Radical leaves reniform deeply 5-7 cleft.
The flower is a little larger than that of G. robertianum,
and similarly coloured,
having whitish lines towards the base of the corrolla.
We also saw here the Campanula decipiens. Pers. Lysimachia ciliata, Ph.
Troximon glaucum, N. with two or three belinging to genera
with which we were unacquainted.
|
Campanula decipiens = ?, maybe Campanula rotundifolia L
Lysimachia ciliata Ph. !, except author was L.
Troximon glaucum N[utt.] = Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Aedo, Carlos, 2001.
- Goodman, George J., and Cheryl A. Lawson, 1995.
|
Goodman and Lawson (1995, p. 199-201) have a long account about this specimen
and its proper name, reaching the conclusion that it should be G. intermedium James.
Aedo (2001) acknowledges the name but accepts our G. caespitosum James.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Geranium richardsonii;
|
Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. “Richardson's Geranium”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
|
Hooker (1840, v. 1, p. 116) … Parts 2 and 3, pages 49-144 of Hooker's Flora of North America were issued in 1830, so even though the flora was not sonsidered complete until 1840, the pages including G. albiflorum Hook. were published in 1830.
Meanwhile G. albiflorum Ledeb., of the Russian flora, was published in 1829, giving it priority.
| Original Text
|
|
2. G. albiflorum ; caule subangulato erecto dichotomo inferne glabro superne piloso-
glanduloso, foliis profunde 5-partitis ovato-acuminatis inciso-subpinnatifidis subpilosis,
radicalibus longe petiolatis, superioribus oppositis breve petiolatis 3-partitis magis acurainatis,
calycibus glanduloso-pilosis, petalis integris (albis) intus filamentis que basi hirsutis, (Tab. XL.)
|
|
Long Latin description omitted.
|
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Hab. Vallies in the Rocky Mountains. Drummond. — This fine species of Geranium seems to hold a
middle rank between the American G. maculatum and the Europaean G. pratense: yet it is, I feel assured,
truly distinct from both. In the former, G. maculatum, the leaves are much less divided, the segments
broader, and the peduncles are quite destitute of glandular hairs : in the latter, the leaves are much more
deeply divided, the segments greatly narrower, and more truly pinnatifid. In both, the blossoms are purple ;
in ours, the flowers are constantly white, even when cultivated, as the plant is in our gardens, and of a firmer
texture. The G. longipes of De Candolle, according to his description, also approaches our plant.
|
|
Tab. XL. Fig. 1, Root-leaf: — natural size. Fig. 2, Petal; fig. 3, Stamen; fig. 4, Calyx and pistil, with
the filaments of the stamens : — slightly magnified.
|
Parts 2 and 3, pages 49-144 of Hooker's Flora of North America were issued in 1830.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fischer, F. E. T., and Ernst Rudolph von Trautvetter, 1838.
|
Fischer & Trautvetter (1838, p. 37) …
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
|
948. Geranium Richardsonii Fisch., Trautv.
G. albiflorum Hook. fl. bor. amer. tab. 40, Bot. mag. tab. 3124. (non Ledeb.).
Nomen erat mutandum ob G. albiflorum Ledeb.
|
“The name was to be changed because of G. albiflorum Ledeb.”
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Geranium viscosissimum;
|
Geranium viscosissimum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. ex C. A. Mey. “Sticky Purple Geranium”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Geranium viscossimum incisum;
|
Geranium viscosissimum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. ex C. A. Mey. var. incisum (Torr. & A. Gray) N. H. Holmgren “Sticky Purple Geranium”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oxalis stricta;
|
Oxalis stricta L. “Common Yellow Oxalis”
| |
|
Linaceae
| |
|
Linum L.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
- Morin, Nancy R., 2016.
- Small, John K., 1907.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Linum pratense, Small, 1907;
|
Small, [J. K. 1907. Linaceae. North American Flora. v. 25, pg. 69]
published a key that distinguishes between L. lewisii and L. pratense
by the length of the sepals.
|
Sepals over 5 mm. long at maturity, over one half as long as the capsule. ... 4. L. Lewisii.
|
|
Sepals less than 5 mm. long at maturity, less than one half as long as the capsule. ... 5. L. pratense.
|
However, the descriptions of the two taxa in FNANM (Morin, 2016) shows considerable overlap in sepal length between them.
Similarly, Ackerfield (2022) also shows considerable overlap between them.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Linum lewisii;
|
Linum lewisii Pursh “Prairie Blue Flax”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 210) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Lewisii
|
2. L. foliolis calycinis ovatis acuminatis, petalis cuneatis apice rotundatis,
foliis sparsis lanceolato-linearibus mucronatis, caulibus altis numerosis.
|
|
|
In the valleys of the Rocky-mountains and on the banks of the Missouri.
M. Lewis.
♃.
July.
v. v.
Flowers large, blue; a very good perennial,
and it probably might become an useful plant if cultivated.
|
| |
|
Phylogeny …
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Linum perenne;
|
Linum perenne L. “Blue Flax”
(Syn: Adenolinum perenne (L.) Rchb. )
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 277) ...
| Original Text
|
|
2. LINUM calycibus capfulisque obtufis, foliis alternis lanceolatis integerrimis.
|
perenne.
|
|
Linum foliis alternis lanceolatis integerrimis, calycibus apice obtifus, capfulis muticis.
Hort. upf. 72.
|
|
|
Linum perenne, ramis foliisque alternis lineari-lanceolatis.
Hort. cliff. 114. Roy. lugdb. 434. Sauv. monfp. 53.
|
|
|
Linum perenne majus caeruleum, calitulo majore.
Morif. hift. 2. p. 573.
|
|
|
Linum fylvestre caeruleum perenne erectus, flore & capitula majore.
Raj. angl. 3. p. 362.
|
|
|
Habitat in Sibiria et Cantabrigiae.
♃
|
|
|
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Linum pratense;
|
Linum pratense (Norton) Small “Meadow Flax”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Norton, J. B. S., 1902.
|
J. B. S. Norton. 1902.
Notes on some plants of the southwestern United States.
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis.
Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 35-41, page 38
|
Linum Lewisii pratense n. var.
|
|
Less than 3 dm. high, wide spreading, diffusely branched
with many sinuous branches, the main stem short; leaves
crowded, narrowly linear, somewhat fleshy, 5 to 15 mm. long,
1 mm. wide; flowers small, whitish; capsule large, very
obtuse. — Saline plains, Kansas to Texas. — Plate VI.
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Type collected in Kearney Co., Kansas, Aug. 27, 1897,
no. 1078, A. S. Hitchcock, in herb. M. B. G.
Other specimens seen are:
Hitchcock, Medicine Lodge, Kan., 1892,
Sherman Co., Kan., 1892,
Cloud Co., Kan., 1892;
Carleton, Cheyenne Co., Kan., no. 192;
Mark White, Grant Co., Okla., no. 196, 1899;
P.J.White, Woods Co., Okla.. no. 46, 1900;
Bush, Catoosa, I. T., no. 1155;
Hall, Dallas, Texas, no. 69, 1872.
Transition forms occur from Texas to Arizona, for example:
Toumey, Flagstaff , 1894;
Wright, no. 69, W. Tex., 1849;
Wislizenus, Rock Creek, N. M., no. 487, 1846;
Fendler, N. M., no. 92, 1847.
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The typical L. Lewisii Pursh, with tall, slightly branched
stems, large blue flowers, larger, more lanceolate leaves and
more pointed capsules, is found in the more mountainous
parts of the Western States.
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Literature Cited:
- Small, John K., 1907.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Small (1907) key for Linum.;
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Small, [J. K. 1907. Linaceae. North American Flora. v. 25, pg. 69]
published L. pratense as a perennial.
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5. Linum pratense (J. B. S. Norton) Small.
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Linum Lewisii pratense J. B. S. Norton, Trans. Acad. St. Louis 12: 38. 1902.
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Plants perennial, 1-6 dm. tall, the stems commonly branched at the base, striate in age;
leaves mainly ascending, commonly numerous and rather crowded on the lower part
of the stem, the blades narrowly linear to linear-subulate, 0.5-1 cm. long, or sometimes
slightly longer, more or less involute, rather succulent; bracts subulate;
pedicels 0.5-1.5 cm. long at maturity and then curved at the base;
sepals mostly 4-5 mm. long at maturity, the outer ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or short-acuminate,
the inner broader than the outer, usually mucronulate, all eciliate;
petals blue, 1-1.5 cm. long, mostly less than 1.5 cm. long;
styles distinct or slightly united at the base;
capsules similar to those of Linum Lewisii in shape,
but less than twice as long as the sepals, the septa ciliate;
seeds about 4 mm. long.
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TYPE LOCALITY: Kearney County, Nebraska.
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DISTRIBUTION : Saskatchewan to Texas and Arizona.
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ILLUSTRATION: Trans. Acad. St. Louis 12: pl. 6.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Tribulus terrestris;
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Simaroubaceae DC., Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 209 (1811)
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ailanthus altissima;
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Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/210121#page/316/mode/1up
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Literature Cited:
- Miller, Philip, 1768.
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Miller, Philip, (1691-1771) 1768
The gardeners dictionary : containing the best and newest methods of cultivating and improving the kitchen, fruit, flower garden, and nursery, as also for performing the practical parts of agriculture, including the management of vineyards, with the methods of making and preserving wine, according to the present practice of the most skilful vignerons in the several wine countries in Europe, together with directions for propagating and improving, from real practice and experience, all sorts of timber trees
Vol. 3
London, Printed for the author and sold by John and Francis Rivington ... [and 23 others], 1768
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/210121#page/316/mode/1up
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10. Toxicodendron (Altiffimum) foliis pinnatis fefiilibus,
lobis acuminatis.
The talleft Poifon-tree with winged
leaves, whofe lobes are pointed, and fit clofe to the foot-ftalks.
Fafi no Ki. Arbor Yernicifera fpuria, fylveftris anguftifolia.
Kemp. Amoen. 794.
The fpurious Vernice-tree with narrow leaves.
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The firft fort grows naturally in many parts of North
America; this has alow fhrubby ftalk, which feldom
rifes more than three feet high, fending out fhoots
near the bottom, which trail upon the ground, putting
out roots from their joints, whereby it multiplies
and fpreads greatly ; fo that when it is not confined or
trained up to a fupport, the ftalks feldom rife upward.
If the ftalks happen to be dole to a wall, they emit
roots which faften to the joints in the wall, and fupport
themfelves when they are fevered from the root ;
and the ftalks of fuch plants will become more ligneous,
and rife much higher, than thofe which grow
in the ground. The foot-ftalks of the leaves are near
a foot long ; the leaves are compofed of three oval
heart-fhaped lobes, which are fmooth and entire, each
lobe ftanding upon fhort foot-ftalks ; the lobes are
five inches long, and three inches and a half broad ;
the two fide lobes are oblique to the foot-ftalk, but
the middle one is equal ; they have many tranfverfe
veins running from the midrib to the borders. The
flowers come out from the fide of the ftaik in loofe
panicles; they are of an herbaceous colour and fmall,
fo make little appearance. Some plants have only
male flowers, which have five ftamina in each ; thefe
decay without producing fruit, but upon the other
plants are only female flowers, which have a germen
and three very fhort ftyles ; thefe are fucceeded by
roundifh, channelled, fmooth berries of a gray colour,
which inclofe one or two feeds, but thefe feeds do
not grow unlefs fome male plants are near them. The
plants flower in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This plant, whence once planted in a garden, will
propagate faft enough by its trailing branches, which
put out roots at every part. It will thrive in almoft
any foil or fituation.
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Reveal (1991) writes that this can only be T. radicans (L.) Kuntze var. radicans,
the common poison ivy of eastern North America.
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The fecond fort grows naturally in many parts of
North America. The ftalks of this fort rife higher
than thofe of the former; the branches are flender but
ligneous ; they have a brown bark, and are garnifhed
with downy leaves ftanding upon pretty long foot-
ftalks ; thefe are compofed of three oval lobes about
two inches long, and one and a half broad, indented
angularly, and are hoary on their under fide. The
male flowers, which are produced on feparate plants
from the fruit, come out from the fide of the ftalks
in clofe fhort fpikes ; thefe are of an herbaceous colour,
and have five fhort ftamina in each. The female
flowers are produced in loofe panicles ; thefe are
in fhape and colour like the male, but are larger, and
have a roundifh germen, fupporting three very fhort
ftyles ; thefe are fucceeded by roundifh berries which
ripen in autumn.
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Toxicodendron pubescens Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, per Reveal (1991).
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The third fort grows naturally in North America ;
this has a fhrubby branching ftalk which rifes fix or
feven feet high, covered with a brown bark. The
branches are ligneous, and grow erect ; they are garnifhed
with fmooth trifoliate leaves, whofe lobes are
oval, fpear-fhaped, and have a few fmall indentures
on their borders ; they are near three inches long,
and one and a half broad, with feveral tranfverfe veins
from the midrib to their borders. The male and female
flowers grow upon feparate plants ; their fhape
and colour is like thofe of the former, and the fruit
is alfo like that.
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=T. radicans (L.) Kuntze var. radicans
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The fourth fort grows naturally in Virginia, Penfylvania,
New England, and Carolina ; from all thefe
countries I have received feeds and plants of it, and
it alfo grows in japan. This, in the countries where
it grows naturally, rifes with a ftrong woody ftalk to
the height of twenty feet or upward, but in England
we feldom fee any of them more than five or fix feet
high ; the reafon of this is from the plants being tender,
fo are deftroyed in fevere winters but I have
feen fome plants which were kept in pots and fheltered
in winter, upward of ten feet high, in the garden of
Samuel Reynardfon, Efq; at Hillendon, which, after
his death were purchafed, with all his other exotic
plants, by Sir Robert Walpole. This has a ftrong
woody ftalk, covered with a light brown bark inclining
to gray, branching out on every fide. The branches
are garnifhed with winged leaves, compofed of two
or three pair of lobes terminated by an odd one. The
lobes vary greatly in their flhape, but for the moft
part they are fpear-fhaped, about three or four inches
long, and one and a half broad in the middle; they
are fometimes rounded at their bafe, but end in acute
points ; their upper furface is fmooth, and of a lucid
green, but their under fide is pale and a little
hairy. The foot-ftalks of the leaves change to a
bright purple colour, efpecially toward the latter part
of fummer, and in autumn all the leaves are of a
beautiful purple colour before they fall off. The
male flowers are produced in loofe panicles from the
wings of the branches ; they are fmall, of an herbaceous
white colour, compofed of five fmall roundiflh
petals, and have five fhort ftamina within, terminated
by roundiflh fummits. The female flowers are upon
feparate plants from the male, and are difpofed on
loofe panicles ; thefe are fhaped like the male, but
are fomewhat larger, and have in their center a roundifh
germen, fupporting three very fhort ftyles, crowned
with globular ftigmas. The germen afterward
turns to a berry variable in fhape, fometimes almoft
oval, at others fhaped like a fmall fpear; but the
moft general form is roundifh, with a protuberance
almoft like the Cicer; thefe include one feed. It
flowers in July, and in warm feafons the female plants
produce fruit, but they do not ripen here.
This is undoubtedly the fame plant which is mentioned
by Dr. Kempfer in his Amoenitates Exoticarum,
by the title of Sitz, vel Sits Adju, or Arbor
vernicifera legitima, folio pinnato juglandis, fructu
racemofa Ciceris facie, p.791, 792. The true Varnifh-tree
with a Walnut-tree leaf, and a branching
fruit like Cicers. But the figure he has exhibited of
this plant, is the moft inaccurate of any perhaps to be
found in any of the modern books of botany ; it is
drawn from a fide fhoot of a branch which has been
cut off, fo has neither flower nor fruit to it, and being
a vigorous flioot, the leaves are very different in
fize and fhape from thofe on plants which have not
been headed ; and his deftription of the leaves feems
to have been taken from this branch, otherwife he
could not have compared them to thofe of the Walnut-tree.
He feems to have been confcious of this
fault, by his adding another figure of the plant in
fmall under his own, taken from a Japan Herbal, in
which there is a much better reprefentation of it than
his own conveys. How a perfon, who was employing
himfelf in making drawings of plants, in a country
where the natural hiftory of it was fo little known,
fhould make choice. of fuch an imperfect fample for
his figure, is amazing ; for there can be no doubt of
his meeting with perfeft plants in flower or fruit, in
a place where the fhrubs are cultivated fo plentifully
as he mentions ; and in his ddcription of it, he fets
out by comparing the height of the fhrubs to thofe
of Willow, than which he could not have chofen any
plant by way of comparifon, which would have conveyed
a more indetermined idea ; for it is well known
there are different fpecies of Willow, whofe growth
is from four to forty feet high; therefore there can
be no other way of reconciling his defcription with
what he afterward mentions, when he is giving an
account of the method ufed by the natives in collefting
the varnifh, where he fays the fhrubs are cut
down every third year, but by comparing their growth
with that of the Willows, which are cut down for
fuel, &c. every four or five years.
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= Ulmus glabra Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 4 (1768) nom. illeg.
This name is a synonym of Ulmus minor subsp. minor, fide World Flora Online (2026).
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However, as the dried famples of this plant which he
brought to Europe, agrees with the American Toxicodendron
here mentioned, and the milky juice of
both have the fame qualities of ftaining, fo there can
be no doubt of the plants being the fame; therefore if
it is thought that varnifti may be of public utility, it
may be collected in plenty in moft of the Englifh
fettlements in North America.
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= Ulmus glabra Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 4 (1768) nom. illeg.
This name is a synonym of Ulmus minor subsp. minor, fide World Flora Online (2026).
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Kempfer has alfo given a figure and defcription of a
fpurious Varnifh-tree, which is called Fafi-no-Ki by
the natives, and is by him titled Arbor vernicifera
fpuria, fylveftris anguftifolia. Spurious wild Varnifh-tree
with a narrow leaf, which he fays agrees with the
other in every part, excepting the lobes of the leaves,
which are narrower. This led me into a miftake in
the former editions of the Gardeners Dictionary, by
fuppofing their difference might arife from culture
only ; but having fince raifed from feeds a fhrub
which has all the appearance of his fpurious Varnifh-tree,
and is evidently a diftinct fpecies, if not a different
genus from the true fort, I am certain Kempfer
has been guilty of a great miftake in this particular.
The feeds of this were font from China, for thofe of
the Varnifh-tree ; but when I fowed them, I remarked
they were pretty much like thofe of the Beech-tree,
but fmaller, being thick on one fide and narrow on
the other, in fhape of a wedge, from whence I fuppofod
there were three of the feeds included in one capfule.
There is a fhrub of this kind now growing in
the Chelfea Garden, which is more than twenty feet
high, but, as it has not yet produced flowers, I am
at a lofs where to range it, therefore have placed it
here till it has fhewn its flowers. How Dr. Linnaeus
came to change the title of this plant, and remove it
to another clafs, I am at a lofs to account; for had he
feen the plants growing, or had fpecimens of it, I am
certain he would not have done: for though fometimes,
in very vigorous growing plants, the flowers
have frequently fix or feven ftamina, yet their conftant
number is rarely more than five : and how fome
other perfons, from whom he had this intelligence,
has fuppofed the true Varnilh-tree and the wild one
were the fame, I am at as great a lofs to guefs ; for
the leaves of the true Varnifh-tree has feldom more
than four pair of lobes, but the wild fort has fourteen
or fixteen pair, and the lobes are differently
formed.
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= Ulmus glabra Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 4 (1768) nom. illeg.
This name is a synonym of Ulmus minor subsp. minor, fide World Flora Online (2026).
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Literature Cited:
- Miller, Philip, 1768.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Toxicodendron rydbergii;
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The fifth fort grows naturally in North America,
from whence the feeds were a few years fince brought
to England; this has a fhrubby ftalk which fends out
many ligneous branches, covered with a fmooth purple
bark, and garnifhed with trifoliate leaves, ftanding
upon foot-ftalks an inch long ; the lobes are oval,
about two inches long, and one and a half broad in
the middle, of a deep lucid green on their upper
fide, but of a pale green on their under, and are
deeply crenated or indented on their edges, their bafe
joining clofe to the foot-ftalks, The leaves, when
bruised, emit an odour like that of Orange-peel, from
whence the gardeners have titled it the fweet-fcented
Toxicodendron. The male flowers are produced in
fhort clofe panicles; they are fmall, and of an herbaceous
white colour ; they grow upon feparate plants
from the fruit, which grow in fparfed panicles, and are
of an oval fhape.
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= T. rydbergii Rydb.
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The fixth fort grows naturally in North America.
The ftalks of this fort emit roots their whole length,
whereby they faften to trees or any neighbouring fupport,
and climb to the height of fix or eight feet ;
thefe are garnifhed with trifoliate oval leaves, which
are fmooth, and cut into finufes on their edges. The
lobes are four inches long and two broad. The
flowers are produced in fhort panicles from the fide of
the branches ; they are male and female on different
plants like the other fpecies.
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= T. rydbergii Rydb.
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The feventh fort was lent me by Mr. John Bartram
from Philadelphia, by the title of Great Toxicodendron;
this hath trailing roots which run near the furface
of the ground, fending up ftalks in different
places ; the leaves ftand upon long foot-ftalks ; they
have chiefly three lobes, but fome have four. The
lobes are obtufe, rough, and fawed on their edges.
They are four or five inches long, and three broad ;
this fort has not as yet flowered in England, fo I can
give no farther defcription of the plant at prefent :
thefe forts are all of them fo hardy as to thrive in the
open air in England, but the fourth fort is often deftroyed
by fevere froft, fo fhould be planted in a warm
fituation.
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= T. pubescens Miller, per Reveal (1991).
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The firft, fixth, and feventh forts propagate in plenty
by their creeping ftalks and roots ; the others are propagated
by laying down their branches, which will
put out roots in one year, and may then be taken
off and tranfplanted, either in the places where they
are to remain, or in a nurfery, to grow two or three
years to get ftrength before they are planted out for
good. They are alfo propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown on a bed of light earth, and when the
plants come up they muft be kept clean from weeds
the following fummer ; and before the froft comes on
in autumn, the bed fhould be hooped over, that the
plants may be covered with mats, for otherwife the
early frofts will kill their tops, which frequently caufes
their ftalks to decay to the ground ; for as the plants
are tender, and generally fhoot late the firft year,
they are in much greater danger than when they get
more ftrength. In fpring the plants may be tranfplanted
into nurfery-beds to grow a year or two, and
may then be tranfplanted for good.
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Thefe plants are preferved by the curious in botany
for the fake of variety, but as there is little beauty in
them, there are not many of the forts cultivated in
in England. The wood of thefe trees, when burnt,
emits a noxious fume, which will fuffocate animals
when they are fhut up in a room where it is burnt :
an inftance of this is mentioned in die Philofophical
Tranfactions by Dr. William Sherard, which was communicated
to him in a letter from New England by
Mr. Moore, in which he mentions fome people who
had cut fome of this wood for fuel, which they were
burning, and in a fhort time they loft the ufe of their
limbs, and became ftupid fo that if a neighbour had
not accidentally opened the door, and feen them in
that condition, it is generally believed they would
foon have perifhed. This fhould caution people from
making ufe of this wood for fuch purpofe.
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When a perfon is poifoned by handling this wood,
in a few hours he feels an itching pain, which provokes
a fcratching, which is followed by an inflammation
and fwelling. Sometimes a perfon has had his legs
poifoned, which have run with water. Some of the
inhabitants of America affirm, they can diftinguifh
this wood by the touch in the dark, from its extreme
coldnefs, which is like ice; but what is mentioned of
this poifonous quality, is moft applicable to the fourth
fort here mentioned, which, by the defcription, agrees
with this fpecies.
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The juice of the tree is milky when it firft iffues out
of the wounded part, but foon after it is expofed to
the air it turns black, and has a very ftrong foetid
fcent, and is corroding ; for I have obferved, on cutting
off a fmall branch from one of thefe fhrubs, that
the blade of the knife has been changed black in a
moment’s time, fo far as the juice had fpread over it,
which I could not get off without grinding the knife.
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The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica on the
red hills, and Campeachy, in great plenty. It has a
thick woody ftem which rifes near thirty feet high,
with a fmooth Afh-coloured bark, fending out ligneous
branches on every fide, which have a hairy rufty-coloured
bark, and are garnifhed with trifoliate leaves
which have hairy foot-ftalks two inches long. The
lobes are fpear-fhaped, about four inches long, and
two broad in the middle, drawing to points at both
ends ; they are unequally fawed toward the top, and
have many tranfverfe veins running from the midrib
to the borders ; they are of a dark green on their upper
fide, but have a brown woolly down on their under
fide. The flowers are ranged in a fingle racemus,
which fprings from the wings of the branches; they
are fmall, of a yellowifh colour, and the female
flowers are fucceeded by fmall, oval, fmooth berries,
of an Orange colour when ripe.
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In his 1768
The Gardeners Dictionary (8th edition), Philip Miller listed several "sorts" of Toxicodendron.
The "eighth sort" he described, which he noted as growing in Jamaica,
is now known as Metopium brownei (commonly called Caribbean poisonwood or Chechen).
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The ninth fort grows naturally about Carthagena in
New Spain ; this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk twelve or
fourteen feet high, covered with a gray bark, fending
out a great number of branches on every fide,
which are garnifhed with trifoliate fmooth leaves,
whofe lobes are oval, fpear-fhaped, and oblique to
their foot-ftalks ; they are near three inches long, and
an inch and a half broad, running out in long acute
points. The male and female flowers are upon different
plants ; they are formed in loofe panicles, are
fmall, and of a dirty white colour. The female flowers
are fucceeded by fmall, oval, fmooth berries, each
including one feed.
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The location is probably Cartagena, Columbia.
While Miller did not assign a valid binomial to this specific "sort" in his 1768 text
(unlike Toxicodendron altissimum, which he listed as the tenth sort),
later taxonomists identified this Cartagena species as Toxicodendron striatum.
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The two laft forts are tender plants, fo will not thrive
in this country without the affiftance of artificial heat ;
they are propagated by feeds, when thefe can be procured
from the countries where the plants grow naturally.
Thefe fhould be fown as foon as they arrive
here, in pots filled with light earth, and plunged
into a tan-bed. Sometimes the plants will come up
the fame year, but the feeds often lie long in the
ground when they are fown in the fpring; and when
they do not grow the firft year the pots fhould be
plunged in the bark-bed in the ftove in autumn, where
they fhould be plunged into a frefh hot-bed under a
frame, which will foon bring up the plants. When
thefe are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted
in a fmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged in-
to a new tan-bed, obferving to fhade them from the
fun till they have taken new root; then they fhould
be treated in the fame way as other tender exotic plants,
which are conftantly kept in the bark-ftove.
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The tenth fort came from China. This grows to a
large fize, fending out many branches on every fide,
which are garnifhed with very long winged leaves,
each leaf having fourteen or fixteen pair of lobes,
which fit clofe to the midrib ; as this has not produced
flowers in England, fo we are at a lofs where to
place it, but it is hardy enough to live in the open air
in winter. This propagates faft enough by the many
fuckers fent out from the roots.
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This sort is our Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle or “Tree of Heaven.”
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Literature Cited:
- Reveal, James L., 1991.
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I asked Google AI (20 Feb 2026), “Miller (1768) discusses ten sorts of Toxicodendron altissima.
Has anyone published an analysis of the ten sorts and applied modern species names to them?”
AI Overview
Yes, Philip Miller’s
The Gardeners Dictionary (8th Edition, 1768) is a landmark text, and because many of his names were ignored for centuries, 20th-century botanists performed significant work to link his descriptions to modern, accepted scientific names.
While Miller listed ten "sorts" (species/varieties) under the genus Toxicodendron (which he separated from Rhus), the most thorough modern analysis and typification of these specific 1768 names was published by James L. Reveal in the journal Taxon in 1991.
The Analysis (Reveal 1991)
In his article "Typification of six Philip Miller names of temperate North American Toxicodendron (Anacardiaceae) with proposals (999–1000) to reject T. crenatum and T. volubile" (Taxon 40: 333–335), Reveal examined the types to bring order to Miller’s taxa.
- Toxicodendron pubescens Miller (1768): This is the key name established by Miller. It is now accepted as the correct name for Eastern Poison Oak (Toxicodendron pubescens), often previously listed under illegitimate names like T. toxicarium.
- Toxicodendron altissimum Miller (1768): This is actually an exception to the poison ivy/sumac group. Miller used this name for what is known today as the Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima), which was introduced to Europe from China via seeds sent to him.
- Other "Sorts": Miller’s other descriptions often represented variations of T. radicans (Poison Ivy), T. rydbergii (Western Poison Ivy), or T. vernix (Poison Sumac). Reveal noted that several of Miller's names were essentially ignored or misapplied, which is why modern nomenclature often relies on other early authors (like Linnaeus, Michaux, or Greene) for the standard, accepted names.
Key Takeaway
The 1768 names were analyzed, and Miller's Toxicodendron pubescens is the recognized, accepted name for Eastern Poison Oak. The "ten sorts" are generally considered to be variations within the North American Toxicodendron complex (poison ivy/oak) plus the confusion of the Ailanthus species included in his list.
If you are looking at a specific "sort" from Miller's list (e.g., sort #3, #4), Reveal's 1991 Taxon article is the definitive reference mapping those descriptions to modern names.
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Literature Cited:
- Swingle, Walter T, 1916.
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Swingle, Walter T., 1916, Part 1.
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BOTANY.
—
The early European history and the botanical name
of the Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus altissima.
Walter T. Swingle, Bureau of Plant Industry.
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The story of the first introduction of the Tree of Heaven from
China into Europe presents some features of interest which seem
to have been overlooked by botanists and arboriculturists of
recent times.
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INTRODUCTION INTO EUROPE FROM CHINA
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The seeds of the Tree of Heaven were first sent from China
to the Royal Society of London in 1751 by Pierre d'Incarville,
a French Jesuit missionary then residing at Peking.
He sent the
seeds under the impression that they were secured from the
lacquer or varnish tree at Nanking. These seeds were turned
over to Philip Miller at Chelsea Gardens and to Philip Carteret
Webb at Busbridge near London.
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About four years later, on March 18, 1755,1 Philip Miller,
writing to the Royal Society from Chelsea, notes that "the seeds,
which were sent to the Royal Society some years ago, for those
of the true varnish-tree, by the Jesuits at China, prove to be of
this wild sort;"… [Kaempfer's "Fasi no ki. Arbor vernicifera
spuria, sylvestris, angustifolia" =Rhus succedanea L.].
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John Ellis, afterwards famous for his discovery of the Venus
fly trap, Dionaea muscipula, sent to the Royal Society on
November 8, 1756, an illustrated paper2 on the lacquer or varnish tree
in which he contends that the trees raised at Busbridge and
Chelsea from seed sent by Pierre d'Incarville are not the spurious
varnish tree of Kaempfer, but a new species of sumac of which
he says: "As it has not been yet described, I shall call it …
'Rhus sinense foliis alatis, foliolis oblongis acuminatis, ad basin
subrotundis & dentatis.'"3 He mentions that in Mr. Webb's
greenhouse the foliage developed an odor so intensely disagreeable
that he frequently got headache and a sickness at the stomach
by remaining too long near it. In the summer of 1755 he
measured a leaf 3 feet in length and also notes that the tree
"throws out a great number of suckers." The base and tip of
a leaf are figured and the leaflets show near the base the prominent
dentation characteristic of the Tree of Heaven and quite
unlike the lacquer tree (Rhus vernicifera DC.) or the false lacquer
tree (Rhus succedanea L.).
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Philip Miller replied to Ellis, in a paper published in the
Philosophical Transactions two years later,4 attributing the discrepancies
between the leaf characters of Kaempfer's spurious
varnish tree, the "Fasi no hi" of Japan, and the tree grown from
the seeds sent from China by Pierre d'Incarville to the difference
in situation of the leaves, those of Kaempfer's figure being
supposed to be on fruiting branches, while those figured from
the tree in Mr. Webb's garden were taken from lower branches.
He goes on to cast doubt on the idea of the tree belonging to
Rhus, as the seeds he planted "were shaped like a wedge, being
thicker on one edge than the other, and not unlike those of the
beech-tree."5
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Ellis, in turn, replied to Miller's criticism in the same number
of the Philosophical Transactions (pp. 441-456, pls. 17-18), defending
his view that the American poison sumac, the Japanese
true varnish tree, the Japanese false varnish tree, and the so-called
Chinese varnish tree are all different species, and in particular
insisting that d'Incarville's supposed China varnish tree
was distinct from the Japanese false varnish tree. To substantiate
his claim he figured side by side a leaf from d'Incarville's
tree grown in Mr. Webb's garden and one of Kaempfer's
false varnish tree from the Sherardian herbarium at Oxford.
He also examined Kaempfer's specimens in the British Museum.
It is but just to say that in this contention Ellis has been fully
justified by later botanists.
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In neither of his articles did Ellis adopt the Linnaean trivial
names introduced in the Species Plantarum, published in 1753
(only two to four years before), and so did not publish a name for
the Tree of Heaven valid under our present rules of nomenclature.
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This appears to have been done for the first time in 1774
when Houttuyn in his Natuurlyke Historie reprinted Ellis's Latin
diagnosis with the second word set off in parentheses and printed
in italics, thus: "Rhus (Sinense) Foliis alatis, Foliolis oblongis
acuminatis, ad basin subrotundis et dentatis." This is a method
of publishing trivial names adopted by Linnaeus in editing the
works of travel written by his pupils and also used a few years
previously by Philip Miller in the 8th edition of his Gardeners'
Dictionary, published in 1768. As Ellis had in the meantime
adopted the Linnaean nomenclature,6 it was perfectly proper for
Houttuyn to make effective Ellis's vigorously expressed view
that the Tree of Heaven constituted a new species of Rhus distinct
from the Chinese lacquer or varnish tree and from the
Japanese false varnish tree.7
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Owing to the delay in the publication of Ellis's name it was,
unfortunately, antedated by Toxicodendron altissimum, published
by Philip Miller in the eighth edition of his Gardeners' Dictionary
(1768). Without a knowledge of Miller's previous papers it
might easily be assumed that this name was applied to the false
varnish tree of Kaempfer, which is cited as a synonym after a
very short description. However, a closer study shows unmistakably
that the name is based on the plant grown in England
from the seeds sent by d'Incarville. The specific name altissimum,
explained in the English paraphrase as the "tallest Poison-tree,"
is significant, since the wax tree of Japan (the spurious
varnish tree of Kaempfer, Rhus succedanea) is not taller than the
oriental lacquer tree, Rhus vernicifera DC, or the American
poison sumac, Rhus Vernix L., which two latter species were
held by Miller to be a single species, Toxicodendron pinnatis.
The note in the body of the text referring to the new species is
still more explicit. It reads as follows: "The tenth sort came
from China. This grows to a large size, sending out many
branches on every side, which are garnished with very long
winged leaves, each leaf having fourteen or sixteen pairs of lobes,
which stick close to the midrib; as this has not produced flowers
in England, so we are at a loss where to place it, but it is hardy
enough to live in the open air in winter. This propagates fast
enough by the many suckers sent out from the roots."
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There can be no longer any doubt that Miller is basing his
new species on the plants grown by him in England. The tall
growth, the very long leaves, the abundant suckering, all apply
to the Tree of Heaven and not to the Japanese wax tree. Furthermore,
his doubts as to the botanical position of the new species,
which he puts as the last of the species of Toxicodendron, are
doubtless based on his memory of the unusual shape of the seeds
he planted in 1751 and would not be justified by anything to be
found in Kaempfer's description or figures. We must, then,
conclude that Miller's Toxicodendron altissimum was based on
the Tree of Heaven grown in England from seeds sent from China
by Pierre d'Incarville in 1751 and that the validity of his species
is in no way impaired by his citing of Kaempfer's Fasi no Ki,
Arbor vernicifera spuria, etc., Amoen. Exot. 5: 794, as a synonym,
but merely proof that he persisted in his mistaken notion
that these two were the same species.
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In September, 17S2, Friedrich Ehrhart, in the course of a
journey in Holland, visited the commercial nurseries of a Mr.
Brakel in the outskirts of Utrecht just in front of the
Kermis-Waterpoortje. Here he found many rare plants, among them,
growing in the open, a tall tree looking something like Juglans
nigra and having a trunk a foot thick. He named it Rhus
Cacodendron,8 basing his diagnosis on leaf characters alone, as he
had no flowers or fruits. His article was dated Herrenhausen,
23 Nov., 1782.
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In an article dated Herrenhausen, 4 Aug., 17S3. published in
1788. Ehrhart reprinted his diagnosis of Rhus Cacodendron, which
he calls the large-leaved sumac ("Der grossblattrige Sumac"),9
adding that it is a native of North America and occurs in the
Dutch gardens and also at Harbke.
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In the Memoires de l' Academie Royale des Sciences for 1786,
published at Paris in 1788, Rene Louiche Desfontaines described
the Tree of Heaven as Ailanthus glandulosa, new genus and new
species. This excellent description, accompanied by a good copper
plate drawn by L. Freret. is based on a fertile tree growing,
presumably at Paris, in the garden of M. le Monnier, first
physician-in-ordinary to the king.
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In the following year, 1789, William Aiton in his Hortus Kewensis
recognized Rhus Cacodendron as a synonym of Ailanthus glandulosa
Desf., in spite of Ehrhart's error in assigning a North
American origin to his species. Up to within a very few years
Desfontaines' name has been almost universally applied to the
Tree of Heaven, but recently (in 1912) Ehrhart's older name,
Rhus Cacodendron, was taken up by Schinz and Thellung and
transferred to the genus Ailanthus, as A. Cacodendron, on the
supposition that this was the oldest valid name for this species.
As has been shown above, this is not the case, there being at least
two older trivial names applied to this species.
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Literature Cited:
- Swingle, Walter T, 1916.
|
Swingle, Walter T., 1916 Sect 2
|
The oldest valid name applied to the Tree of Heaven was
Toxicodendron altissimum; consequently its synonomy becomes as
follows:10
|
Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle, comb. nov.
Toxicodendron Altissimum Miller. Gard. Diet., ed. 8. 1768.
Rhus Sinense Ellis: Houttuyn. Natuur. Hist.. II. 2: 212. 1774.
Rhus Cacodendron Ehrhart, Hannov. Mag.. 21: 225-226. Feb., 1783;
Beitrage, 2: 111. 1788.
Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris. 1786: 265. pl. 8.
1788: L'Heritier. Stirp. Nov.. 179-1S1. pi. 84. 1791.
Ailanthus procera Salisbury, Prodr. 171. 1796.
Pongelion glandulosum Pierre, Fl. Cochinchin., 4: text pl. 294. 1893.
Ailanthus Cacodendron Schinz & Thellung, Mem. Soc. Sci. Xat. Cherbourg, 38: 679. 1912.
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In spite of the derivation of the generic name from the native
name of a tree growing in Amboyna, Ailanthus is not based upon
the Amboyna species described by Rumphius but on A. glandulosa,
as Desfontaines says that the Arbor coeli11 of Rumphius
seems to belong to his genus, which of course makes it clear that
he does not definitely include it.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Swingle, Walter T, 1916.
|
Swingle, Walter T., 1916 Sect 3
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ORIGIN OF THE NAME "TREE OF HEAVEN"
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The common name of this tree also has a curious history. At
first it was supposed to be the Chinese varnish tree, because seeds
had been sent from China under that name by d'Incarville.
When Desfontaines constituted a new genus for this Chinese
species he named it Ailanthus from the native name Aylanto of
a tree growing in Amboyna. as he thought the Amboyna tree
probably belonged to the same genus. Rumphius, in his
Herbarium Amboinense, says:12 "Arbor coeli is called in Malay Caju
langit, in Amboyna, Aylanto, that is, heaven-tree,13 as if they
would accuse it of lacerating the heaven because of its height."
Rumphius had previously said it was the tallest tree known to
him in Amboyna.
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Rumphius' species (Ailanthus Pongelion Gmel., figured in Herb.
Amboin 3, pl. 132) was at first confounded with the Chinese tree
and probably this led to the transfer of the Malayan name,
"tree of heaven," to the Chinese species. Even without this
confusion of the species, the name "tree of heaven" could easily
be formed by a mere translation of the generic name.
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Curiously enough, although the modern Chinese name around
Peking is Ch'ou Ch'un or stinking ch'un (in contrast to
Hsiang Ch'un or fragrant ch'un, Cedrela sinensis Juss.), it
is known to the Chinese poets of older times as Shen shu
or God's tree. It is interesting to note that this old Chinese
epithet is exactly translated in the German Gotterbaum. Su Shih
(or Su Tung-po), 1036-1101 A. D., a famous scholar of the Sung
dynasty, wrote a stanza beginning, "Since ancient times it was
called God's tree," and goes on to lament the departure of the
spirit formerly supposed to dwell within this tree. (Imperial
Encyclopedia, T'u shu chi ch'eng, Science, Vegetable Kingdom,
Bk. 253). In the Book of History and in other ancient Chinese
works this plant is called Ch'u, which name is still used
in some parts of China at the present time.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Swingle, Walter T, 1916.
|
Swingle, Walter T., 1916 Sect 4
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THE TREE OF HEAVEN IN THE UNITED STATES
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According to A. J. Downing, the Tree of Heaven was introduced
directly from China into Rhode Island under the name
tillou.14 Sprouts from the roots of these original trees were used
to propagate the species which was common in the nurseries of
this country as early as 1841, when Downing published the first
edition of his famous work on landscape gardening.15
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Ailanthus altissima grows like a weed and is in fact a common
weed in the towns and villages of the northern United States.
Even in the outskirts of New York, Washington, and other large
cities it is spreading rapidly over waste land by means of its
abundant root sprouts. It is undeniably a handsome tree and
grows most luxuriantly even in cities where smoke and dust harm
most other trees; furthermore, its foliage is almost immune to
attack by insects. The leaves fall suddenly in autumn after the
first frosts, exposing the smooth-barked branches which are destitute
of small lateral twigs.
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Experts have prized the wood of the Tree of Heaven very
highly both for fuel and for cabinet-making. They have ranked
its wood with that of the white oak, black walnut, and birch for
fuel, and considered it as having few superiors among woods in
temperate regions as material for the cabinet-maker's use. Its
heavy, strong, clear, light-yellow wood does not shrink or warp
in drying and although coarse grained it takes a fine polish. It
is said to produce wood, even on poor soil, more than twice as
fast as any native tree having wood of anything like the same
fuel value.16
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The greatest drawback to this tree is the disagreeable odor
of the male flowers, probably carried by the pollen, which is said
also to cause irritation of the throat and eyes, to some persons
at least. If only fertile trees are propagated, which is easily
done by taking suckers from seed-bearing trees, this drawback
is in large part overcome, for the fertile trees, although usually
having fertile stamens, do not produce nearly so much pollen
as the male trees.
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Other drawbacks to this species as an ornamental tree are its
habit of sprouting profusely from the roots and the fact that its
leaves and twigs are malodorous if rubbed or bruised even
slightly. Ailanthus trees, if cut off after they are once well
established, send up astonishingly vigorous shoots that
sometimes grow 12 to 15 feet high in a single season and bear leaves 4
or 5 feet long. Because of this they are sometimes used as a
screen, being cut to the ground every year.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Swingle, Walter T, 1916.
|
Swingle, Walter T., 1916 Sect 5
|
AILANTHUS A FOOD FOR WILD SILK WORMS
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In China a silk worm, Attacus cynthia or Philosamia cynthia,
feeds on the leaves of Ailanthus and produces a very durable kind
of silk, similar to shantung or pongee. An account of the wild silk
worms of China was published in 1777 by the French Jesuit
missionary Martial Cibot.17 He noted this tree under its Chinese
name, Ch'ou ch'un (tcheou-tchun), as one of the three species on
which the Chinese wild silk worm feeds. This Ailanthus silk
worm has been introduced into Europe and America and has
become naturalized in the eastern United States. It would be
hard to find a plant capable of producing a larger bulk of leaves
than the Tree of Heaven, and as these so-called wild silk worms
feed out of doors and can endure cold and even wet weather, it
would seem worth while to experiment in raising them in this
country for silk production.
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Literature Cited:
- Swingle, Walter T, 1916.
|
Swingle, Walter T., 1916 Sect 6
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FOOTNOTES
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1 Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, 491 : 163. 1756.
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2 Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 492 : 870-871, pi. 25, fig. 5. 1757.
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3 The Latin term alatis, in English winged,
was used by both Ellis and Miller to denote what we now call pinnate.
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4 Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 501 : 430-440. 1758.
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5 This would indicate that the seeds had been removed from the indehiscent
winged fruit. Perhaps this unusual method of treating the seeds may have been
to deceive d'Incarville, who supposed he was sending seeds of the lacquer or
varnish tree from Nanking when in reality he was sending seeds of the Tree of
Heaven, disguised by having been removed from the fruits. The herbarium of
d'Incarville, now in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris, contains specimens
of Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. collected at Peking, with a note: "Cet arbre
resemble au Frene, mais le fleur ny le fruit conviennent point au Frene, son fruit
resemble plus tost a l'Erable." (Franchet. Les plantes du pere d'Incarville
dans l' herbier du Museum d'histoire naturelle de Paris. Bull. Soc. Bot. France,
29: 7. 1882.)
As d'Incarville noted the similarity of these fruits to those of the maple he
would doubtless not have been deceived by the Ailanthus seeds had they not
been taken out of the fruit.
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6 In 1708 he wrote an account of the famous Venus fly trap,
naming it Dionaea muscipula.
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7 The fact that this tree was not listed as a separate species by Houttuyn, but
was merely referred to incidentally in his account of Rhus Vernix L., does not
invalidate this publication, since he refers in the same way on a preceding page
to Rhus succedanea published by Linnaeus, whom he professes to follow.
Furthermore, though he refers to Ellis's species under Rhus Vernix L., he could not
have meant it as a synonym, since he says it seems to be more nearly related to
Rhus javanica L., which he describes in another place.
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8 Ehrhart, Friedrich. Meine Reise nach der Graffshaft Bentheim, und von
da nach Holland, nebst der Retour nach Herrenhausen. Hannoverisches Magazin,
21: 225-226 (No. 15. Feb. 21), 1783; reprinted in Ehrhart. Beitrage zur
Naturkunde, etc. 2: 111. 1788.
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9 Ehrhart, Friedrich. Bestimmung einiger Baume und Strduche aus unsern
Lustgebuschen. Beitrage zur Naturkunde, 3: 20. 1788.
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10There is no warrant for using the generic name Pongelion Adans., 1763, or
Pongdium Scopoli, 1777, for this tree and its congeners, since no species were
published under either name until 1893, when Pierre resuscitated Pongelium
under the mistaken idea that it was established before Ailanthus of Desfontaines.
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11 "Il [Ailanthus glandulosa] est originaire de la Chine,
& l'arbor coeli de Rumphius, hort. amboin. que les Indiens appelent ailanthe,
dans leur langue, est une
espece qui nous paroit appartenir au genre que nous venons de decrire; c'est
pourquoi nous avous conserve cette denomination pour nom generique. "
Desfontaines. Memoire sur un nouveau genre d'arbre Ailanthus glandulosa.
L'Ailanthe glanduleux. Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1786: 271. 1788.
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123: 206. According to the Century Dictionary (1913 Edition, 1: 121) the
native name aylanto is apparently derived from ai lanit, a Moluccan form of the
Malayan kayu langit, tree of the sky.
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13 Possibly this ties up with the "heaven-tree," said by James H. Murray (New
English Dict., 5: 177) to be a "mythical tree, which figures in some Malay and
Polynesian beliefs, as reaching from the under-world to the earth, or from earth
to heaven."
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14 This name cannot at present be traced; it is perhaps a South Chinese name,
as the China merchants of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries traded
chiefly with Canton.
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15 Downing, A. J. A treatise on the theory and practice of landscape
gardening, Ed. 1, p. 174. 1841.
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16 [Stiles, William Augustus]. The Ailanthus, [Editorial] in Garden and
Forest, 11: 385-386. 1888.
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17 Cibot, Pierre Martial. Sur les vers a soie sauvages. Mem. concernant
l'hist. les sciences etc. des Chinois, 2: 575-598. Paris, 1777
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EUPHORBIACEAE Juss. — Spurge Family
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Chamaesyce fendleri;
|
Chamaesyce fendleri (Torr. & A.Gray) Small “Fendler's Sandmat”
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1857b.
Locations:
Big Spring.
|
Torrey & Gray (1857) described Euphorbia fendleri in their report on the botany of the Pacific Railroad Survey.
The collector was Dr. J. M. Bigelow.
Dr. Gray, though, had already seen this plant among Fendler's collections.
| Original Text
| Comments
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Euphorbia Fendleri, (n. sp.): branching and diffuse from a somewhat woody caudex. smooth ;
leaves stipulate, opposite, broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, on very short petioles, subcordate
and oblique at the base; involucres solitary, on short peduncles; gland transversely oval, with
a narrow entire somewhat 2-lobed border; capsule smooth; seeds obovate, a little rugose transversely,
gelatinous when moistened. Big Springs of the Colorado; April. This species is No.
800 of Fendler's New Mexican collection. It is a small plant, throwing off many branches that
spread on the ground, forming a little patch from three to six inches in diameter. The leaves
are 3-4 lines long, and are often of a purplish tinge, especially underneath.
|
Big Springs of the Colorado is now Big Spring, Howard County, Texas. The creek is now called Beals Creek, and
it joins the Colorado River some 35 miles to the southeast.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Small, John Kunkel, and Per Axel Rydberg, 1903.
|
Small (1903) made some nomenclatural changes without comment.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Chamaesyce glyptosperma;
|
Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small “Ribseed Sand Mat”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey John, 1859.
|
In Torrey, John (1859), the section on Euphorbiaceae was written by George Engelmann, M.D.
That would explain why Dr. Engelmann is considered the author of a name published by Dr. Torrey.
The botanist on the Mexican Boundary Commission was Dr. Charles Parry.
| Original Text
|
|
Euphorbia glyptosperma (nov. spec.) : erecto patula seu demum decumbens ; foliis e basi
valde obliqua (latere inferiore producta) aequilatis oblongis s. oblongo-linearibns obtusis versus
apicem subserratis s. integriusculus ; stipulis setaceis laciniatis, anthodiis alaribus demum in
glomerulos laxos laterales confertig ; appendiculis brevibus integris seu crenatis ; stylis brevibus
apice bilobis, stigmatibus subglobosis ; seminibus ovatis argute rugosis ad angulos acutos
crenatis. E. polygonifolia, Hook. FL Bar, Am. fide spec. auctoris non Linn.
|
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β. tenerrima : foliis parvulis angustis apice vix crenulatis ; involucri minuti glandulis vix
seu non appendiculatis. On the Rio Grande ; also on the Arkansas, and extending to the
upper Missouri. (No. 1853, 1855, and 1856, Wright.) From a few inches to a foot high. The
larger northern forms have leaves 3 to 6 lines long and 1 to 2 lines wide. In β the leaves are
1 to 3 lines long and ½ to 1 line wide ; involucrum in the latter only 0.3 line long. Seed very
sharply cross-ribbed, similar to that of E. prostrata, and notched at the angles.
|
Wright is Charles Wright, a friend of Asa Gray, who collected in Texas and New Mexico in 1849 and 1851-53.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Euphorbia myrsinites;
Euphorbia esula;
|
Non-Native Euphorbia L. — Spurge
Several of our non-native Euphorbias as noxious weeds, e.g., E. myrsinites and E. esula, and are discussed among the Noxious Weeds, above.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Euphorbia brachycera;
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Euphorbia brachycera Engelm. “Horned Spurge”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey John, 1859.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
empty table;
|
George Engelmann described E. brachycera in Torrey (1859, p. 192) citing a collection by Charles Wright
in western New Mexico.
| Original Text
|
|
Euphorbia brachycera (nov. spec.): annua (?), multicaulis, ramosa, erecta, glaberrima; foliis
in petiolum brevissimum angustatis lanceolatis seu lineari-lanceolatis acutis mucronatis ; umbella
3-fida seu rare 4-5-fida; ramis pluries bifidis; bracteis inferioribus ovato-Ianceolatis superioribus
rhombeo-orbiculatis mucronatis; glandulis brevissime obtuseque cornutis; seminibus majusculis
ovatis maculis irregularibus saepe confluentibus leviter impressis. Western New Mexico; Wright,
(No. 1821.) Many stems a foot high from a stout but apparently annual or biennial root;
leaves 6-9 lines long, about 2 lines wide, patulous (not erect as in E. esulaeformis) regularly
lanceolate ; upper part of the stem quite ramose ; horns shorter than in any of our species, and
sometimes almost rudimentary. Seed 1 line in length, similar to those of E. esulaeformis,
montana and Roemeriana.
|
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|
Euphorbia dentata Michx. “Toothed Spurge”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
- Michaux, Andre, 1803.
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Described by Michaux (1803).
| Original Text
|
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dentata. E. annua; pumila, hirsuta : foliis oppositis , ovalibus , dentatis :
floribus ad summitates congestis.
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Obs. Folia superiora maculosa.
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Hab. in Tennasee , juxta Nashville.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Euphorbia esula;
|
Euphorbia esula L. “Leafy Spurge”
This plant has low severity poison characteristics. The sap contains diterpine esters in milky latex which is toxic on ingestion and highly irritant externally, causing photosensitive skin reactions and severe inflammation, especially on contact with eyes or open cuts. The toxicity can remain high even in dried plant material. Prolonged and regular contact with the sap is inadvisable because of its carcinogenic nature.
Linnaeus (v. 1, p. 461) notes that the plant is native to Germany, Belgium, and France.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Euphorbia marginata;
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Euphorbia marginata Pursh “Snow on the Mountain”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 607) ...
| Original Text
|
|
14. E. umbella 3-fida: bis dichotoma, involucro foliiforme,
involucellis oblongis cordatis margine membranaceis
coloratis, foliis lanceolato-oblongis subcordato-amplexicaulibus
acutis glaucescentibus glabris, appendicibus
calycinis petaloideis subrotundis, capsulis pilosis.
| marginata.
|
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On the Yellow-stone river. M. Lewis. ☉. July.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
A very handsome species ;
the white margin of the involucre and white petal-like appendices
have a fine contrast with the elegant soft green leaves.
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Euphorbia myrsinites L. “Myrtle Spurge”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Euphorbia myrsinites;
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Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 461-462) ...
| Original Text
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50. EUPHORBIA umbella fuboctifida :
bifida, involucellis fubovatis,
foliis fpathulatis patentibus carnofis mucronatis margine fcabris.
Diff. euph. 52.
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Myrfinites.
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Euphorbia inermis, foliis fuperioribus reflexis latioribus lanceolatis,
umbella univerfali trifida ,
partialibus bifidis.
Hort. cliff. 199.
Hort. upf. 141.
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Euphorbia inermis, foliis ligulatis fpinula terminatis,
ad umbellam duodenis.
bracteis trigonis fpinula terminatis.
Sauv. monfp. 51.
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Tithymalus myrfinites latifolius. Bauh. pin. 296.
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Tithymalus myrfinites legittimus. Cluf. hift. 2. p. 189.
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Habitat in Calabria, Monfpelli.
♃
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Caules multi, pedales, diflexi, virides, inferme a cafu foliorum cicatrifati.
Folia alterna, fpathulata, coriacea, concava, glauco-viridia, patentia,
mucronata, margine fubscabra, fuperiora reflexa.
Umbella 7-9 fida radiis femel bifidis.
Involucrum univerfale foliolis 7-9, ovatis, tenuioribus, acutis ;
Involucella diphylla, fubcordata, lariora, concava, acuta, margine fubfcabra.
Flores intrainvolucella primaria & fecundaria mafculi, reliqui hermaphroditi.
Calyces ore ferrati.
Petala 4, flava, bicornia apicibus teretibus nitentia.
Capufulae glabrae.
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Linnaeus does not mention toxicity of the species.
Locations given by Linnaeus are Calabria (Italy) and Montpellier (France).
POWO shows the native distribution to be Italy south and east to Iran. Nativity or distribution in France is not mentioned.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Euphorbia peplus;
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Euphorbia peplus L. “Petty Spurge”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Euphorbia spathulata;
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Euphorbia spathulata Lam. “Warty Spurge” or “Spoonleaf Spurge”
Online (SEINet and CCH2) records contain determinations of the following synonyms:
- Euphorbia arkansana
- Euphorbia arkansana var. atrosemina
- Euphorbia dictyosperma
- Euphorbia obtusata
- Tithymalus mexicanus
- Tithymalus missouriensis
- Tithymalus spathulatus
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Literature Cited:
- Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 1786.
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Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de [1744-1829]
and
Jean-Louis-Marie Poiret, Jean-Louis-Marie [1755-1834],
1786.
Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique .
Paris,Ličge : Panckoucke;Plomteux, 1783-1808.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15260
| Original Text
| Translation
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56. Euphorbe fpatule,
Euphorbia fpathulata. Euphorbia umbella trifida , dichotoma : foliis alternis oblongo-fpathulatis fubferratis. N.
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56. Euphorbe spatule,
Euphorbia spatulata. Euphorbia umbellum trifid, dichotomous: leaves alternate oblong-spathulate with subserrate. N
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Euphorbia caule dichotomo , foliis ovato-oblongis , floribus fingularibus in fingulo dichotomiae finu feffilibus.
Commerf. Herb.
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Euphorbia dichotomous stem , ovate-oblong leaves, flowers singular in each dichotomous branch, sessile.
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Plante glabre , dont les tiges hautes d'un pied ou un peu plus ,
font munies de rameaux petits & alternes.
Ses feuilles font aiternes , feffiles , oblongues-fpatulees , legerement dentelees , glabres , & a peine longues d'un pouce.
L'ombelle eft compofee de trois rayons deux ou trois fois bifides.
Les trois folioles de la collerette font ovales-oblongues ; les bractees leur reffemblent ,
mais elles font un peu plus petites & asuminees.
Les capfules font glabres.
M. Commerfon a trouve cette plante pres de Monte-Video.
Elle paroit herbacee.
( v. f. )
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Hairless plant, whose stems a foot or a little more high,
are provided with small & alternate branches.
Its leaves are alternate, thin, oblong-spatulate, slightly serrated, glabrous, and barely an inch long.
The umbel is composed of three rays two or three times bifid.
The three leaflets of the collar are oval-oblong; the bracts resemble them,
but they are a little smaller & asuminees.
The capsules are glabrous.
Mr. Commerfon found this plant near Monte-Video.
Herbaceous.
(Seen in the dried state.)
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Euphorbia virgata;
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Euphorbia virgata Engelm. “Leafy Spurge”
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Literature Cited:
- Waldstein-Wartenbur, Franz de Paula, Graf von & Kitaibel, Pál, 1799-1802.
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Published by Waldstein & Kitaibel (v. 2, 1802) as being native to Hungary, Croatia, and Slavonia (eastern Croatia).
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Edwin James collections;
Tragia ramosa;
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Tragia ramosa Torr. “Branched Noseburn”
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John G., 1828.
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Torrey (1828, v. 2, p. 245) ...
| Original Text
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407. Tragia ramosa, caule herbaceo, piloso, ramosissimo ;
foliis petiolatis, ovato-lanceolatis, argute serratis, subtus
hirsutis, basi subcordatis ; racemis ♂ filiformibus, paucifloris, basi ♀
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Desc. Stem about a span high, much branched, slender, hairy.
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, with acuminate serratures,
base acute or subcordate ; under surface hirsute, upper with a few appressed hairs;
petioles one-third of an inch long, with subulate stipules at the base.
Racemes axillary towards the upper part of the stem.
Sterile flowers superior, 6-8, on short, filiform, bracteate pedicels.
Calyx 4-parted, segments lanceolate, recurved, apex inflexed.
Stamens 4.
Pistil abortive.
Fertile flowers.
Calyx 5-parted.
Stigmas 3, large, recurved.
Capsule tricoccous, hispid.
Seeds perfectly spherical, smooth.
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Hab. Sources of the Canadian?
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Obs. Resembles T. urticifolia, but differs in its narrow
leaves, much branched, and smoother stem.
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey John, 1859.
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Torrey (1859, v. 2, pt. 1, p. 200-201) ...
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TRAGA RAMOSA, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. New York, 2, p. 245.
T. angustifolia, Nutt. l. c.
T. scutellariaefolia, Scheele^ l. c. Gravelly hiills of the Limpio; Bigelow.
Ravines of the Organ mountains, April ; Parry.
On the upper Rio Grande, New Mexico; Fendler, No. 776.
Perhaps only a var, of the last. It differs chiefly in being much smaller and erect, with the leaves
scarcely at all cordate. Var.? leptophylla : foliis linearibus integris vel remote denticulatis. —
Near Howard's Springs; Bigelow; No. 1796, Wright. Plant woody at the base, about a span
high, and branched from the base. Stem and branches sparingly hirsute. Leaves 1-1¼ inch
long and 1-2 lines wide. Spikes few-flowered ; the lowest flowers fertile. Flowers as in T.
ramosa, etc.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rhus glabra;
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Rhus glabra L. “Smooth Sumac”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rhus trilobata;
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Rhus trilobata Nutt. Squawbush.
Rhus L. is a Linnean name published in his Species plantarum in 1753,
although the name had been previously used in six other works that Linnaeus cites.
The genus is native to temperate and tropical Asia, Europe, Africa, the Pacific region, and North and South America.
There are ten other names that are synonyms for Rhus including Lobadium Raf.
that is now treated as a group within Rhus and contains our R. trilobata.
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Literature Cited:
- Aiton, William, 1789.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
♄;
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Since Rhus trilobata is sometimes reduced to the rank of variety or subspecies under Rhus aromatica Ait. we need to understand the source of that name and its distribution.
R. aromatica was described from a plant growing in the Kew Gardens, in 1789.
The plant was provided to the garden in 1772 by John Bartram.
The source of the plant was “Carolina,” which we now separate into North and South Carolina.
Aiton's description is:
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Mixed Latin and English
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My Interpretation of the Mixed Latin and English
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11. R. foliis ternatis :
foliolis sessilibus ovato-rhombeis inciso-serratis pilosiusculis.
Aromatic Sumach.
Nat. of Carolina. Mr. John Bartram.
Introd. 1772.
Fl. May. H. ♄.
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aromati-
cum.
| 11. R[hus] leaves in three parts : leaflets sessile, ovate-rhomboid, serrate, puberulent(?).
Aromatic Sumac.
Native to Carolina. [Collected by] Mr. John Bartram.
Introduced (to Kew Garden) in 1772.
Flowers in May. Hardy. Shrubby.
| aromatica
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As was common at the time, Aiton used the astrological sign for Saturn to indicate shrubby plants.
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Literature Cited:
- Graustein, Jeannette E., 1967.
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
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Rhus trilobata was published by Torrey & Gray (1838-1843) from a manuscript written by Nuttall.
From the location “Rocky Mountains” and the date of publication — 1838 —
it is likely Nuttall made his collection on the Nathaniel Wyeth expedition of 1834-1836 (Graustein, 1967, pp. 277-304).
It seems as though the author should be “Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray,”
but no one seems to spell it out that way.
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§ 3.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous :
disk glandular, deeply 5-lobed (lobes opposite the petals) :
drupe globose, villous :
nut smooth, compressed:
flowers in short aments, preceding the leaves.
Leaves 3-foliolate.
— Lobadium, Raf.
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8. R. aromatica (Ait.) …
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9. R. trilobata (Nutt ! Mss.) :
“leaves glabrous, small ;
lateral leaflets obovate, obtuse, 3-lobed at the apex or nearly entire ;
terminal leaflet cuneiform, 3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe sometimes 3-toothed.
“In the central chain of the Rocky Mountains.
—
A low leafy shrub ;
the leaves much smaller than in R. aromatica :
terminal leaflet broad, ½–1 inch in length ;
lateral ones smaller.
Drupes scarlet, acid ;
the nut flat, scarcely striate.”
Nutt.
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Graustein (1967), Nuttall's biographer, does not mention Rhus trilobata or Nuttall's collection of it.
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Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1871.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Rhus trilobata, Barkley, 1937;
Locations:
Raft River Mountains.
Salt Lake Valley.
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The Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel was a geological survey made by order of the Secretary of War
under the direction of Brig. and Bvt. Major General A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, by Clarence King, U. S. geologist.
More commonly known as the Fortieth Parallel Survey, the survey conducted field work from 1867 to 1872, exploring the area along the fortieth parallel north from northeastern California, through Nevada, to eastern Wyoming.
Volume 5, Botany, was written by Sereno Watson (1871) with the assistance of Drs. Gray and Torrey and others.
Asa Gray reduced R. trilobata to the rank of variety, which was published in this volume by Watson.
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Rhus aromatica, Ait., Var. trilobata, Gray.
(R. trilobata, Nutt.)
Leaves small, rarely exceeding 1' in length, usually glabrous ; leaflets lobed, the divisions entire or sparingly crenate.
—
Growing in dense leafy clumps, 3-6° high, and having a heavy disagreeable odor,
It is the prevalent western form, extending from Western Texas to Southern California,
and throughout the Rocky Mountains to the Upper Missouri.
Found on the foot-hills around Salt Lake Valley and at the north base of the Raft River Mountains, Utah. (219.)
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The Raft River Mountains are just northwest of the Great Salt Lake. The number (219) is the collection number that Watson applied when he distributed the specimens.
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Literature Cited:
- Barkley, Fred Alexander, 1937.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Rhus aromatica var. trilobata, Watson, 1871;
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Barkley (1937) treats both Rhus aromatica and R. trilobata at the species rank.
R. aromatica var. trilobata Gray (in Watson, 1871) is placed in synonomy with R. trilobata.
No comment is made regarding the treatment of either species, except that R. trilobata is an
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... extremely variable assemblage of plants probably best treated taxonomically as a single polymorphic species running into
several more or less consistent geographic variations…
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Barkley also recognizes eight varieties of R. trilobata.
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Literature Cited:
- Harrington, H. D., 1964, 2nd ed..
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Harrington (1964, 2nd ed.) accepts Rhus trilobata Nutt. Ex T. & G. and one variety, var. simplicifolia (Greene) Barkley.
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, W.A., B.C. Johnston, and R. Whittmann., 1981.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Rhus aromatica ssp. trilobata, Weber, 1989;
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Weber, et al. (1981) published Rhus aromatica Ait. subsp. pilosissima (Engelm.) W. A. Weber,
without the similar new combination for R. trilobata.
This will be corrected in Weber (1989).
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., 1989.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Rhus aromatica, Weber, et al., 1981;
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Rhus aromatica Ait. Subsp. trilobata (Nutt.) W.A. Weber was published in Weber (1989) with the following explanation:
This is a combination inadvertantly omitted from an earlier treatment of Rhus (Weber, et al. 1981).
Neither publication gives any hint of why Weber reduces R. trilobata to a variety of Rhus aromatica
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Literature Cited:
- Welsh, Stanley L., N. Duane Atwood, Sherel Goodrich, and Larry C. Higgins, 1993.
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Welsh et al. (1993) accept R. aromatica var. trilobata, and one variety, var. simplicifolia (Greene) Conq.
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Literature Cited:
- Miller, Allison J., David A. Young, and Jun Wen, 2001.
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Miller, et al. (2001) paper about the phylogeny and biogeography of Rhus based on ITS sequence data
is hidden behind a paywall.
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Abstract.
Rhus L. (sensu lato) has been considered the largest and most widespread genus in the Anacardiaceae.
Controversy has surrounded the delimitation of the genus.
Historically, seven segregate genera have been recognized:
Actinocheita, Cotinus, Malosma, Melanococca, Metopium, Searsia, and Toxicodendron.
These genera, together with Rhus s.str., are commonly referred to as the Rhus complex.
Rhus s.str. Includes two subgenera, Lobadium (ca. 25 spp.) and Rhus (ca. 10 spp.).
Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were employed to examine the monophyly of Rhus s.str.
And to provide insight into the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of the genus.
The ITS data set indicates that Rhus s.str. Is monophyletic.
Actinocheita, Cotinus, Malosma, Searsia, and Toxicodendron are distinct from Rhus s.str.,
although the relationships among these genera of the Rhus complex are not well resolved.
Rhus subgenus Rhus is paraphyletic; the monophyletic subgenus Lobadium is nested within it.
The ITS data set indicates that, for Rhus, the Madro-Tertiary floristic element (subgenus Lobadium) had a single origin within the Arcto-Tertiary floristic element (subgenus Rhus).
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Literature Cited:
- Anderson, Michelle D., 2004.
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Fire Effects Information System
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Literature Cited:
- Yi Tingshuang, Allison J. Miller, and Jun Wen, 2004.
- Yi, Tingshuang, Allison J. Miller, and Jun Wen, 2004.
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Phylogenetic and biogeographic diversification of Rhus (Anacardiaceae) in the Northern Hemisphere
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Literature Cited:
- Yi, Tingshuang, Allison J. Miller, and Jun Wen, 2007.
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Yi, et al. (2007) published a similar paper on phylogeny of Rhus based on sequences of nuclear and chloroplast genetics found that
(1)Species of Rhus form a monophyletic group … (9) R. aromatica and R. trilobata are sister taxa.
With two notable exceptions … species of subgen. Lobadium were resolved into two clades: …
and (2) R. aromatica–R. trilobata and R. integrifolia–R. ovata.
The present distributions of R. microphylla, R. aromatica–R. trilobata, R. lanceolata, and R. copallina
indicate that the opportunity for hybridization between some or all of these species exist (and likely existed)
in the southwestern U. S. and northern Mexico.
This is one of several phylogeny of Rhus papers that treat both R. aromatica and R. trilobata at the rank of species,
although the relative rank of those two entities is not central to the purpose of those papers.
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Literature Cited:
- Andres-Hernandez, A. R., and T. Terrazas, 2009.
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Andres-Hernandez (2009) published their analysis of leaf architecture of Rhus.
This was part of their PhD thesis, and will be integral to a later paper (2014) on phylogeny of Rhus
using structural and molecular data.
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Literature Cited:
- Schalau, Jeff, and Gene Rwaronite, 2010.
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In their publication on wildfire risk reduction in Arizona's interior chaparral, Schalau & Twaronite (2010) list Rhus trilobata as suitable for use in eildfire survivable space.
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
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Weber & Wittmann (2012) accept R. aromatica Aiton ssp. trilobata (Nuttall) W. A. Weber,
which Weber published in 1989,
and one subspecies, ssp. pilosissima (Engelmann) W. A. Weber,
which Weber published in 1981.
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Literature Cited:
- Andres-Hernandez, Agustina Rosa, Teresa Terrazas, Gerardo Salazar, and Helga Ochoterena, 2014.
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For R. aromatica, the leaf texture is described as membraneous and the aureole is described as imperfect.
For R. trilobata, the leaf texture is described as chartaceous and the aureole is described as incomplete.
This is another of several phylogeny of Rhus papers that treat both R. aromatica and R. trilobata at the rank of species,
although the relative rank of those two entities is not central to the purpose of those papers.
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
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Ackerfield (2015) accepts Rhus trilobata Nutt.,
placing R. aromatica Aiton in synonomy,
and accepts three varieties: var. simplicifolia (Greene) Barkl., var. pilosissima Engelm., and var. trilobata.
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Literature Cited:
- Idaho Firewise, 2017.
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Idaho Firewise (2017) lists Rhus trilobata as one of the best shrubs for Zones 1 and 2.
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Kuhns & Daniels (2018) list Rhus trilobata as a recommended firewise shrub for Utah.
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Toxicodendron Mill.
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Literature Cited:
- Miller, Philip, 1754.
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| Original Text
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TOXICODENDRON, Poifon-tree, vulgo.
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The Characters are ;
The Flower confifts of five Leaves,
which are placed orbicularly, and expand
in form of a Rofe ; out of whofe
Flower-cup rifes the Pointal, which
afterward becomes a roundifh, dry,
and, for the moft part, furrowed
Fruit, in which is contained one comprefs'd Seed.
The Species are ;
1. Toxicodendron triphyllum
glabrum. Tourn. Three - leav'd
fmooth Poifon-tree.
2. Toxicodendron triphyllum,
folio finuato pubefcente. Tourn. Three-
leav'd Poifon-tree, with a finuated
hairy Leaf.
3. Toxicodendron rectum, foliis
minoribus glabris. Hort. Elth.
Upright Poifon-tree, with fmaller
fmooth Leaves.
4. Toxicodendron rectum pentaphyllum
glabrum, foliis latioribus.
Smooth five-leav'd upright Poifon-tree,
with broader Leaves.
5. Toxicodendron amplexicaule,
foliis minoribus glabris. Hort. Elth.
Climbing Poifon-tree, with fmaller
fmooth Leaves.
6 Toxicodendron foliis alatis,
fructu rhomboide. Hort. Elth. Poifon-tree
with wing'd Leaves, and a Fruit
fhap'd like a Rhombus.
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The two firft Species were brought
from Virginia, many Years fince,
where they grow in great Plenty, as
it is probable they do in moft other
Northern Parts of America. The
firft Sort feldom advances in Height ;
but the Branches trail upon the
Ground, and fend forth Roots, by
which they propagate in great Plenty.
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The fecond Sort will grow upright,
and make a Shrub about four
or five Feet high, but rarely exceeds
that in this Country. This may be
propagated by Layers, and is equally
as hardy as the former.
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The third Sort here mention'd
grows erect to the Height of five or
fix Feet : the Leaves of this Kind are
much fmaller, than thofe of the
common Poifon-oak ; but the Branches
of this are flexible, fo that it
will never make a Shrub of any great
Height or Strength.
|
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The fourth Sort was found in
Maryland, from whence the Seeds
were fent to England. This grows
more upright than the former, and
by the Appearance of the young
Plants, feems to be a Shrub of much
larger Growth.
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The fifth Sort is a Native of Virginia,
from whence I received the
Seeds : this puts out Roots from the
Branches, which faften themfelves
to the Stems of Trees, or the Joints
of Walls, by which the Branches
are fupported.
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The fixth Sort is a low Shrub,
feldom rifing more than five Feet
high. All the Sorts of Toxicodendron
differ in Sex, the Male never
producing any Fruit, having fmall
herbaceous Flowers, without any
Embryoes.
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Thefe Plants are preferv'd by the
Curious in Botany, for the fake of
Variety ; but as there is little Beauty
in them, they are not much cultivated
in England. The Wood of thefe
Trees, when burnt, emits a noxious
Fume, which will fuffocate Animals
when they are fhut up in a Room
where it is burnt : an Inftance of
this is mention'd in the Philofophical
Tranfactions by Dr. William Sherard,
which was communicated to him in
a Letter from New-England by Mr.
Moore, in which he mentions fome
People who had cut fome of this
Wood for Fuel, which they were
burning, and in a fhort time they
loft the Ufe of their Limbs, and became
ftupid ; fo that if a Neighbour
had not accidentally open'd the
Door, and feen them in that Condition,
it is generally believ'd they
would foon have perifh'd. This
fhould caution People from making
ufe of this Wood.
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All thefe Sorts are hardy Plants,
which will thrive in the open Air in
this Country ; but they love a moift
Soil, and fhuld be planted under
Trees in Wilderneffes, where they
will thrive very well, and endure the
Cold better than where they have a
more open Expofure. They may
be propagated by Seeds, or from
Suckers, which fome of the Sorts
fend forth in plenty, or by laying
down the Branches of thofe Sorts
which do not put forth Suckers ;
which in one Seafon will be fufficiently
rooted to tranfplant ; when
they mould be planted where they
are defign'd to remain. The beft
Time to remove thefe Shrubs is in
March, becaufe then there will be
no Danger of their fuffering by
Froft.
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When a Perfon is poifoned by
handling this Wood, in a few Hours
he feels an itching Pain, which
provokes a Scratching, which is followed
by an Inflammation and Swelling.
Sometimes a Perfon has had his Legs
poifon'd, which have run with Water.
Some of the Inhabitants of
America affirm, they can diftinguifh
this Wood by the Touch in the
Dark, from its extreme Coldnefs,
which is like Ice : but what is mention'd
of this poifonous Quality, is
applicable to the fixth Sort here
mention'd ; which, by the Defcription,
agrees with this Species.
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This Sort of Poifon-tree is not only
a Native of America, but grows
plentifully on the Mountains in Japan,
where it is called Fafi No Ki ;
and from this Tree they extract one
Sort of their Varnifh or Lacca, which
they ufe for japanning their Utenfils :
but this is not their beft Kind of Varnifh,
that being made of the Juice of
another Tree, which is alfo very
poifonous, and nearly allied to this ;
and from which fome Writers think
it differs only by Culture.
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The Juice of this Tree is milky,
when it lffues oat of the wounded
Part ; but foon after it is expofed to
the Air, it turns black, and has a very
ftrong fetid Scent, and is corrodeing :
for I have obferved, on cutting
off a fmall Branch from one of thefe
Shrubs, that the Blade of the Knife
has been changed black in a Moment's
time, fo far as the Juice had
fpread over it ; which I could not get
off without grinding the Knife.
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As this Tree is very common in
Virginia, Carolina, and New-England,
it would be well worth the Inhabitants
Trial, to make this Varnifh.
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Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1905.
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Greene (1905, p. 114) segregated Toxicodendron from Rhus, again.
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Segregates of the Genus Rhus
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No taxonomic problem is easier, no fact more thoroughly
established, than the identity of the original species, i.e., the
type species of the genus Rhus ; because during more than a
dozen centuries before even Tournefort, the species was but one,
and that familiar to all writers about plants as the variously
useful shrub of the whole Mediterranean region commonly
called Rhus, but also long before Linnaeus written of under the
binary name of Rhus coriaria, which name he also adopted.
The genus was all this while supposed to be monotypical ;
Rhus coriaria, the only Rhus. This fact is so easily apparent
in bibliography, that there is no room for any controversy as to
what is the type of the genus; and neither Tournefort nor
Linnaeus, with the genus in view, could well have done otherwise
than they did in placing it first in the list of species ; placing
it as the type.
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In the seventeenth century the genus received two indubitable
accessions from North America in the shrubs now known as
Rhus hirta and R glabra. Nobody questioned or doubted that
these were of that genus. But along with these importations
from our shores came the Poison Ivy ; a type which no authority
did at first, or for a long time after, think of as possibly to
be associated with Rhus congenerically.
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Tournefort, before the end of the seventeenth century, proposed
for the two forms known to him the rank of a genus,
which he very fitly named Toxicodendron. Linnaeus suppressed
the genus; but Philip Miller promptly restored it; and several
more since Miller's time have insisted on its validity as a proper
genus, so that now it bids fair for permanent recognition in the
taxonomy of coming years.
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A recension of the species of Toxicodendron is no easy
task; so far from easy, I find it one of the most difficult I have
hitherto undertaken. The best treatment of the genus extant,
as to the early and typical species, is that of Dillenius in 1732.
Linnaeus twenty years later, as his custom was, reduced the
genus to Rhus and confused the species. Philip Miller sixteen
years after this restored the genus, and also the Dillenian
species of it, adding excellent descriptions of two or three new
ones. In these two classic revisions of Tournefort's
Toxicodendron, and not at all in Linnaeus, lie the means of
identifying all the species early recognized.
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The following represents my present understanding of the
names and principal syonymy of the known species.
|
Greene goes on to nominate T. vulgare Mill. as the type of Toxicodendron.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Toxicodendron rydbergii;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Ailanthis altissima, Miller, 1768;
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Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene “Western Poison Ivy”
See also Miller (1768) description of our plant as the fifth and sixth species under his Toxicodendron altissimum.
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Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1900a.
|
Rydberg (1900, pp. 268-269) first recognized Western Poison Ivy as a distinct species in his
Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and Yellowstone National Park.
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* Rhus Rydbergii Small.
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A single-stemmed shrub, less than a meter high, with grayish,
somewhat striate bark ; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate with petioles
6-12 dm. long; leaflets 3-10 cm. long, broadly ovate, often somewhat
rhomboid, rather thick, bright green, strongly veined beneath,
glabrous except the veins on the lower surface, with wavy or sinuately
toothed margins ; flowers in small conical axillary panicles,
which are much shorter than the petioles, their branches short ;
flowers yellow; petals about 3 mm. long, ovate, whitish yellow with
greenish streaks; fruit when ripe white and shining,' a little
depressed-globular, 5-6 mm. in diameter.
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It has been invariably mistaken for R. Toxicodendron, which has
pubescent sinuatelv lobed leaflets, and is confined to the southeastern
United States. From R. radicans (R. Toxicodendron var. radicans),
it differs in never being a climber, but always an erect shrub, in the
thicker, somewhat glaucous leaves, the smaller and denser panicles,
and the larger flowers and fruit. Both grow together in Nebraska,
and they always remain distinct. The present species occurs on hillsides
and in open woods, from Kansas to Arizona and British Columbia.
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Montana: Great Falls, 1885, R. S. Williams, 291;
northern Montana, F. W. Anderson.
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Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1905.
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Greene (1905, p. 117) provided a name for Rhus Rydbergii in Toxicodendron.
| Original Text
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T. Rydbergii. Rhus Rydbergii, Small, in Rydb. Fl. Mont.
268, in part. Well distinguished by Mr. Small, for the plant
of Montana, occurring in Wyoming, mountain districts of Colorado,
southward even to New Mexico, apparently, but hardly
including that of Washington and Oregon.
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
- World Flora Online, 2026.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Acer glabrum;
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Acer glabrum Torr. Rocky Mountain Maple.
Synonyms and infra-specific taxa per World Flora Online (WFO, 2026).
Synonyms of Acer glabrum Torr.
- Acer barbatum Hook. Fl. Bor. Ant. i. 113.
- Acer glabrum f. bicolor Pax
- Acer glabrum var. greenei A.C.Keller Amer. Midl. Naturalist 27: 500 (1942)
- Acer glabrum subsp. neomexicanum (Greene) E.Murray
- Acer glabrum var. torreyi (Greene) Smiley Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 9: 261 (1921)
- Acer glabrum subsp. torreyi (Greene) A.E.Murray Kalmia 3: 14 (1971)
- Acer glabrum var. tripartitum (Nutt.) Pax Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 7: 218 (1886)
- Acer glabrum f. tripartitum (Nutt.) Schwer. Gartenflora 42: 650 1893
- Acer glabrum f. trisectum Sarg. J. Arnold Arbor. 2: 166 (1921)
Weber & Wittmann (2012) note that 3-parted leaves (forma trisectum Sargent) are more common in the southern counties.
- Acer torreyi Greene Pittonia 5: 2 (1902)
- Acer tripartitum Nutt. Fl. N. Amer. 1: 248 (1838)
- Acer glabrum f. monophyllum Schwer. Gartenflora 42: 650 1893
Varieties in Acer glabrum
- Acer glabrum var. diffusum (Greene) Smiley Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 9: 261 (1921)
- Acer diffusum Greene Pittonia 5: 2 (1902)
- Acer glabrum subsp. diffusum (Greene) A.E.Murray Kalmia 3: 14 (1971)
- Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 438 (1892)
- Acer douglasii Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1846) 77. t. 6.
- Acer glabrum subsp. douglasii (Hook.) Wesm. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 29: 46 (1890)
- Acer subserratum Greene Pittonia 5: 1 (1902)
- Acer glabrum var. neomexicanum (Greene) Kearney & Peebles J. Washington Acad. Sci. 29: 486 (1939)
Ackerfield (2022) includes variety neomexicanum with A. glabrum var. glabrum.
- Acer glabrum var. parvifolium A.E.Murray Kalmia 11: 4 (1981)
- Acer neomexicanum Greene Pittonia 5: 3 (1902)
- Acer glabrum subsp. neomexicanum (Greene) A.E.Murray Kalmia 2: 1 (1970)
- Acer glabrum var. siskiyouense A.E.Murray Kalmia 13: 3 (1983)
- Acer glabrum subsp. siskiyouense A.E.Murray Kalmia 13: 3. 1983
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John G., 1828.
|
Torrey (1828, p. 172) ...
| Original Text
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48. Acer glabrum,
foliis subrotundis, 5-7-lobis, basi truncatis, lobis acute dentatis, utrinque glabris ;
corymbis pedunculatis ;
fructibus glabris, alis divergentibus, lato-ovatus.
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Hab. On the Rocky Mountains.
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Obs.
Leaves in long petioles, green on both sides,
very smooth on every part, slightly cordate at the base, 5-7-lobed ;
the sinuses acute.
Umbels on peduncles about a half an inch long.
Fruit with very broad diverging wings.
There was but one specimen of this plant in the collection,
which was in fruit.
The flowers remain to be examined.
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1834a.
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Nuttall (1834a, p. 17) describing plants brought back by Nathaniel Wyeth,
placed A glabrum in synonomy with A. circinatum “Vine Maple.”
We currently treat these two taxa as separate species.
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
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Torrey & Gray (1838-1840, vol. 1, p. 247) in their first Flora of North America
separate A. glabrum Torrey from A. circinatum Pursh.
They also include A. tripartitum Nuttall
which is now treated as a synonym of A. glabrum.
Torrey & Gray suggested this might be true in their notes.
|
5. A. glabrum (Torr.): leaves nearly orbicular, truncate or subcordate at
the base, 3-5-lobed ; lobes short and broad, acutely incised and toothed ;
flowers ... ; fruit glabrous, the wings very short and broad (somewhat
obovate), rather diverging.
— Torr. ! in ann. lyc. New-York, 2. p. 172.
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In the Rocky Mountains about lat. 40°, Dr. James !
—
A small shrub.
Leaves nearly similar to those of the common Currant in size and shape,
glabrous, commonly 3-lobed, with very acute and narrow sinuses which hardly
reach to the middle of the leaf; lobes broader than long, obtuse, often somewhat
2-3-lobed. Flowers not seen. Peduncles in fruit very short, 2-3-flowered.
Wings of the fruit about the size of those of A. campestre, or a little
shorter, but broader in proportion and more obtuse.
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6. A. tripartitum (Nutt. ! mss.) : “leaves with a subreniform-orbicular
circumscription, 3-cleft or 3-parted ; segments incisely toothed ; the middle
one cuneiform, often slightly lobed, the lateral ones somewhat rhomboid ;
racemes corymbose; fruit glabrous, with very short and broad cuneate-oval
diverging wings.
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“On Bear-Ridge, Rocky Mountains, lat. 40°, near the line of Upper
California.
—
A shrub with whitish smooth branches. Leaves about the size of
those of the common Currant, usually 3-parted to the base, sometimes only
cleft half-way down ; the central segment broadly cuneiform, and, as well as
the lateral ones, slightly 3-lobed. Calyx about 8-parted ; segments oblong.
Fruit small, very similar to that of A. glabrum, to which it is nearly allied.”
Nutt.
—
Notwithstanding the difference in the division of the leaves, we
apprehend that this and the preceding may prove to be forms of the same
species.
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Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward Lee, 1902.
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Greene (1902) split out four forms of Acer glabrum,
two of which have survived as varieties.
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NEW OR CRITICAL SPECIES OF ACER.
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For about a half century past, it has been the received opinion
that certain maples mostly of low and bushy habit, occupying our
western mountain districts all the way from the borders of
Mexico to Alaska, and from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific,
were all to be referred to one species, Acer glabrum of Torrey.
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That view has long seemed to me unsupported; and a somewhat
careful examination of the copious material in my own
herbarium, supplemented by that of the Canadian Geological
Survey, has convinced me of the thorough validity of Hooker’s
A. Douglasii. An inspection of some originals of Nuttall’s A.
tripartitum preserved in the herbarium at the New York Botanical
Garden, has led to the reinstatement, in my mind, of that
species. Certain others are here to be named and defined as new.
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Greene, 1902, Section 2
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A. SUBSERRATUM. Evidently more than a mere bush, doubtless
a small tree, the long wand-like branches with a smooth
dark-red bark, the internodes 3 or 4 inches long; leaves of
broadly ovate-trigonous outline, 2 to 4 inches long, nearly as
wide, broadest in the middle, truncate at the broad base, not
deeply 3-lobed, the lobes triangular, the middle one twice or
thrice as large as the others, the whole margin rather evenly
serrate-toothed, petioles slender, about as long as the blade;
peduncles and pedicels of about equal length in fruit and the
whole little surpassing the petioles: fruits 3 to 6, their wings
(in half-grown state) little divergent, the sinus between them
oblong.
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Currently treated as a synonym of Acer glabrum var. douglasii
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This species, as to my herbarium, rests on a part of Mr.
Heller’s n. 3,089 from Lewiston, Idaho, 20 May, 1896, the
specimens showing foliage nearly full grown, and tolerably well
developed though immature fruit. The species excellently
marked by a peculiar cut and indentation of the leaves; for the
three lobes are as it were terminal, and the margin displays an
evenness of subserrate dentation not seen in any of its allies.
It is related to A. Douglasii, Hook., an inhabitant of the same
region, though widely distributed; but that has a 5-lobed leaf,
the lobes radiating, as it were, and their base is subcordate,
while as to the margins of the lobes they are more coarsely
and unevenly or doubly subserrate-toothed.
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Greene, 1902, Section 3
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A. TORREYI. Less arborescent than the preceding, the stems
apt to be tufted and bushy, branches slender and with smooth
red bark, the internodes 1½ to 3 inches: largest leaves seldom
3 inches long, about as broad, mostly 3-lobed, occasionally with
2 small lobes developed, the base of the leaf seldom truncate
usually subcordate, broader than long, the middle lobe not
much larger than the other two, somewhat cuneate-obovate
with 3 to 5 secondary shallow lobes and these with a few incise
eeth: fruits usually 1 to 3, sometimes 5, diverging to form a
broadly V-shaped sinus, or even more widely divergent.
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Currently treated as a synonym of A. glabrum var. glabrum.
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Shrub of the Californian Sierra at middle altitudes; easily
distinguished from the Rocky Mountain A. glabrum by its comparatively
broader leaf (broader than long) and relatively longer
lobes, the whole much less deeply incised.
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Greene, 1902, Section 4
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A. DIFFUSUM. A low diffusely branching subalpine shrub
occasionally several feet high ; sterile shoots slender and straight,
with internodes twice exceeding the small leaves: foliage mostly
trifoliolate, the leaflets cuneate obovate, ½ to ¾ inch long, coarsely
toothed, the slender ascending petioles often an inch long or
more: linear-oblong sepals and petals greenish and striate-nerved ;
stamens very short: fruits large, with broad almost
oblong wings of nearly equal width from apex to base and
strongly divergent.
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Basionym of A. glabrum var. diffusum.
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Known only in specimens collected by myself near the summit
of the West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, 29 July, 1895. The
species is noteworthy as being a low intricately branched bush,
with leaves almost as small as those of a Sibbaldia and somewhat
like them, whereas the fruits are very large, and exhibit a peculiar
breadth of wing for a member of the A. glabrum group.
These are either solitary or in pairs or threes, and are very
short-peduncled.
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Greene, 1902, Section 5
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A. NEO-MEXICANUM. A tall clustered shrub freely branching,
the younger branches dark-red, perfectly glabrous, glaucescent;
leaves often trifoliolate, as often merely 3-parted or only
trifid, the leaflets or segments obovate-cuneiform, deeply and
doubly incised, acuminate at apex, in maturity often 3 inches
long, on rather slender petioles of 2½ to 5 inches: flowers rather
numerous, almost umbellate, the petals commonly only half the
length of the spatulate-oblong sepals; fruiting peduncles an
inch long or more, little longer than the pedicels; wings of
fruit moderately divergent.
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Basionym of A. glabrum var. neomexicanum (Greene) Kearney & Peebles
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My type specimens of this are a good fruiting specimen with
well developed foliage from the mountains near Las Vegas, New
Mexico, by G. R. Vasey, 1881, and a flowering one from near Santa
Fe, by Mr. Heller, this bearing the number 3,525 and being
named A. glabrum.
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The species thus proposed do not, I think, exhaust the topic
of possible good segregates of so-called A. glabrum; but for the
present, let these suffice. The next two new maples are of the
group to which belongs A. circinatum.
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Literature Cited:
- Kearney, Thomas H., and R. H. Peebles, 1939.
- Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles, 1942.
|
Kearney & Peebles (1939, vol. 29, no. 11, p. 486) while writing their
Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona (1942) published several new species and combinations
in this paper saying,
“The object of the present paper
is to publish in advance such new species, varieties, and combinations
as it has seemed advisable to recognize.”
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Acer glabrum Torrey var. neomexicanum (Greene), comb. nov.
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Acer neomexicanum Greene, Pittonia 5: 3. 1902.
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This form differs from typical A. glabrum and resembles A. glabrum var.
tripartitum (Nutt.) Pax in having at least some of the leaves 3-parted instead
of merely lobed. From var. tripartitum it differs in the more deeply and
acutely toothed leaf-margins and in having the terminal division longer-cuneate
at base.
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Ackerfield (2022) will include var. neomexicanum in Acer glabrum without
recognizing infra-specific taxa.
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Literature Cited:
- Lackschewitz, Klaus, 1991.
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Lackschewitz (1991) is one source of information about the biodiversity benefit of Acer glabrum.
|
This, our only native species of maple, is a valuable browse plant for elf and moose.
Seeds are eaten by grosbeak and several small mammal species.
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Literature Cited:
- Goodman, George J., and Cheryl A. Lawson, 1995.
|
Goodman & Lawson (1995), following the route of the Long Expedition,
summarize what is known about James' collection of Rocky Mountain maple.
|
Acer glabrum Torr. (Rocky Mountain Maple.)
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#48 Acer glabrum Torr. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 2:172. 1827.
“ on the Rocky Mountains.”
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Type: NY. On the sheet is written “Rocky Mts. 1000 ft. elev. above the plain tall shrub.”
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The type was collected on July 7 on Sheep Mountain,
about seven miles southwest of Waterton,
on the north side of South Platte Canyon, Jefferson County, Colorado.
The plant may still be found there.
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James does not list this plant in his diary on July 7,
but in the Account for that day “a small undescribed acer” is listed among the plants collected.
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Later on July 10 James listed Acer rubrum as occurring in the area of their midday rest.
They were then on Monument Creek,
near the base of Elephant Rock, a mile or so east of Palmer Lake, El Paso County, Colorado.
This, too, is surely Acer glabrum.
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Literature Cited:
- Justice, Douglas E. C., 1995.
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Justice (1995) recognized five infraspecific names in Acer glabrum.
- A. g. var glabrum
- A. g. var. diffusum (Greene) F. Smiley, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 9: 261 (1921).
- A. g. var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel, Handb. Laubholzkunde 2: 438 (1892)
- A. g. var. neomexicanum (Greene) Kearney & Peebles, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29: 486 (1939)
- A. g. var. torreyi (Greene) Smiley, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 9:261 (1921)
No Colorado specimens were examined, but two collections were made: one at Shawnee, Park County and one at Boulder Canyon Park, Boulder County.
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Literature Cited:
- Li, Jianhua, et al., 2019.
|
Li, et al., 2019 report the first well-resolved
phylogeny of Acer based on DNA sequences of
over 500 nuclear loci generated using the anchored hybrid enrichment method
and explore the implications of the robust phylogeny for Acer systematics and biogeography.
Monotypic section Glabra in North America is sister to the Japanese section
Parviflora.
The estimated
times of divergence showed that most sections had
originated by the late Eocene (33–38 Ma).
The formation of the disjunctions were estimated to be
... 34.1 Ma between A. glabrum and
A. nipponicum + A. distylum, i.e., Section Parviflora.
Biogeographic analysis inferred eastern Asia as the
most likely ancestral area of Acer.
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Literature Cited:
- Crowley, Dan, 2020.
|
Crowley (2020) describes Section Glabra
|
Section Glabra comprises a single, browse-adapted, polymorphic species,
separable from other sections by the combination of stems often faintly striated,
buds with two to four pairs of valvate scales,
leaves with coarsely serrated margins and
inflorescences racemose or corymbose with 5-merous flowers with eight stamens
(de Jong 1976; Justice in prep.).
It is considered closest to the Japanese Section Parviflora (Li et al. 2019).
The sole species, Acer glabrum, is native to western North America.
Despite its variability in the wild, A. glabrum is not so adaptable in the garden environment,
preferring cool, damp, though well drained conditions (Justice in prep.).
An interesting species, particularly for its idiosyncrasies,
it is found in collections but is not widely grown outside its range.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Acer negundo L. “Box Elder”;
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Acer negundo L. “Box Elder”
(Syn: Acer negundo L. var. interius (Britton) Sarg., Negundo aceroides (L.) Moench)
Accepted infraspecifics per Ackerfield (2022).
- var. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeg.
- var. interius (Britton) Sarg.
Accepted infraspecifics per POWO (2026)
- Acer negundo var. arizonicum Sarg.
- Acer negundo var. californicum (Torr. & A.Gray) Sarg.
- Acer negundo subsp. mexicanum (DC.) Wesm.
- Acer negundo subsp. negundo
- Acer negundo var. texanum Pax
World Flora Online (2026) accepts six infre-specific names, plus either var. negundo or subsp. negundo.
WikiPedia says subspecies negundo.
Most (1402 of 1408) collections that are determine to either variety or subspecies negundo in SEINet are variety negundo.
- Acer negundo var. arizonicum Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 67: 240 (1919)
- Acer negundo var. californicum (Torr. & A.Gray) Sarg. Gard. & Forest 4: 148 (1891)
- Acer negundo subsp. interius (Britton) Á.Löve & D.Löve Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 81: 33. 1954
- Acer negundo subsp. mexicanum (DC.) Wesm. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 29: 43 (1890)
- Acer negundo var. texanum Pax Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 7: 212 (1886)
- Acer negundo var. violaceum (Booth ex Loudon) H.Jaeger Ziergehölze Gärt. Parkanl., ed. 2: 6 (1884)
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Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Gron. virg., 1738;
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Gronovius (1738-1743) Flora Virginica
page 41
|
ACER folio palmato angulato , flore fereapetalo feffili, fructu pedunculato corymbofo.
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Acer Virginianum folio majore, fubtus argenteo, fupra viridi, fplentente.
Plukn. Alm. p. 7. T. 2. f. 2.
Catefb. Hift. Carol. Vol. I. T. 62.
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Acer floribus rubris , folio majori, fuperne viridi, fubtus argenteo fplendente.
Clayt.
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Aceris Generi adfcribi confuevit Arbor , cui inter Piluliferas locum dedifti , fc.
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Platano affinis Aceris folio arbor , gummi odoratum fundens ,
pilulis fphaericis echinatis , pediculo infidentibus , feminibus
nigrantibus lucidis alatis repletis.
Sweet-gum. White-gum.
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Cujus Synonyma ftudiofe collegit Linnaeus in Hort. Cliff. p. 486
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Fructificationis partes fi defcripferis , rem gratam praefliteris
Confer Boerh. Ind. Alt. Part. II. p. 234.
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Page 154
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Pag. 41. adde
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ACER foliis conpofitis. Linn. Hort. Cliff. p. 144.
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Acer fraxini foliis. Clayt. n. 530.
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, vol. 2, p. 1056) ...
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Negundo.
|
9. ACER foliis compofitis, floribus racemofis.
Hort. cliff. 144.
Gron. virg. 154.
Roy. lugdb.460.
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Acer maximum, foliis trifidis & quinquefidis, virginianum
Pluk. alm. 7. t. 123. f. 45.
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Habitat in Virginia.
♄
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Literature Cited:
- Moench, Conrad, 1794.
|
Moench, Conrad, 1744-1805
Methodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis :a staminum situ describendiMethodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis :a staminum situ describendi
[A method for describing plants from the botanical garden and field of Marburg: from the position of the stamens]
Marburgi Cattorum, in officina nova libraria academiae, 1794
[Marburgi Cattorum, in the new library of the academy, 1794]
p. 334.
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Negundo. Acer. Linn.
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Negundo. Acer. Linn.
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Flores feminei et mafculi in feparatis truncis.
Mafc.
Calyx quadri-quinquepartitus. Stamina quatuor-quinque-
Fem. Calyx ut in mare. Styli tres quatuorve. Samarae duae coronatae extrorfum membranaceae.
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Female and male flowers on separate stems.
Male.
Calyx four-five-parted. Stamens four-five-
Female. Calyx as in the sea. Styles three or four. Samarae two coronate, externally membranous.
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aceroides, foliis compofitis: racemis pendulis :
pedunculis filiformibus: famarae alis incurviusculis.
Acer negundo Linn.
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Aceroides, leaves compound: pendulous racemes:
peduncles filiform: leaves[samaras] with curved wings.
Acer negundo Linn.
|
|
h. H.
|
h. H.
|
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Ab Acere differt defectu corollae et numero ftaminum.
|
It differs from Acer in the lack of a corolla and the number of stamens.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
Nuttall (1818), p. 253 described a tree he called Negundo fraxinifolium,
listing it under Acer L. (Maple).
|
Negundo.
Dioicous.
—
Calix minute, 5-toothed.
Petals none.
Male, with 5 stamina, anthers linear, sessile, and acuminate.
Samarae similar to Acer.
|
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A tree, with pseudoternate or imperfectly biternated leaves (something like those of Fraxinus),
racemes aggregated, filiform.
|
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10. * Fraxinifolium.
Hab. North-westward n the banks of the Missouri to the mountains?
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sprengel, Curt Polycarp Joachim, 1826.
|
Sprengel, Sprengel, & Linnaeus (1826) in Systema vegetabilium retained Linnaeus' designation as Acer negundo
|
Negundo
|
29. A. foliis ternatis pinnatisque incifo-ferratis,
flobibus dioecis, ♂ corymbofis fub-4andris,
♀ racemofis pendulis.
Amer. bor.
(A fraxinifolium Nuttall, Negundo aceroides Moench.)
|
Negundo
|
29. A. leaves ternary pinnate and inciso-serrate,
florets dioecious, male corymbose,
female racemose pendulous.
Amer. bor.
(A. fraxinifolium Nuttall, Negundo aceroides Moench.)
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord, and John Adolph Shafer, 1908.
|
Britton & Shafer, 1908, p. 655
20. WESTERN ASH-LEAVED MAPLE — Acer interior Britton, new species
|
The Ash-leaved maple which inhabits the central part of the United States,
ranging from Alberta and Montana to Wyoming, western Nebraska, Kansas,
Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, differs
both from the eastern species and from that
of California in features which individually
seem insignificant are collectively
sufficient to warrant its recognition as a
species. It is also known as Water ash.
|
|
Its young twigs are either smooth or
finely velvety, and covered with a bloom.
The leaflets are firm in texture, thicker than
those of Acer Negundo, somewhat hairy on
the under side, at least along the veins, and
usually have some hairs on the veins upon
the upper surface; they are coarsely
toothed, or often lobed, and usually 3 in
number, rarely 5. The anthers are not
long-pointed. The samaras are more or
less divergent, smooth when mature and 3
or 4 cm. long, the outer edge of the wing
straight or somewhat curved, the wing adnate
to the seed-bearing part to about the
middle, the united portions not constricted at the base when ripe, though
sometimes slightly so when the fruit is young.
|
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This tree ranges further north than the eastern species, and is more hardy in
cultivation. It is sometimes planted in the East, and extensively as a shade tree
within its range. The type specimen of the species is one collected by Professors
Underwood and Selby on chapparal covered hills southeast of Ouray, Colorado,
Sept. 7, 1901 (No. 11).
| |
Other citations of Britton's name.
(IPNI, 2026) Nomenclatural links:
- Negundo aceroides subsp. interius (Britton) Á.Löve & D.Löve, Taxon 31: 348 (1982).
- Acer negundo subsp. interius (Britton) Á.Löve & D.Löve, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 81: 33 (1954).
- Negundo interius (Britton) Rydb.
- Rulac interior (Britton) Nieuwl.
- Acer negundo var. interius (Britton) Sarg.
Same citation as
- Acer interior Britton, N. Amer. Trees 655 (1908).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Bean, William Jackson, 1916.
|
Bean, William J. 1916 p. 149-150 ...
in a description of the genus Acer ...
|
A. NEGUNDO, Linnaeus. Box Elder.
|
|
(Negundo aceroides, Moench; N. fraxinifolium, Nuttall.)
|
Negundo aceroides Moench, Methodus (Moench) 334. (1794).
Negundo fraxinifolium Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall]. 1: 253 (1818).
|
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A deciduous tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, with a trunk 2 to 3 ft. in diameter,
forming a wide-spreading head of branches; branchlets smooth. Leaves
long-stalked, pinnate, 6 to 10 ins. long, consisting of three or five leaflets.
Leaflets ovate, 2 to 4 ins. long, pointed, coarsely toothed towards the end ;
upper side bright green, smooth ; lower one slightly downy or eventually
smooth ; the terminal leaflet often three-lobed or even trifoliolate. Flowers
(male and female on separate trees) yellow-green, without petals, the male
ones crowded in dense clusters on the previous year's shoots, each flower
on a slender hairy stalk, 1 to 1½ ins. long ; the females in slender, drooping
racemes. Fruit in pendent racemes, 4 to 8 ins. long ; each key 1" to 1½ ins.
long, with a wing ¼ to ⅓ in. wide, the pair forming an angle of 60 or less.
|
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Native of N. America, where it is widely spread. According to Sargent
it is most common in the Mississippi Valley, but reaches as far north as New
York State, and as far west as the inland slopes of the Rocky Mountains.
It was cultivated by Bishop Compton at Fulham in 1688. Although the
typical form is by no means common, it is a handsome tree, especially when
isolated on a lawn. It is one of the maples that yield sugar in America.
There is a tree over 40 ft. high at Kew, but the largest specimen I have seen is
in Mr Spath's nursery, near Berlin, which is over 60 ft. high, and 6 ft. 6 ins. in
girth of trunk. The most popular of variegated trees is the
|
|
Var. VARIEGATUM, now so largely used in town gardens, and grown in pots
for the decoration of halls and large rooms. The leaflets have an irregular
border of white, or are sometimes wholly white. In consequence, the tree
makes a conspicuous object in the garden, and is frequently over-planted. It
first appeared as a "sport" on the green-leaved type in a nursery at Toulouse
in 1845, but trees of large size appear to be very uncommon. It is female, and
the fruits are variegated like the leaves. Other varieties are:—
|
Variety not listed in IPNI.org, probably today's cultivar "varigatum" which
Trees of Stanford says originated in France in 1845.
|
|
Var. AUREO-MARGINATUM. Leaflets marked as in the common variegated
box-elder, but with yellow instead of white.
|
Not indexed in IPNI.org.
|
|
Var. AUREUM (syn. odessanum). Leaflets wholly yellow ; this variety is
one of the best of golden-coloured trees, and retains its colour until autumn.
|
Not indexed in IPNI.org.
|
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Var. CALIFORNICUM, Wesmael Judging by young trees at Kew, this variety
appears to be a much faster grower, with larger leaflets, than the type. The
chief botanical difference is furnished by the dense covering of grey down
beneath the leaves, and by the downy branchlets and fruits, although this is not
so apparent in cultivated as in native specimens. Native of California. Forms
intermediate between this variety and the type are said to occur in Arizona,
Texas, Missouri, etc.
|
Accepted by POWO (2026) as Acer negundo var. californicum (Torr. & A.Gray) Sarg.
with A. negundo subsp. californicum (Torr. & A.Gray) Wesm. placed in synonomy.
|
|
Var. CRISPUM, Don. Leaflets curled, often deformed ; shrubby.
|
Not indexed in IPNI.org.
|
|
Var. LACINIATUM (syn. heterophyllum). Leaflets reduced to a linear or
lanceolate shape, and with more or less deeply cut margins.
|
Not indexed in IPNI.org.
|
|
Var. VIOLACEUM, Kirchner. Young shoots covered with a purplish bloom.
|
Basionym: Negundo aceroides var. violaceum G.Kirchn., Arbor. Muscav. [Petzold & Kirchner] 190 (1864),
Acer negundo var. violaceum (G.Kirchn.) H.Jaeger, Ziergehölze Gärt. Parkanl. ed. 2: 6 (1884)
are now treated as synonyms of A. negundo subsp. negundo.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Acer platanoides;
|
Acer platanoides L. “Norway Maple”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Acer saccharinum;
|
Acer saccharinum L. “Silver Maple”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Xanthoceras sorbifolium;
|
Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge
First published as Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, although the current preferred orthography is X. sorbifolium Bunge,
probably something to do with proper Latin.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Bunge, Alexander von, 1835.
|
Bunge (1835, p. 85) ...
|
XXI. SAPINDACEAE
|
|
65 Xanthoceras Bge.
|
|
Char. gen.
|
|
Flores abortu polygamo-monoici.
|
|
Sepala quinque subaequalia obtusa.
|
|
Petala quinque hypogyna basi villosa.
|
|
Glandulae quinque petalis alternae lingulatae reflexae.
|
|
Stamina octo hypogyna.
|
|
Antherae apice glandula auctae biloculares intus dehiscentes.
|
|
Ovarium globosum triloculare, loculis octo-ovulatis.
|
|
Stylus simplex crassus.
|
|
Stigma capitatum trilobum.
|
|
Capsula corticata trilocularis trivalvis, valvis medio septiferis, dehiscens, polysperma.
|
|
Semina magna obovato-subglobosa, compressa.
|
|
Affinitas. Ab omnibus Sapindaceis loculis fructus multiovulatis differt.
|
|
Nomen a glandulis inter petala sitis cornuformibus flavis desumptum.
|
|
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bge.
|
|
Hab. In montosis Chinae borealis rarior.
Floret Aprili; Junio Julioque fructus maturat.
|
|
Arbor 10-15 pedes alta, foliis impari-pinnatis, foliolis serratis ;
floribus terminalibus gemmaceis, racemosis, albis.
Capsula magnitudine mali, trigono-subglobosa.
Semina magna, nitida, nigra.
|
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|
ChatGPT rewrote my prose above as follows:
“In a quiet alley of Golden, Colorado, nestled between a fence post and a telephone pole,
lies a wondrous collection of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, more commonly known as the "Yellowhorn" tree. The remarkable discovery of this tree was made in 2023, despite it being several years old. The homeowner was surprised to find it there, as they had not planted it themselves nor were they even aware of its existence.
“Interestingly, this particular Yellowhorn tree is not the only one of its kind in Colorado. Two other collections have been reported in Logan County, one dating back to 1960 and the other all the way back to 1919. Furthermore, the Denver Botanic Garden is home to several specimens of the tree, including a hardy cultivar known as "'Psgan' Clear Creek," which was developed at Green Acres Nursery in Golden, Colorado.
“The name "Yellowhorn" is derived from the large orange nectaries found inside the base of the flower, and the leaves bear a striking resemblance to the "Mountain ash" of the Sorbus family. However, this beautiful tree has been given many other common names, including "Chinese Flowering Chestnut," "Flowering Yellowhorn," "Tree Goldenhorn," "Popcorn Shrub," and "Shiny Leaf Yellowhorn."
“Initially classified in the Sapinadaceae, or Soapberry Family, the Yellowhorn tree was later discovered to be a sister group to Sapindaceae s.l. after a recent phylogenetic analysis. This led to the suggestion that it should be placed in its own monotypic family, Xanthoceraceae. However, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group currently places the tree in its own subfamily, Xanthoceratoideae Thorne & Reveal, within the Sapindaceae family. Despite some disagreements over its classification, one thing is certain: the Yellowhorn tree is a remarkable and fascinating species that continues to captivate botanists and nature lovers alike.”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ceanothus fendleri;
|
Ceanothus fendleri A. Gray “Fendler's Ceanothus”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
|
Ceanothus fendleri A.Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts 29 (1849).
|
106. Ceanothus Fendleri (sp. nov.) : intricato-ramosissimus ; ramis ramulisque
teretibus gracilibus saepe spinescentibus cinereo-puberulis demum glabratis laevibus ; foliis
parentis (⅓-½ unc. longis) ovalibus scu ellipticis obtusis integerrimis eglandulosis
trinerviis subtus sericeo-canescentibus supra glabriusculis viridibus ;
glomerulis densis sessilibus ; floribus glabris albis.
—
Mountains east of Santa Fe, in sunny places ; June (in
flower), and July, in fruit. Shrub about a foot and a half high and two feet in diameter.
—
Allied to C. depressus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. no. 29; but much more slender, the
Thyme-shaped leaves smaller and not glandular, &c. Fruit about as large as in C.
Americanus.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ceanothus herbaceus;
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Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. “Jersey Tea”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rafinesque, C. S., 1808.
|
Ceanothus herbaceus Raf., Med. Repos. 5: 360 (1808).
|
19. Canothus herbaceus ; stem annual ; leaves ovate
semi-serrated smooth, flowers in a terminal thyrsus ;
grows near the falls of the Potowmack, between the rocks.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Rhamnus cathartica;
|
Rhamnus cathartica L. “European Buckthorn”
Rhamnus cathartica (common buckthorn) is heavily regulated as an invasive and/or noxious weed,
particularly in the Midwestern and Northeastern United States.
It is officially designated as a prohibited, restricted, or noxious weed in the following states:
- Connecticut: Listed as Invasive and Prohibited.
- Iowa: Listed as a Primary Noxious Weed.
- Massachusetts: Prohibited plant list (banned from sale/import).
- Michigan: Listed as Invasive.
- Minnesota: Listed as a Restricted Noxious Weed (illegal to import, sell, or transport).
- New Hampshire: Prohibited Invasive Species.
- New York: Prohibited.
- Vermont: Classified as a Class B Noxious Weed.
Other States with Known Invasive Presence:
While not always listed under a statewide "noxious" title,
it is recognized as a major invasive threat in Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.
It is also found in areas of California and Oregon.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, 1824.
|
Torrey (1824) knew of the plant, and thought it to be introduced to America.
|
2. R. catharticus L. : spines terminal ; flowers generally
4-cleft, polygamo-dioecious ; leaves ovate ; stem erect ;
berries 4-seeded. Willd. Spec. I. p. 1093.
Smith Fl. Brit. I. p. 263.
Eng. Bot. t. 1629.
Roem. & Schult. V. p. 276.
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A small tree or large shrub, with spreading branches and grayish
bark.
Leaves fasciculate and opposite, on petioles one-third
their length, nervose, an inch and a half long ; margin
erosely denticulate.
Flowers clustered, on short axillary pedicels.
Segments of the calyx lanceolate, recurved.
Petals very small, yellowish-green.
Stamens 4, a little longer than
the flowers ; anthers didymous, oblong.
Stigma 4-cleft.
Berries black, nauseous and cathartic.
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Hab. On mountains and in woods. Abundant in Williamstown,
and other parts of New-England, apparently indigenous.
Dewey. In the most retired parts of the Highlands of New-York. Barratt.
Buck-thorn.
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I suspect this plant has been introduced into this country at
an early period, and that it is not really indigenous.
Dr. Barratt informs me, that the old inhabitants of the Highlands remember
to have seen it in gardens before it appeared in the woods.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Knight, Kathleen S., Jessica S. Kurylo, Anton G. Endress, J. Ryan Stewart, and Peter B. Reich, 2007.
|
Knight, et al. (2007), writing in Biological Invasions, reviewed the ecosystem impacts of R. cathartica.
|
Physiological studies have uncovered traits
including shade tolerance, rapid growth, high
photosynthetic rates, a wide tolerance of moisture
and drought, and an unusual phenology that may
give R. cathartica an advantage in the environments
it invades. Its high fecundity, bird-dispersed
fruit, high germination rates, seedling
success in disturbed conditions, and secondary
metabolite production may also contribute to its
ability to rapidly increase in abundance and
impact ecosystems. R. cathartica impacts ecosystems
through changes in soil N, elimination of the
leaf litter layer, possible facilitation of earthworm
invasions, unsubstantiated effects on native plants
through allelopathy or competition, and effects
on animals that may or may not be able to use it
for food or habitat.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Parthenocissus quinquefolia;
|
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. “Virginia Creeper”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Parthenocissus vitacea;
|
Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchcock “Woodbine, Thicket Creeper”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Knerr, E. B., 1893.
|
Knerr (1893, v. 18, 1893) ...
|
Notes on a variety of Ampelopsis quinquefolia— For the past ten
years I have been observing a variety of the Virginia creeper that is
quite marked by characteristic points of difference from the type
species. Other students of botany must have noticed this variation
and it is strange if nothing has been published upon the subject, but
thus far I have failed to find anything1 . My attention was first called
to the variation by neighbors who had transplanted the Virginia
creeper from the woods but complained that it failed to cling to the
side of the house. That was in the Miami valley in Ohio. I have
since observed it in southern Iowa and in eastern Kansas. It does
seem to me that the peculiarities are sufficient to distinguish it as
permanent variety and it should be so recognized in our manuals.
|
|
In the first place the habit of growth is quite different from the type
species. As is well known this latter climbs by clinging very closely
to its support whether that be a tree or a wall. The variety does not
cling so closely to its support. In fact it is'impossible for it to cling to
a wall or even a tree unless the bark be very rough, owing to the
structure of its tendrils. It climbs more like the grape and the
clematis by trailing over low shrubbery to that which is higher, until it
may reach the lower branches of a tree when it may rise to a considerable
able height by reaching from branch to branch rather than by clinging
close to the body of the tree and larger branches.
|
|
Sometimes in transplanting the Virginia creeper this variety is hit
upon and the unobserving wonder why it fails to cling to the side of
the house. On examination the tendrils will be found to be more like
grape tendrils, long curling and grasping by recurved tips, rather
than short, digitate and clinging by disk-like expansions as in the case
of the typical species. The leaves also differ quite perceptibly, being
much larger for the same age in the variation, and having longer
petioles both for the leaf proper and for the leaflets. The margins
are more distinctly serrate with larger teeth. The internodes of the
stem are much longer in the variety, causing the leaves to be fewer and
more scattered. The nodes are more swollen as are the leaf petioles
at the base, making a much larger leaf scar, but the axillary buds are
smaller.
|
|
The stem of the type species is quite rough, furrowed and warty
especially as it grows older, while the variety is much smoother. The
fruit ot the variety is more abundant, berries larger and in more open
corymbs.
|
|
In short the whole aspect of the variety is more grape-like and for
this reason I suggest the name A. quinquefolia, var. vitacea.
—
E. B. Knerr, Midland College, Atchison, Kansas.
|
1[See W. R. Lazenby in this journal xiii 233 and xv 233. —Eds.]
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Vitis riparia;
|
Vitis riparia Michx. “Riverbank Grape”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hitchcock, A. S., 1894.
|
Hitchcock (1894, p. 26) ...
|
PARTHENOCISSUS, Planch.
|
|
Calyx shortly -5 toothed. Petals expanding.
Leaves palmately compound.
|
|
P. quinquefolia, (L.) Planch. Leaflets 5, clinging to rough supports
by disk-like terminations. Woods, common. The older parts provided
with aerial rootlets.
|
|
P. vitacea, (Knerr) Hitchc. Differs from the above in having no
aerial rootlets; the canes smooth, and lighter colored; the tendrils dichotomous
like the grape, and usually without disks; the inflorescence dichotomous
rather than pinnate as in the former; flowering about two weeks
earlier; the fruit maturing earlier and considerably larger. Woods,
infrequent.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Malva neglecta;
|
Malva neglecta Wallr. “Common Mallow”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Wallroth, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm, 1824.
|
Wallroth (1824, v. 1, p. 140) ...
| Original Text
| Comments and Interpretation
|
|
149.
|
|
|
1. Malva neglecta Wallr.
|
|
|
Char. spec. M. seminum arillis pubescentibus
immarginatis dorso latusculisque laevigatis ,
calyculi foliolis linearibus , laciniis
calycinis ovatis corolla duplo breviotibus
receptaculum lenticulare attingentibus ,
pedunculis fructiferis declinatis , foliis suborbiculatis
obsolete - 5 angularibus , caule diffuse
prostrato.
—
Flor. Dan. t. 721. Schk. t. 192. (opt.), Engl. bot. t. 1092.
|
|
|
Syn.
M. rotundifolia Linn. sp. pl. ex synon.
Bauh. nec flor. suec. et herb.
—
Poll. Leyss. Hoffm. Leers . Willd. Schk. Roth. Spr. et
omnium auct. Fl. germ. exclus. syn. Linn.
|
|
|
M. sylvestris perennis decumbens, flore minore
albo, folio rotundo Moris. hist. s. v. 521. t. 17. f. 7.
|
|
|
M. sylv. folio rotundo C. Bauh. pin. 314. cum synonym.
|
|
|
Patria: In suburbiorum areis desertis , juxta
plateas spurcas , parietes , sepes , in quibus assurgit ,
in sterquiliniis et ruderibus abundat cum
Lappis, Chenopodiis et Polygonis. Fl. Junio
inde per totam aestatem.
|
Hometown: In the deserted areas of outlying islands
filthy streets , walls , hedges on which it rises,
he abounds in manure and rubble
Lappis, Chenopodius and Polygonis. Fl. June
thence throughout the summer.
|
|
Descriptio: ... [omitted.]
|
|
Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth (13 March 1792 in Breitenstein, Saxony-Anhalt – 22 March 1857 in Nordhausen) was a German botanist. His name is abbreviated Wallr. as a taxon authority.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sphaeralcea coccinea;
|
Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. “Scarlet Globemallow”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Moulton, Gary E., 1999.
Locations:
Marias River.
|
Moulton (1999) presents two vouchers of Sphaeralcea coccinea from the Lewis & Clark herbarium.
Both were of the same collection dated July 20, 1806, on the Marias River, Toole County, Montana.
The material was separated and some stayed at the Americal Philosophical Society,
while some was taken by Pursh to England and ended up in the Lambert Herbarium,
which Pursh (1814) cited.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fraser, John, 1813.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Fraser's Catalogue, publication details;
|
Fraser's (1813) Catalogue, with at least some entries written by Nuttall, is the first publication of S. coccinea.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
51 *Malva coccinea. ‡
Flowers scarlet, produced in dense spikes.
Met with from the river Platte to the Rocky Mountains.
|
The double dagger (‡) indicates that the plant is a perennial.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1816.
|
Pursh (Vol. 2, 1814, p. 453-4) describes Cristaria coccinea from
Fraser's (1813) Catalogue
and the Lewis herbarium.
| Original Text
|
|
553. CRISTARIA. Cavan. ic. 5. p 10.
|
|
1. C. undique cano-tomentosa et pilis stellatis obsita ;
foliis 3-5-fidis, laciniis incisis acutis, racemis terminalibus,
caule diffuso.
|
coccinea.
|
|
Malva coccinea. Fraser. Catal.
|
|
|
On the dry prairies and extensive plains of the Missouri.
♃.
Aug. Sept.
v. v. ; v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
Flowers scarlet.
|
|
|
Caluis teres, subpedalis, ramosus, ramis diffusis, tomentosis, pilis stellatis distinctis obsitis, uti tota planta.
Folia alterna, petiolata, palmato 3-5 partita: laciniis sub-pinnatifida-incisis, lobis sinubusque acutis.
Petioli teretes, longitudine folii.
Stipulae lineares, erectae, marcescentes.
Flores terminales, racemosi, coccinei, diametro pollicari.
Calyx 5-fidus, laciniis lanceolatis acutis.
Petala 5. oblique cuneato-obcordata, subunguiculata, ad ungues fasciculata-villosa, calyce duplo longiora.
Filamenta monadelpha, numerosa, in columnam brevem connata, superne libera, patentia.
Styli circiter 10.
Fructus orbiculatus.
|
|
|
The singularly stellated fasciculi of hair, placed in the close tomentum,
and its bright scarlet flowers, make this plant particularly interesting.
|
|
Pursh doesn't tell us where he saw this plant in the live condition, but we can guess that he saw it in Fraser's garden
or that his benefactor, A. B. Lambert, was growing specimens obtained from Fraser's garden.
We wil
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
|
| Original Text
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478. MALVA. L. (Mallow.)
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Calix double; the exterior mostly 3-leaved.
Petals 5.
Capsules many, 1-seeded, disposed orbicularly.
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Shrubby or herbaceous;
leaves alternate and stipulate, undivided, or palmately lobed;
flowers axillary or terminal, solitary,
more or less aggregated or racemose.
(Pubescence stellate.)
|
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Species.
1. M. abutiloides.
2. caroliniana. A Sida?
3. rotundifolia Introduced.
4. triloba. In Carolina.
5. * coccinea. T. N. in Fras. Catal. 1813.
A very beautiful species with scarlet flowers disposed in dense recemes (sic);
outer calix wanting, leaves mostly trifid, canescently tomentose.
Hab,
From the confluence of the river Platte and the Missouri,
often extending over the plains in such quantities as to communicate a brilliant redness to thousands of acres.
This plant has no sort of affinity to Cristaria,
and by the fruit is a genuine Malva.
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A genus of more than 60 species,
many of them indigenous to tropical America,
to the Cape of Good Hope,
and some to Europe.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Gray, 1849, publication details;
|
| Original Text
|
|
81, 82. Malvastrum coccineum :
humilis, incanum ;
cailibus e basi sublignosa ramosis diffusis ;
foliis trisectis tripartitisva, segmentis lateralibus saepius bipartis intermedio trifido, lobis oblongis linearibusve integris seu paucidentatis ;
floribus inferioribus solitariis rariusve geminis in axillis foliorum, sperioiribus in racemum strictum digestis ;
bracteis subulatis deciduis ;
bracteolis involucelli 1-2 setaceis fugacibus ;
coccis 9-12 clausis dorso subtiberculatis cano-tomentosis.
—
Gray, Gen. Ill. t. 219.
Cristaria coccinea, Pursh ! Fl. 2. p. 453.
Malva coccinea, Nutt. ! Gen. 2. p. 81 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1643.
Sida coccinea. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 465 ;
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 109;
Torr. & Gray ! Fl. 1. p. 235.
—
Var. β dissectum : nanum ;
foliis 3-5-partitis,
segmentis 3-5-fidis lobisque anguste linearibus.
Sida dissecta, Nutt. ! in Torr. & Gray, l. c.;
Hook. & Arn. ! Bot. Beech. Suppl. p. 327.
—
Plains, &c., Santa Fe, and East to Rock Creek and Pońi Creek of the Canadian ; June to September.
In flower and fine fruit.
Some varying forms as to foliage are distributed under these numbers ;
under one of them there are a few specimens of the var. dissecta,
or of forms that evidently collect the Sida dissecta of Nuttall with the S. coccinea.
I have for several years cultivated this species,
from seed brought from the Upper Missouri by Mr. Sprague,
and had ascertained that its radicle is inferior, as in Malva.
—
An account of the genus, of which this is one of the typical species,
is given in the subjoined revision of the genera allied to Malva.
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|
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Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1913.
|
Rydberg (1913) argued that Gray's (1849) Malvastrum should be merged into Sphaeralcea.,
| Original Text
|
|
Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.
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Malva coccinea Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813.
Cristaria coccinea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 454. 1814.
Sida coccinea DC. Prod. 1: 465. 1824.
Malvastrum coccineum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 21. 1849
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Hypericum perforatum;
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Hypericum perforatum L. “Common St. John's Wort”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 785) …
| Original Text
|
|
14. HYPERICUM floribus trigynis, caule ancipiti, foliis obtufis pellucido-punctatis.
Hort. cliff. 380. Fl. fucc. 635. Mat. med. 368. Roy. lugdb. 474.
Hall. helv. 630. Dalib. parif. 233.
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perforatum.
|
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Hypericum vulgare. Bauh. pin. 279.
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Hypericon. Dod. pempt. 76.
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Habitat in Europae pratis. ♃
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|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Hybanthus verticillatus;
|
Hybanthus verticillatus (Ortega) Baill. “Baby Slippers”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ortega, Casmiro Gomez, 1797.
|
Ortega (1797, 4, p. 50) described Viola verticillata from plants grown at the Royal Gardens of Madrid
from seeds sent from Mexico by D. Sesse.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Habitat in Nova Hispania.
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Habitat in Mexico.
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Floret mense Septembri in Horto Reg. Matrit. e seminibus missis per D. Sesse.
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Flowers in Septermber in the Royal Garden of Madrid from seeds sent by D. Sesse.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Baillon, Henri, 1867-95.
|
Henri Baillon (1867-95, v. 4 [1873], pp.344-345) writing about the Violet family – Violacees &ndash places a group of plants with similar characteristics in Hybanthus.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Les propriétés des plantes de cette famillle sont assez homogenes.
Leurs racines sont vomitives, ŕ un faible degre dans les especes europeennes,
a un degre assez prononce dans les especes de l'Amerique australe,
pour qu'on les ait souvent employees comme Faux-Ipecacuanhas.
La plus célčbre, a cet égard, est la plante qui donne le Faux-Ipecacuanha
du Brésil et de la Guyane, médicament trčs-employé dans
som pays natal aux memes usages 6 que les vrais Ipecacuanhas,
auxquels on le substitute frequemment ;
cette espece devra sans doute prendre le num d'Hybanthus Ipecacuanha
La racine de Cuichunchilli ou Cuchunchully du Perou,
autre vomitif puissant, appartient a une seconda espece du meme genre,
l'H. microphyllus8
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The properties of the plants of this family are quite homogeneous.
Their roots are emetic, to a low degree in European species,
to a fairly pronounced degree in species from southern America,
so that they were often used as Faux-Ipecacuanhas.
The most famous, in this respect, is the plant which gives the False-Ipecacuanha
from Brazil and Guyana, a drug widely used in
his native country with the same 6 uses as the real Ipecacuanhas,
to which it is frequently substituted;
this species will undoubtedly have to take the name of Hybanthus Ipecacuanha
The root of Cuichunchilli or Cuchunchully from Peru,
another powerful vomit, belongs to a second species of the same genus,
l H. microphyllus 8
|
[p. 344, Footnote 6]
6. Evacuant, vomitif, purgatif, antidysenterique, etc.; il renferme de l'emetine.
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6. Evacuating, emetic, purgative, anti-dysentery, etc .; it contains ememetine.
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Les H. scandens, … verticillatus1 …
quoique moins connus,
aont autant d'especes decrites comme appartenant au genre Ionidium,
et qui,
possedant des proprietes vomitives plus ou moins accentuees,
sont employees comme Ipecachuanhas faux ou blancs dans les regions
les plus chaudes de l'Amerique.
|
The H. scandens , … verticillatus 1 …
although less known,
have as many species described as belonging to the genus Ionidium ,
and that,
possessing more or less accentuated emetic properties,
are employed as false or white Ipecachuanhas in the hottest regions
of America.
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[p. 345, Footnote 1]
1. Viola verticillata Orteg., Dec., IV, 50
— Solea verticillata Spreng., in Schrad. Journ., II (1800), 190, t. 6.
— Ionidium polygalaefolium Vent., Malmais., t. 27.
— DC., Prodr., a. 13.
— H. B. K., Nov. gen. et spec., V, 376, t. 496
(Mexique et Antilles).
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| |
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Viola canadensis;
|
Viola canadensis L. “Canadian White Violet”
(Syn: Viola rydbergii Greene, Viola scopulorum (A. Gray) Greene)
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Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Viola nephrophylla;
|
Viola nephrophylla Greene “Northern Bog Violet”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward Lee, 1896.
Locations:
Cimarron River.
|
Greene, Edward Lee.
Remarks on Acaulescent Violets
Pittonia v.3 (1896-1898) Part 15. November-December 1896. pp.139-150
|
V. NEPHROPHYLLA. Glabrous throughout; leaves firm
and almost subcoriaceous, the earlier from reniform to
round-reniform, very evenly crenate, an inch wide, on petioles of
an inch or more, the later ones thrice as large, cordate-reniform
to cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate, on petioles of 3 to 5
inches: peduncles very slender like the petioles, from shorter
than the leaves to somewhat exceeding them: sepals oblong,
obtuse, 3-nerved, scarious-margined : petals deep violet, but
white at the base and with veins of dark violet, and more or
less villous: apetalous summer flowers on slender ascending
short peduncles: seeds rather large, exactly obovate.
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In dry thickets of scrubby willows and Potentilla fruticosa,
the valley of the Cimarron River, western Colorado, 29
Aug, 1896. Plant with much the aspect of V. villosa, but
the leaves relatively broader and quite reniform; not intimately
related to that species, and apparently very distinct
from all forms of the cucullata group.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Viola nuttallii;
|
Viola nuttallii Pursh “Nuttall's Violet”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Viola odorata;
|
Viola odorata L. “Common Sweet Violet”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Viola pedatifida;
|
Viola pedatifida G. Don “ Prairie Violet”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Don, George, 1831-1838.
|
Don, George (1831, v. 1, p. 320) ...
|
3. V. pedati'fida : leaves pedately 3-parted, middle partition trifid, lateral ones all bifid, all lobed.
Very like V. pedata, but differs in the two lateral petals being bearded.
♄ H. Native of North America. Flowers beautiful blue.
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Pedatifid-leaved Violet. Fl. May, June. Clt. 1826. Pl. ¼ ft.
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Mentzelia L.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hufford, Larry, Michelle M. McMahon, Anna M. Sherwood, Gail Reeves, and Mark W, Chase, 2003.
|
| Names recognized by Harrington (1954)
|
Names recognized by Snow (2009) |
Names recognized by Weber and Wittmann
(2012) |
Names recognized by Ackerfield (2015) |
Names recognized by FNANM |
Mentzelia (s.l.)
represented by collections in Jefferson County, Colorado |
| Section Bartonia |
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray
(Syn: M.
speciosa Osterhout., Nuttallia multiflora (Nutt.) Greene, N.
speciosa (Osterh.) Greene, N. sinuata Rydb.) |
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) A. Gray var.
multiflora |
Nuttallia multiflora (Nuttall) Greene
(Incl: N.
sinuata, N. speciosa) |
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray |
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray |
M. multiflora (Nutt.) Gray |
| Mentzelia sinuata (Rydb.) R. J. Hill |
Mentzelia speciosa Osterh. |
Mentzelia speciosa Osterh. |
Mentzelia sinuata (Rydb.) R. J. Hill |
| Mentzelia speciosa Osterh. |
Mentzelia speciosa Osterhout |
Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) T. & G.
(Syn: Nuttallia nuda
(Pursh) Greene) |
Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray |
Nuttallia nuda (Pursh) Greene |
Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray |
Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray |
M. nuda (Pursh) Torr. & Gray |
| Section Trachyphytum |
| Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl ex Hook. |
Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex Torr. & A.
Gray |
Acrolasia albicaulis (Douglas) Rydberg |
Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex
Torr. & A. Gray
(Syn: M. montana (Davidson) Davidson) |
M. albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray |
M. albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray |
| Not recognized |
Mentzelia montana (Davids.) Davids. |
Not recognized |
M. montana (Davidson) Davidson |
M. montana (Davidson) Davidsona |
| Mentzelia dispersa Wats. |
Mentzelia dispersa S. Watsonb |
Acrolasia dispersa (S. Watson) Davidson |
Mentzelia dispersa S. Watson |
M. dispersa S. Wats. |
M. dispersa S. Wats. |
| Harrington, H. D. 1954. Manual of the plants of Colorado. Denver, CO.:
Sage Books., 1954. |
Snow, Neil. 2009. Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky
Mountain Region (Version 3). 316 p. |
Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann. 2012. Colorado Flora:
Eastern Slope. 4th Edition. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of
Colorado, 2012. |
Ackerfield, Jennifer. 2015. The Flora of Colorado.
Fort Worth, TX. Botanical Research Institute of Texas. |
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+.
Flora of North America North of Mexico. 16+. New York and Oxford.
Published on the Internet; http://www.efloras.org/ (accessed 2013 through 2019) |
Source: Southwest Environmental Information Network, SEINet. 2014.
http//:swbiodiversity.org/seinet/index.php. Accessed on September 04,
2014. |
Notes:
- bMentzelia dispersa S. Watson. Snow (2009) follows
Dorn (2001) in not recognizing varieties in our region.
- aMentzelia montana (Davidson) Davidson is
represented by two collections made by
George E. Osterhout with Ira W. Clokey, Osterhout's #3095 (RM95508) and
#5741 (RM162001).
The collections were made 22 June 1918 and the locality is Morrison,
Jefferson County, Colorado.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Mentzelia albicaulis;
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Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray “White-Stem Blazing Star”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
|
Hooker (1834, v. 1, p. 222) …
| Original Text
|
3. B[artonia] albicaulis; petalis 5 obovatis (parvis), staminibus petaloideis nullis, bracteis nullis,
caule laevissimo nitido albo. Douglas, MSS. apud Hort Soc. Lond. — Mentzelia albicaulis.
Douglas, in Herb. nostr.
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Long Latin description omitted.
|
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Hab. On arid sandy plains of the river Columbia, under the shade of Purshia tridentata. Douglas. —
Mr. Douglas seemed to be doubtful whether this new plant should be referred to Bartonia or Mentzelia,
It partakes, indeed, in some characters of the one, and some of the other. Mr. Nuttall, who has perhaps
alone of any living Botanist had the opportunity of examining both Bartonia and Mentzelia in a recent
state, and who may be considered to have established the former genus, says that “ nothing essential
separates Bartonia from Mentzelia, except the augmentation of petals, and the structure of the capsules
and seeds.” In regard to the augmentation of petals, Mr. Nuttall himself observes that in Bartonia their
number varies from ten to fifteen. We have shown in the two preceding species, that it is reduced to five,
but with five petaloid stamens, or imperfect petals. In the present plant, the petaloid stamens are wanting ;
and the number of petals exactly accords with Mentzelia. Again, in Bartonia, the seeds ought to be,
according to Nuttall, “ numerous, arranged horizontally in a double series ;” in Mentzelia, the “ seeds are
3-6, longitudinally arranged.” In our plant, the seeds are numerous (25-40, Douglas), placed in a single
series. — For a knowledge of the structure of the flowers and seeds of this plant, I am indebted to a beautiful
drawing which accompanied the specimen lent to me by Professor Lindley, and made by that admirable
Botanist.
| |
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & A. Gray (1840, v. 1, p. 534) ...
| Original Text
|
6. M. albicaulis (Dougl. mss.) : low, branching from the base; stem
white and polished and nearly glabrous below ; leaves lanceolate, remote,
deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, sessile, scabrous ; flowers (small) solitary or mostly
in loose clusters, not bracteolate ; petals obovate, scarcely exceeding the
short subulate-lanceolate calyx-segments ; filaments (20-30) all subulate-filiform ;
capsules cylindrical, narrow, elongated ; seeds 20-40.
—
Bartonia albicaulis, Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 222.
Trachyphytum albicaulis & T. gracile ! Nutt. mss.
|
Arid sandy plains of the Oregon, under the shade of Purshia tridentata,
Douglas. Plains of the Oregon and Rocky Mountains, Nuttall ! June.
—
Stem 6-10 inches high. Petals about 2 lines in length, yellow.
—
The pubescence, although less in degree, is of two kinds, like that of M. Lindleyi, &c.
| |
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Mentzelia aspera L. “Tropical Blazingstar”
The generic name of Mentzelia and specific name aspera were first published by Linnaeus (1753).
Linnaeus (1753), vol. 1, p. 516.
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MENTZELIA
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aspera
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1. MENTZELIA. Hort. cliff. 492.
|
|
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Mentzelia foliis & fructibus afperis.
Plum. gen. 41.
|
Plum. gen. refers to Plumierii. Genera, Species, Americana, Filices, see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Plumier
|
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Onagra americana, folio betonicae, fructu hifpido.
Tournef. infl. 302.
|
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Habitat in America.
|
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Folia ferrata, alterna.
Rami alterni.
Flores axillares, folitarii, feffiles.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Plumier, Charles, and Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, 1703.
|
Plumier, Charles. 1703. Nova plantarum Americanarum genera. p. 41, Tab. 6.
|
Mentzelia
|
Mentzelia
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Tab. 6.
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Mentzelia eft plantae genus flore A rofaceo ; plurimis fcilicet
petalis B in orbem pofitis , conftante, calyci C infidentibus,
qui calyx abit deinde in fructum D tubulatum, membrabaceum ,
feminibufque foetum exigis F.
|
Tab. 6.
|
Mentzelia is a genus of plants with a rose-colored flower;
with many petals B that are arranged in a circle, forming a cup C,
which then turns into a tubular, membranous fruit D,
and produces a female fetus F.
|
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Mentzeliae unicam vidi fpeciem.
|
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I saw only one species of Mentzelia.
|
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Mentzelia foliis & fructibus afperis.
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Mentzelia brings forth leaves and fruits.
|
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Clariffimus D. Chriftianus Mentzelius ,
Forftenvvald. March.
Philofoph. & Medicin. D. Sereniffimi Electoris
Brandenburgici Confiliarius & Archiater,
indicem nominum plantarum multilinguen,
Latinorum, Graecorum & Germanorum
litterus per Europam ufitatis confcripfit , & conftruxit ;
cui adjecit pugiltertextus eft indiculus plantarum
nonnullarum , Brafiliae & nondum editarum.
Proftat Opus Berolini apud Danielem Reichelium Bibliop.
Ex officina Rungiana 1682. in fol.
|
|
The most excellent D. Christianus Mentzel, Forstenwald. March.
Philosophy & Medicine D. Serene Elector
Brandenburgici Confiliarius & Archiater,
an index of names of plants in many languages,
Latinorum, Graecorum & Germanorum
letters throughout Europe, has been compiled and constructed;
to which he has added a pugiltertextus est indiculus plantarum
nonnullarum, Brasiliae & nondum editarum.
The work is published in Berlin by Daniel Reichelius Bibliop.
Ex officina Rungiana 1682. on fol.
|
Mentzel (1622-1701), botanist and orientalist, studied medicine and philology in Germany.
He later travelled throughout Italy and received his medical degree from Padua.
After returning to Germany, Mentzel served as physician to the Elector of Brandenburg.
When he retired in 1658, Mentzel devoted himself to the study of botany and Chinese language and culture.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Mentzelia dispersa;
|
Mentzelia dispersa S. Watson “Bushy Blazing Star”
| |
|
Watson (1871, v. 5, p. 114) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Var. integrifolia. Usually branched ; leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, entire or sinuately toothed or pinnatifid ; flowers and fruit as in the
ordinary M. albicaulis, but the seeds rather few (6—20) and some of the 15-20
filaments occasionally petaloid. — There seems very little to separate this from
M. micrantha, H. & A., which has the same habit and foliage and is by no
means constant in having a 3-seeded capside, having sometimes half-a-dozen
or more seeds. This is 663 Geyer, 571 Hall & Harbour, and 195 Vasey.
East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and Antelope Island and the Wahsatch,
Utah; 4,500-0,000 feet altitude ; June, July. (430.)
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1871.
- Watson, Sereno, 1876.
|
Watson (1876, v. 11, n.s., v. 3, p. 137) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Mentzelia dispersa. A slender annual, usually about a foot
high ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or sometimes entire,
rarely pinnatifid, the uppermost often ovate: flowers small, mostly
approximate near the ends of the branches; calyx-lobes a line long, little
shorter than the five spatulate or obovate petals : filaments not dilated :
capsule narrowly linear-clavate, six to nine lines long : seeds very
often in a single row, angular and somewhat rhombohedral, more or less
grooved upon the angles, very nearly smooth, half a line long. — M.
albicaulis, var. integrifolia, Watson, Bot. King's Rep. 114. From
Washington Territory to Colorado and southward, frequent ;
Yosemite Valley, Bolander ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. Much resembling
M. albicaulis, Dougl., with which it has been confounded almost from
the first, but which is distinguished by its more pinnatifid leaves and
slightly larger flowers, and especially by its rather strongly tuberculate
seeds, irregularly angled with obtuse margins. The rarer allied
species M. micrantha differs in its more leafy habit and small ovate
leaves, and in its shorter, broader and few-seeded capsules, the seeds a
line long.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Mentzelia multiflora;
|
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) A. Gray. “Adonis Blazing Star”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1848b.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1848, publication details;
|
Nuttall (1848, p. 180) plants collected by William Gambel.
| Original Text
|
|
BARTONIA.
|
|
B. *multiflora.
Biennial ? Stem smooth, white and shining, corymbosely branched ;
leaves narrow-lanceolate, sinuate, pinnatifid, attenuated below and sessile ;
flowers subtended by one or two linear bractes;
petals 10, oblong-oval, obtuse;
capsule urceolate, with three to four valves ;
segments of the calyx long and subulate ;
seeds in a double series, winged.
|
|
Hab.
Sandy hills along the borders of the Rio del Norte.
Santa Fe, (Mexico.)
Flowering in August.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Gray, 1849, publication details;
|
Gray (1849) placed the plant in Mentzelia in his Plantae Fendleriana.
| Original Text
|
|
242. M. multiflora.
Nutt. Pl. Gamb. in Jour, Acad, Philad. n. ser. 1. p. 180? under Bartonia.
Santa Fe ; June, July.
Flower seldom open in the day-time.
Also along the Arkansas near Bent's Fort ; Sept.
(I have not seen the latter specimens.)
—
The specimens are a foot of more in height,
with most of the leaves rather deeply pinnatifid,
and flowers about one fourth larger than those of an original specimen of Nuttall's Bartonia pumila in Dr. Torrey's herbarium.
with which, except in the greater size, they accord tolerably well.
The stems become bright white with age, as in other species.
The petals apparently straw-color, perhaps white,
are one half or one third of an inch in length, obovate or spatulate and rather obtuse,
except with age, exceeding the subulate calyx-segments, and longer than the ovary.
The outer filaments are conspicuously dilated.
In have the same species, apparently, from Coulter's Californian collection,
but with rather larger flowers, and mire interruptedly pinnatifid leaves.
In Dr. Torrey's herbarium I notice specimens, for the most part imperfect,
referable either to this plant or to M. pumila itself,
gathered on the Upper Platte or Arkansas by Dr. James in Long's expedition,
and in the valley of the Rio del Norte, New Mexico, by Lieut. Emory.
I can hardly doubt that it is the Bartonia multiflora of Nuttall,
although the petals are not quite so large as he describes them.
There is a related species in Texas, which I have also flowered in cultivation.*
|
This last species is M. wrightii A. Gray s. nov., which Gray goes on to describe.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hufford, Larry, John J. Schenk, and Joshua M. Brokaw, 2017.
|
Hufford, et al. (2017) retain all of Mentzelia s.l. in a single genus, and place M. multiflora in section Bartonia.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Mentzelia nuda;
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Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray “Bractless Blazing Star”
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Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 328) …
| Original Text
| Interpretation
|
|
nuda.
|
2. B. germine nudo, seminibus alatis. Sims l. c.
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nuda
|
Bartonia with naked buds, winged seeds
|
|
|
On the banks of the Missouri. Nuttall. ♂.
July, Aug. v. v.
This species has smaller flowers, and the leaves are not so glaucous as the foregoing :
in every other respect the above description is applicable to the present one, with little deviation.
The number of petals is variable, from to to fifteen.
|
|
On the banks of the Missouri. Nuttall. ♂.
July, Aug. v. v.
This species has smaller flowers, and the leaves are not so glaucous as the foregoing :
in every other respect the above description is applicable to the present one, with little deviation.
The number of petals is variable, from to to fifteen.
|
The “foregoing” is Bartonia ornata Pursh.
Pursh placed B. decapetala Sims in synonomy, which we now know as Mentzelia decapetala (Sims) Urb.
M. decapetala is not known from Jefferson County; collections are from Boulder to the north and east,
and Colorado Springs to the south and east.
Pursh's Index Auctorum has two entries for Sims.
- Annals of bot. — Annals of Botany, by C. Konig and J. Sims. 2 vols. London, 1805, 1806. 8vo.
- Bot. mag. — Curtis's Botanical Magazine, continued by J. Sims. London, 1801 et seq. 8vo.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 535) ...
| Original Text
|
|
9. M. nuda : rough with a minute barbed pubescence ; leaves somewhat
lanceolate, interruptedly pinnatifid, the segments obtuse ; flowers (large)
terminating the branches, not bracteolate ; petals 10; stamens very numerous;
the exterior filaments petaloid and often sterile, the others filiformn ; capsules
3-valved at the summit ; seeds numerous, winged. — Bartonia nuda, Nutt
l. c. ; Pursh, Fl. 1. p. 328, & 2. p. 749 ; DC. I. c.
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Gravelly hills of the Missouri, near the Great Bend, Nuttall, Dr. .James !
July-Aug. — We have drawn up the character of this, as well as of the preceding
species, wholly from the excellent and complete description of Nuttall,
as we possess only an imperfect specimen collected by Dr. James. The
flowers are about half the size of those of M. ornata ; and the root, Mr. Nuttall
thinks, is triennial or perhaps perennial.
|
The preceding was M. ornata now treated as a synonym of M. decapetala.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Keeler, Kathleen H., 1981.
|
Keeler, Kathleen H., 1981 ...
|
Mentzelia nuda is a coarse, shortlived perennial of the High Plains of North America.
The flower secrete nectar which serves as an attractant for pollinating bees.
Postfloral nectar secreation attracts ants whose presence significantly enhances seed set.
This is the first demonstration of advantage to postflowering activity of a floral nectary.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Keeler, Kathleen H., 1987.
|
Keeler, Kathleen H., 1987 ...
|
Survivorship and fecundity of the polycarpic perennial Mentzelia nuda were investigated to help understand its population dynamics. Between 1978 and 1984, all 685 individuals found in a Nebraska sandhills prairie plot were marked and their fate followed. Three plants lived seven years, but the average lifespan was less than two years. Most plants spent their first year as nonflowering rosettes: only 9% flowered the first summer after germination. Overall, first-year survivorship ranged from 0.20 to 0.50 between 1978 and 1984. Fifty-two percent of rosettes survived to flower. Survivorship of flowering individuals was about the same as the survivorship of rosettes, although actual survivorships varied significantly between years. Both rainfall and age affected survivorship and fecundity.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Osterhout, George F., 1901b.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Mentzelia speciosa;
|
Mentzelia speciosa Osterh. “Plains Blazing Star”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Osterhout, George F., 1901a.
|
Osterhout (1901, v. 28, n. 11, p. 644) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Mentzelia aurea
|
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Perennial, the stem whitish, rather stout, finely pubescent,
glandular on the pedicels and ovary ; corymbosely branched from
near the base, the leaves linear to oblong, sinuate-dentate to
sinuate-pinnatifid, the lower including the narrowly winged petiole,
10 to 15 cm. long, hispid on both sides : flowers numerous, vespertine,
the earlier ones sessile, the others on pedicels 1-2 cm. long :
petals 10, the five outer ones whitish on the outside, 2 cm. long
and 8 mm. wide at the widest portion, narrowed to a claw which is
nearly half the length of the whole petal ; the five inner ones narrow
and not more than half the size of the outer, a number of the outer
filaments also petaloid : the capsule a little more than 2 cm. long,
striate: the seeds round, winged, mature ones smooth, i. e., not
punctate.
|
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Type specimens collected in Estes Park, Larimer county,
Colorado, July 18, 1900, no. 2203. A. showy plant, ranging from the
edge of the foothills to an altitude of 7000 feet. Before the flowers
open they appear to be white on account of the whitish outside of
the petals, but when open they are golden yellow.
|
| |
|
Osterhout (1901, v. 28, n. 12, p. 689) ...
| Original Text
|
|
A corrected Name
|
|
Mentzelia speciosa
|
|
Mentzelia aurea Osterhout, Bull. Torr. Club, 28 : 544.
|
|
Not Mentzelia aurea Nutt. Gen. 1 : 300 which is now a synonym
Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt.
|
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George E. Osterhout.
|
The 5 in the page number 544 has been crossed out and a 6 pencilled in.
| |
|
Coryphantha (Engelm.) Lem.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Engelmann, George, 1856.
|
Engelmann, George. 1856. Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the Territory of the
United States and Adjacent Regions. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. v. 3 (1852-1857), p. 259-314.
|
p. 260
|
CACTACEAE
|
|
|
p. 260
|
Tribus I. TUBULISAE, Miquel.
|
|
|
p. 260
|
Subtrib. 1. Parallelae.
Cotyledones margine hilum versus spectantes, lateribus seminis parallelae.
|
|
|
…
|
…
|
…
|
|
p. 264
|
Subgen. 2. Coryphantha
Flores e basi tuberculorum hornotinorum
aculeiferorum sulcatorum, vel in vertice ipso oriundi :
ovarium emersum.
|
Flowers from the base of hornet's tubers
of the prickly furrows, or at the very top of the rising :
ovary emerged.
|
|
…
|
…
|
…
|
|
p. 264
|
§ 2. Flaviflorae.
|
|
|
p. 264
|
* Laxiflorae. (The originally central flowers are pushed aside by the continuous development of new tubercles.)
|
|
|
p. 264
|
15. M. Nuttallii, E.; [Latin diagnosis …]
|
|
|
p. 264
|
Var. α borealis (M. Nuttallii, E. l. c.
Cactus mamillaris, Nutt. Gen., non Linn.):
subsimplex ; aculeis setaceis 13-17 cum centrali saepe deficiente puberulis ;
stigmatibus 2-5 ;
baccis seminibusque minoribus.
|
|
|
…
|
…
|
…
|
|
p. 268
|
§ 3. Rubriflorae.
|
|
|
…
|
…
|
…
|
|
p. 268
|
* * Sepalis fimbriatis
|
|
|
…
|
…
|
…
|
|
p. 269
|
28. M. vivipara, Haw. …
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lemaire, (Antoine) Charles, 1868.
|
Lemaire (1868) elevated Engelmann's subgenus of Coryphantha to genus.
|
3e Genre. — Les Coryphanthes (Coryphantha).
|
3rd Kind. — The Coryphanthes (Coryphantha)
|
|
ÉTYMOLOGIE.
|
ETYMOLOGY.
|
|
Coryphč, tęte, sommet; anthč, fleur, allusion ŕ l’insertion des fleurs.
|
Coryphe, head, apex; anthč, flower, allusion to the insertion of flowers.
|
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Sous ce nom, l’excellent cactographe, M. Engelmann,
a séparé du genre Mamillaria, en en faisant un sous-genre,
les espčces pourvues sur les podaires (en dessus)
d’une fossule longitudinale plus ou moins profonde, ŕ la
base de laquelle naissent les fleurs. Ce caractčre, qui
ne se remarque plus que chez les Echinocactes, ainsi
que ceux que nous allons énumérer, nous ont engagé ŕ
admettre le Coryphantha, comme suffisamment distinct
du Mamillaria.
|
Under this name, the excellent cactographer, Mr. Engelmann,
separated from the genus Mamillaria, making it a subgenus,
the species provided on the pods (above)
a more or less deep longitudinal fossula, at the
base from which the flowers are born. This character, which
is no longer noticeable except in the Echinocacti, thus
that those we are going to enumerate, have committed us to
admit the Coryphantha, as sufficiently distinct
of Mamillaria.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cylindropuntia imbricata;
|
Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw.) F. M. Kunth “Tree Cholla”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Haworth, Adrian Hardy, 1819.
|
Haworth (1820) ...
|
imbricatus. 2. *
|
C. (imbricated) erectus teretiusculus non angulatus superficie porcis sublobulaeformibus
varie subimbricatim tessellatis.
|
|
Habitat . . . .
|
|
|
Introd. a Dom. Loddiges 1820, sub hoc nomine.
St. ♄
|
|
|
Species praesingularis distinctissima :
at recte non examinavi.
Affinis C. cylindrico, at robustior :
sed forte cum illo genus proprium.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Baker, Marc, 2020.
|
Baker (2020) ...
|
...
Haworth's original description of Cereus imbricatus was not diagnostic,
was based on cultivated material from an unknown native habitat,
and was not assigned a type.
Augustin P. de Candolle (Prodr. 3: 471. 1828)
first published the combination Opuntia imbricata
but added little to distinguish the species,
specifying that both the flower and country of origin were unknown,
although he apparently considered the species to be from South America,
near the equator (“Amérique equinoxiale”)
(Candolle, Rev. Cact.: 91. 1829).
It was not until Britton & Rose (l.c. 1919) that an adequate description was attached
to the name Opuntia imbricata.
Coulter (l.c.) had restricted populations of O. imbricata to Mexico
and referred to populations in the U.S. as O. arborescens Engelm.
(in Wislizenus, Mem. Tour N. Mexico: 90. 1848),
which is now treated as a synonym of
Cylindropuntia imbricata subsp. imbricata.
|
|
Hunt & Taylor (in Cactaceae Syst. Init. 21: 6. 2006)
neotypified the name Cereus imbricatus Haw.
with an 1824 drawing by Thomas Duncanson that could not have been seen by Haworth
at the time of his publication and that clearly does not represent the taxon
as circumscribed by Britton & Rose (l.c. 1919).
Although Duncanson apparently received the plant material for his drawing from
Hitchin of Norwich in 1820,
we have found no connection to the material that was referenced by Haworth from
Loddiges and Sons of Hackney Nursery,
who published beautiful plates of many of their plants in a series called
The Botanical cabinet, but none of any cylindrical opuntioids.
...
|
Loddiges and Sons was a globally renowned plant nursery in Hackney, London,
operated by three generations of the Loddiges family from roughly 1771 to 1852.
It featured the world's largest hothouses, revolutionary steam heating, and artificial rain systems, cultivating over 10,000 plant species.
Founded by German immigrant Joachim Conrad Loddiges,
the nursery spanned multiple acres along Mare Street,
sitting on the current site of the Hackney Town Hall and Urswick School.
Under the direction of his sons, George and William,
the grounds became a major international horticultural hub with several groundbreaking achievements: innovative engineering, vast collections and the publication The Botanical Cabinet.
The business was ultimately forced to close in 1852 due to heavy pollution from local East London industries (GoogleAI, 12 July 2026).
| |
|
Echinocereus Engelm. “Hedgehog Cactus”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Engelmann, George, 1848.
|
Engelmann(1848, p. 91) published echinocereus ....
| Original Text
|
|
In the prairies about Wolf creek, in an elevation of between 6,000 and
7,000 feet, the smallest of a tribe of cactaceae was discovered, numerous
species of which were found in the course of the journey south and southeast
several others have also been discovered in Texas. I mean those
dwarfish Cerei, some of which have been described with the South American
genus Echinopsis, or have been referred alternately to Cereus or Echinocactus,
and which I propose to distinguish from all these under the name
of Echinocereus,7 indicating their intermediate position between Cereus
and Echinocactus: they approach more closely to Cereus, in which genus
they, as well as the genus Echinopsis, should perhaps be included as subgenera.
|
7 Echinocereus, n. gen. Perigonii tubus ultra germen productus ...
[... Latin diagnosis omitted ...]
Globose, or mostly ovate; simple, or mostly branching from the base or
cespitose; tubercles, forming few or mostly a great many ribs; bunches of
short or long spines, distant or approximate, often very crowded; vertex
never woolly; flowers lateral, produced from last year's growth, opening
only in sunshine, but for two or three days in succession; closed at
night, or in dark weather.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Echinocereus viridiflorus;
|
Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelm. “Nylon Hedgehog Cactus”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Engelmann, George, 1848.
Locations:
Wolf Creek.
|
Engelmann then proposed E. viridiflorus ...
| Original Text
|
|
The species mentioned above is distinguished from all others known to
me by its yellowish green flowers, the others having crimson or purple
flowers. I have named it, therefore, Echinocereus viridiflorus.8
|
8 Echinocereus viridiflorus, n. sp. ovato-globusus, humilis, …
[… Latin diagnosis omitted …]
Prairies on Wolf creek, flowers in June; Santa Fe, flowers in May,
(Fendler.) Body 1 to 1½ inch high, oval; spines 1 or 1½ to 3 lines long;
central spine when present 6 to 7 lines long; flower 1 inch long and wide,
outside green brown, inside yellowish green; petals only 2 lines wide, being
about 5 lines long.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sanchez, Daiel, Balbina Vazquez-Benitez, Monserrat Vaquez-Sanchez, David Aquino, Salvador Aria, 2022.
|
Escobaria Britton & Rose
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Escobaria;
|
Escobaria Britton & Rose
| |
Literature Cited:
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord, and J. N. Rose, 1919-1923.
|
Britton & Rose (1919-1923, v. 4, p. 53) published the genus Escobaria
to distinguish the cacti from the Coryphtanthae.
|
8. ESCOBARIA gen. nov.
|
|
Globose or cylindric, usually cespitose cacti, never milky;
tubercles grooved abve,
persisting as knobs at the base of old plants after the spines have fallen;
spines both central and radial, never hooked;
flowers small, regular, appearing from the top of plant at bottom of groove of young tubercles;
stamens and style included;
fruit red, naked (or with one scale), indehiscent, globular to oblong, crowned by the withering perianth;
seeds brown to black; aril basal or subventral, oval.
|
|
Type species: Mammillaria tuberculosa Engelmann.
|
|
The two species of this genus known to Schumann were placed by him in the subgenus Escobaria of Mammilaria;
they are like the Escobariae in having groved flower-bearing tubercles,
but are otherwise different, especially in the flowers, fruit, and seeds.
|
|
Eight species are known from northern Mexico and southern Texas.
|
|
The genus commerated the work of two distinguished Mexicans,
the Escobar brothers, Romulo and Numa, of Mexico City and Juarez.
|
However, they did not put our two local Escobaria, E. missouriensis and E. vivipara, in the new genus.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sanchez, Daiel, Balbina Vazquez-Benitez, Monserrat Vaquez-Sanchez, David Aquino, Salvador Aria, 2022.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Escobaria missouriensis;
|
Escobaria missouriensis (Sweet) D. R. Hunt “Missouri Foxtail Cactus”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
The first name that was applied to this cactus was Cactus mamillaris (Nuttall, 1818, v. 1, p. 295).
This was an existing name applied by Linnaeus to Mammillaria mammillaris (L.) H. Karst,
a native of Columbia and Venezuela (Linnaeus, 1753, v. 1, p. 466).
Note that Mammillaria was spelled with two “m”s.
| Original Text
|
|
† Melocactus. roundish.
|
|
Species. 1. C. mamillaris. Tubercles ovate terete,
bearded; flowers scarcely exserted; berries scarlet about
equal with the tubercles. — On the high hills of the
Missouri probably to the mountains. A species which
was hitherto supposed solely indigenous to the tropical
parts of America. It appears to be smaller than the West
India plant.
|
This cactus was not listed in Fraser's catalogue. Why did Nuttall not indicate it was a new name with an asterisk?
It turns out that Cactus mamillaris is a Linnaean (1753) name, but Nuttall does not indicate so.
C. mamillaris L. is a synonym of Mammillaria mammillaris (L.) H. Karst.
So either Nuttall failed to recognize a new species or applied an illegitimate name to the new species.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sweet, Robert, 1826.
|
Sweet (1826, p. 171) in a catalogue of plants raised in gardens of England placed our species in Mamillaria
and gave it the specific epithet of missouriensis.
| Original Text
|
|
MAMMILLARIA. H.S. Mammillaria. Icosandria Monogynia.
|
|
[Number]
|
[Specific Epithet]
|
[Common Name]
|
[Location Found]
|
[Year]
|
[Bloom Month]
|
[Characteristics]
|
|
14
|
missouriensis.
|
Missouri.
|
Missouri.
|
|
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G. ♄
|
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Cactus mamillaris N. nec aliorum.
|
“G. ♄” indicates that the plants are grown in a greenhouse
and they are shrubby.
The phrase “nec aliorum” literally translates to “no other.”
Does that mean there are no other names to be placed in synonomy?
Or does it mean that … what?
| |
Literature Cited:
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord, and J. N. Rose, 1919-1923.
|
Britton & Rose (1919-1923, v. 4, p. 53) treated our plant as Neobesseya missouriensis (Sweet).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Harrington, H. D., 1954.
|
Harrington (1954 & 1964 2ed.) treated our cactus as Mamillaria missouriensis Sweet, Hort. Brit. 171. 1827. Synonyms given were M. similis Engelm., Coryphantha missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose, C. similis (Engelm.) Britton & Rose, Cactus similis Britton & Rose, C. missouriensis (Sweet) Kuntze, and Neobesseya missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose. “Reported as occurring throughout Colorado but our few records from the western and southern parts at 4500-7500 feet.
| |
|
Hunt (1978, p. 13) placed Neobesseya missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose into Escobaria Britton & Rose, saying in part,
|
...
|
|
The justification for combining Escobaria and Neobesseya was
(i) that the two genera possess, in common grooved tubercles and pitted seeds; and
(ii) the existence of the intermediate species such as Escobaria duncanii, ...
|
|
Though my generic concept is broader than that of Britton & Rose
and many subsequent students of the Cactaceae,
is not as broad, in this instance, as that of Professor Lyman Benson,
who includes Escobaria and Neobesseya in oryphantha (Engelm.) Lem.
My view accords with the belief, earlier expressed by Buxbaum,
that Escobaria (with Neobesseya) represent an evolutionary lineage independent of Coryphantha,
that it to saythey are distinct phyletic groups at approximate analogous stage. ...
|
|
...
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittmann (2012, p. 148) treat this cactus as Coryphantha missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose, noting “… very inconspicuous and probably infrequent, plains and outwash mesas …”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Ackerfield (2015, p. 256) treated our plant as Coryphantha missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
|
Ackerfield (2022, p. 276) treats our plant as Escobaria missouriensis (Sweet) D. R. Hunt
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Escobaria vivipara;
|
Escobaria vivipara (Nutt.) Buxb. “Beehive Cactus”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fraser, John, 1813.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Fraser's Catalogue, publication details;
|
The first publication of Escobaria vivipara was in Fraser's Catalogue (Nuttall, 1813).
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
22 *Cactus viviparus.
This species has much the appearance of C. mamillaris,
but produces a red flower,
like C. Flagelliformis,
and a greenish edible fruit,
about the size of a grape.
Collected near the Mandan towns on the Missourie: lat. near 49°.
|
|
The Cactus mamillaris that Nuttall refers to will eventually become E. missouriensis.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 735) ...
|
Cactus viviparus. —
C. subrotundus multiplex, tuberculis cylindraceis barbatis supra sulca exaratis proliferis.
|
p. 327.
|
|
C. viviparus. Fraser. catal. 1813.
|
|
|
In Upper Louisiana.
♄
v. v. s. fl. In Hort. Lambert.
Resembles C. mammillaris ; the flowers are large and red;
the fruit the size of a grape, green and eatable.
In the same collection are also two other species
mentioned in Fraser's Catalogue ; but only seeing the
plants without flowers, I could not define their characters.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
Nuttall's Genera of North American Plants (1818, v. 1, pp. 295-296) description of Cactus viviparus.
|
2. * viviparus.
Cespitose; glomeruli subglobose;
tubercles cylindric-ovate, bearded, marked above with a proliferous groove;
flowers central large and exserted;
exterior segments of the calix, ciliate;
fruit ficiform, greenish.
Hab.
With the above [E. missouriensis], on the summits of gravelly hills;
flowering from June to August;
flowers large and bright-red, almost similar to those of C. flagelliformis.
Obs.
Nearly allied to the preceding in habit,
but differing probably from every other species of this section by the remarkable proliferous tendency of its leaves.
Which not unfrequently multiply to the destruction of the parent plant,
it consequently never becomes so large as C. mamillaris;
inhabiting a climate which is scarcely temperate,
from the great elevation of the land above the level of the sea,
these 2 species in this country produce long and somewhat fusiform roots,
penetrating deep into the earth;
towards the approach of winter the upper part of the plant becomes dry,
excessively spiny, and almost juiceless,
in the spring numerous shoots issue from the root,
and those glomeruli which have withstood the intensity of the frost,
thus the plants becomes cespitose,
forming masses sometimes of 2 or 3 feet in breadth.
In spite of its armature the wild antelope of the plains finds means to
render it subservient to its wants by cutting it up with his hooves.
|
|
The flowers are generally central,
more than an inch in length;
segments of the calix linear,
exterior ones revolute with a fringed margin;
petals numerous, narrow, linear and acuminate;
berry about the size of grape, smooth and eatable;
seed small, cotyledones none,
(in the seeds which germinated with me,
merely a tubercle similar to those of the parent plant.)
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Haworth, Adrian Hardy, 1819.
|
Haworth (1819, pp. 72-73) ...
vivipara.
9.
|
M. (Viviparous) subrotunda multiplex tuberculis
cylindraceis barbatis supra sulco exaratis proliferis.
|
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Cactus viviparus. Pursh. americ. 2. 785.
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Habitat in Louisiana Superiore.
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Introd. 1813 a D. Frazer. G. H. ♃
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Flores magni rubri.
Fructus magnitudine fructus vitis viniferae, viridis edulis.
Pursh. l. c. — Nuttall's gen. n. amer. p. 295.
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Obs.
Spinae plerumque niveae, at 1-3 in singulo fasciculo majores quam ceteris, atro-purpureae.
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Obs. 2.
Mr. Nuttall (p. 295.) says this plant, and
another, which he (perhaps wrongly) supposes
the same as the West Indian Cactus mammillaris
of authors, inhabit the summits of gravelly
hills near the Missouri, probably to the mountains,
and that the flowers of viviparus from
June to August are large, bright red, and almost
similar to those of C. flagelliformis.
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Literature Cited:
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord, and J. N. Rose, 1919-1923.
- Wikipedia contributors, 2020a.
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Britton & Rose (1919-1923, 4 vols.)
The Cactaceae is a monograph on plants of the cactus family written
by the American botanists Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose
and published in multiple volumes between 1919 and 1923.
It was landmark study that extensively reorganized cactus taxonomy and is still considered a cornerstone of the field.
It was illustrated with drawings and color plates principally by the British botanical artist Mary Emily Eaton as well as with black-and-white photographs.
A black-and-white reprint of the second (1937) edition of The Cactaceae was published by Dover Publications in 1963.
In 2006, Daniel Schweich undertook a project to digitize the entire book, and all four volumes can now be downloaded in full color
(WikiPedia contributors, 2020a).
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Original Text
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Comments
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31. Escobaria vivipara (Nuttall) Britton and Rose in Britton and Brown, Illustr. Fl. Ed. 2. 2: 571. 1913.
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Cactus viviparus Nuttall, Fraser's Cat. No. 22. 1813.
Mammillaria vivipara Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 72. 1819
Mammillaria radiosa Engelmann, Bost. Journ. Nat, Hist. 6: 196 1850
Echinocactus radiosus Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21: 107. 1853.
Echinocactus viviparus Poselger, Allg. Gartenz. 21: 107. 1853
Mammillaria vivipara vera Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3: 269. 1856.
Mammillaria vivipara radiosa Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3; 269. 1856.
Mammillaria vivipara radiosa Engelmann, Cact. Mex, Bound. 15. 1859, as subspecies.
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[Description not reproduced.]
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Type locality: “Near the Mandan towns on the Missouri, lat. Near 49°.”
Distribution: Manitoba to Alberta, Kansas, south to northern Texas and Colorado.
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The group to which Escobaria vivipara belongs has always been very puzzling.
Dr. Engelmann, our greatest suthority on this group,
was sometimes of one opinion and sometimes of another.
Schumann rejected the specific name vivipara of Haworth
for this plant since he thought that it was not the same as the vivipara of Engelmann,
but in this he must be wrong,
for Mammillaria vivipara Haworth was based upon Cactus viviparus Pursh,
a name previously used by Nuttall,
and both Pursh's and Nuttall's descriptions were based on the
specimens collected by Nuttall in “Upper Louisiana” in 1812.
This is undoubtedly the plant which Engelmann had in mind
and which he called the variety vera.
We have not seen the type,
but Pursh stated that he had seen flowers in Lambert's Garden.
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Engelmann's remakrs regarding the variability of the species are interesting.
In the Proceedings of the American Academy (3: 269) he says:
“The extreme forms are certainly very unlike one another,
but the transitions are so gradual that I can not draw strict limits between them.”
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Escobaria vivipara and the three following species are closely related.
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They are C. neo-mexicana,
C. arizonica, and
C. deserti.
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This plant is a day bloomer, and according to Engelmann
the flowers become fully expanded about one o'clock in the afternoon.
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Hooker in Curtis's Botanical Magazine (pl. 7718) figures and describes
a plant purchased from D. M. Andrews of Boulder, Colorado,
in which all the spines are brown, the flower is rose-red,
and the stigma-lobes are linear and white.
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[A list of illustrations by others is not reproduced.]
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Britton & Rose (1919-1923, v. 4, p. 43-44) treat our plant as Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose, in Britton & Brown Illustr. Fl. ed. 2. 2: 571. 1913.
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Literature Cited:
- Buxbaum, Franz, 1951.
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Buxbaum (1951) placed E. vivipara in Escobaria. While early volumes of the publication, Österreichische botanische Zeitschrift are available on Biodiversity Heritage Library, the subject volume (v. 98, 1951) is not available.
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Literature Cited:
- Harrington, H. D., 1954.
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Harrington (1954 & 1964 2ed.) treats our cactus as Mamillaria vivipara (Nutt.) Haw., Syn. Pl. Succ. Supp. 72. 1819. Synonyms listed are Coryphantha radiosa (Engelm.) Rydb., C. vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose, and Cactus viviparus Nutt.
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
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Weber & Wittmann (2012, p. 148) treated our plant as Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose var. vivipara, noting that it is common on the plains and in the San Luis Valley, very rarely in the outer foothills.
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
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Ackerfield (2015, p. 256) treated our plant as Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose.
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
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Ackerfield (2022, p. 276) treats our plant as Escobaria vivipara (Nutt.) Buxb.
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Opuntia (L.) Mill.
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Literature Cited:
- Majure, Lucas C., Paul Puente, M. Patrick Griffith, Walter S. Judd, Pamela S. Soltis, and Douglas E. Soltis, 2012.
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Literature Cited:
- Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds., 2018.
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Literature Cited:
- Allred, Kelly W., 2020.
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
- Engelmann, George, 1850.
- Engelmann, Georg, and John M. Bigelow, 1856.
- Ferguson, David J., 1987.
- Pinkava, Donald J., 2003.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Opuntia cymochila, Engelmann & Bigelow, 1856;
Notes on Opuntia cymochila, Ferguson, 1987;
Notes on Opuntia macrorhiza, Pinkava, 2003;
Notes on Opuntia macrorhiza, Ackerfield, 2022;
Notes on Opuntia tortispina, Engelmann & Bigelow, 1856;
Notes on Opuntia tortispina, Pinkava, 2003;
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Comparison of Selected Taxa of Opuntia
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| Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm.
| Opuntia tortispina Engelm. & J. M. Bigelow 1
| Opuntia cymochila Englem. & J. M. Bigelow
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| Character
| Engelmann, 1850
| FNANM, Pinkava, 2003
| Ferguson 1987
| Ackerfield, 2022
| Engelmann & J. M. Bigelow, 1856
| FNANM, Pinkava, 2003
| Engelmann & J. M. Bigelow, 1856 2
| Ferguson, 1987
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| Growth Form
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Shrubs, forming clumps, 7.5–16 cm, sometimes from tuberlike rootstocks
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Plants 0.8-3 dm. [8-30 cm.]
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Shrubs, low, to 0.4 m [40 cm.], creeping from clumps, sometimes from thickened rootstocks.
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commonly forms clumps up to five or six feet [1.5 or 1.8 m.] across,
rarely to a foot [30 cm.] in height,
joints rooting where they touch the soil.
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| Root
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Root a large and fleshy tuber, sometimes 2 or 3 inches [5 to 8 cm.] in diameter;
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| Stem
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joints 3-4 inches long, about 2˝-3˝ wide, hardly attenuate at the base.
Areolae ľ — 1 inch distant, more crowded toward the base and on the edges:
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Stem segments not easily detached, dark dull green, often cross wrinkled when stressed, flattened,
obovate to circular, 5–11 × 3.5–7.5 cm, fleshy (to flabby and cross wrinkled when stressed),
tuberculate, glaucous; areoles 5–6(–8) per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval to subcircular,
2–4 mm diam.; wool tan.
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segments 5-11 × 3.5-7.5 cm.,
5-7 areoles per diagonal row across the midstem segment
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Joints rounded, 6-8 inches long ;
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Stem segments not easily detached, pale green to deep green, graying with age,
wrinkled when stressed, flattened, broadly obovate to ovate, 6.5–15 × 4–10 cm, tuberculate, glossy, glabrous;
areoles 6–9 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval, obovate, or subcircular,
2.5–5 × 1.5–4 mm; wool tan, aging brown.
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Joints 2˝-3 inches in diameter, orbicular or very slightly obovate pulvillis 6-8 lines apart;
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… joints typically a deep, oftern dull green, shrivelling and turning purplish in winter dormancy,
when they lie prostrate on the ground …
rounded and about 2.5-4 inches (6-10 cm) in length
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| Spines
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spines (often wanting) 1 inch long, the smaller 4-6 lines long.
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Spines (0–)1–4 per areole, usually in distal areoles, erect to spreading, white to red-brown,
acicular, straight, terete or 1 flattened, ± stout (0.5 mm diam. At base), longest to 60 mm.
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Key: few spines per areole in few areoles;
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spines (0) 1-4 per areole, to 60 mm long
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pulvilli 1-1˝ inches apart; bristles short, except on the edges, where they are 2-3 lines long, but rather slender ;
spines more numerous than in any other of our species, with juicy fruit, often 6-8, lower smaller ones ?-l inch,
larger ones 1˝-2˝ inches long, entirely white or yellowish horn-colored at base and tip ;
on the upper areolae one erect spine, the others spreading in different directions, lower ones deflexed.
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Spines 1–9 on most areoles to only on distal 1/2 of stem segment,
white to gray with pale brown tips and bases, sometimes brown throughout;
central spines 1–3, all deflexed or 1–2 porrect or ascending, terete or flattened,
occasionally spirally twisted, 25–70 mm;
small spines (2–)3–6(–8) strongly deflexed, usually slender, even bristlelike, 5–15 mm.
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the very light yellowish-brown bristles numerous, and conspicuous only on the older joints;
only the lowest pulvilli of a joint unarmed, upper ones with 2-5 spines, 2 or 3 larger ones,
often reddish-brown at lower half, 1-2 inches long, lower, smaller, paler ones 3-9 lines long.
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Key: several spines per areole in most areoles
Desc: several spines per areole,
1-4, often flattened, main spines which mostly spread downward, but one or two may project upward or outward …
1 to several smaller, thin, short downward radiating spines …
typically whitish, sometimes with yellowish or more often brownish bases …
occasionally may be mostly browh or even blackish.
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| Glochids
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Glochids in dense tuft, pale yellow, tan to red-brown, aging brown, to 5 mm.
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glochids in a dense tuft, to 5 mm;
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Glochids forming a well developed adaxial tuft, yellow to brownish white, to 6 mm.
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glochids are yellow to reddish-brown
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| Leaves
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Leaves subulate, about 5 lines long.
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usually green,
mostly under 1/4 inch (7 mm) long
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| Flowers
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Flower 3 inches in diameter: ovary 1Ľ inch long: petals 1 inch wide, 1˝ inch long, pale yellow, red at the base.
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Flowers: inner tepals yellow with red basal portions, 25–40 mm; filaments pale yellow; anthers yellow;
style white; stigma lobes cream to yellowish.
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Key: flowers yellow, but often red centers, stigma lobes pale whitish or yellowish
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flowers yellow, 25-45 mm long; filaments yellow;
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Flowers: inner tepals yellow to gold, commonly darker to red near base,
broadly spatulate, 30–40 mm, apiculate;
filaments usually pale yellow; anthers yellow; style whitish to pale green; stigma lobes greenish.
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Key: flowers yellow, rarely with red centers, with stigma lobes usually rich green.
Desc: 2.5 to 3 inches (6.5-8 cm) across, with many ruffled yellow petals …
toward base orangey or rarely bright orange or red
3
stigma lobes typically rich dark green, but may vary to pale
| Fruit
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Fruit 1˝ inches long;
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Fruits green to yellowish to dull red, stipitate, elongate-obovoid, 25–40 × 15–28 mm, fleshy, glabrous;
areoles 16–28.
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fruit fleshy, green to yellow or reddish, 25-40 mm long.
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Fruit similar to that of last species, large, oval, not contracted at base,
perhaps less juicy and with a somewhat smaller and deeper umbilicus, 1ľ- 2 inches long, 1-1Ľ in diameter.
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Fruits purple-red, oval to broadly ovate, subspheric or short ovoid, bases not narrowed, 30 × 20–25 mm, fleshy, base not narrowed, glabrous, spineless or nearly so; umbilicus deep; areoles 18–30.
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Fruit oval, 1-1Ľ inches long, about 10 lines in diameter, purplish, pulpy, sweet, and edible,
less contracted at base than O. Rafinesquii; [=O. compressa]
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mostly ovoid and narrowed below the apex …
areoles usually prominent with obvious glochids and often a few short spines
dull purplish red (almost brown) …
pulp juicy and purple
(among the sweetest and tastiest prickly pear fruits,
but are rather small and most of the volume is taken up by the seeds)
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| Seeds
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the strongly margined seeds comparatively few, 2˝ lines in diameter.
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Seeds tan, subcircular, 4–5 mm, thickish, warped; girdle broad, protruding to 0.5 mm.
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Seeds 2-3 lines across, thick and quite regular, with a very slight indentation at the hilum.
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Seeds whitish to tan, irregularly shaped, flattened, 4–6 × 3–4 mm; girdle protruding 1–2 mm.
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seed remarkably irregular and twisted, 2˝ lines in diameter, with a wavy or twisted very sharp rim,
whence the name which indicates the undulated border.
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mostly about 3/8 inch (5-6 mm) in diameter,
regularly discoid, pale tan in color, with a broud prominent rim
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| Chromosomes
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2n = 44.
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2n = 44, 66.
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| Habitat
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Dry, open places, 3600-7000 ft. May-Aug. (plate 39)
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dry grasslands,
in stable, fairly heavy soils,
but westward, where it is drier, they often favor sandy soil.
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| Distribution
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Key: Mostly in tall-grass prairie (esp. sandy areas) from Texas and the Midwest to the Rocky Mountains,
and west across N. New Mexico and into SW. Colorado.
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Key: Mostly in short grassland on the Great Plains and west across New Mexico.
Desc: Widespread from the Front Range in northern Colorado eastward into western and southern Nebraska4
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| Character
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Footnotes:
1
Opuntia tortispina is a highly variable taxon that has risen from hybridization
of O. macrorhiza with O. polyacantha.
Opuntia tortispina has greenish to yellow-green stigma lobes and white to pale green styles,
while O. macrorhiza has yellowish stigma lobes and white styles and fruit that are narrowed at the base.
It is not recognized as distinct here, but is in the Flora of North America treatment.
Ackerfield, 2022, p. 277.
2
Treated as a form of O. rafinesqueii by Engelmann & Bigelow, 1856
3
One plant with deep pink flowers was found in ne. Colorado;
probably resulting from hybridization with O. polyacantha.
4
… [thence] southward from there into central Texas and southern New Mexico.
It ranges westward through much of New Mexico to near the Arizona border.
I have also seen specimens from Santee, northeastern Nebraska,
and the species might be expected in short grass areas across Nebraska,
perhaps into southern South Dakota.
Plants from the Rio Grande drainage are somewhat distinctive and may deserve varietal status.
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Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Opuntia macrorhiza;
Notes on Opuntia tortispina;
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Opuntia cymochila Engelmann & J. M. Bigelow
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Literature Cited:
- Engelmann, Georg, and John M. Bigelow, 1856.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Opuntia, comparison;
• Publication Details:
Descr. Cact. [G. Engelmann & J. Bigelow] iv. 42 (1856);
|
Engelmann, George, M. D. and John M. Bigelow, M. D. (1856, pp. 42-43) described O. cymochila as a form of O. rafinesquei that was subsequently determined to a a superfluous name and a synonym of O. cespitosa.
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a.
O. cymochila :
diffusa articulis orbiculatis pulvillis subremotis griseo-tomentosis stramineo
s. fulvo-setosis, plerisque armatis ; aculeis 1-3 robustioribus elongatis teretibus s. subcompressis
tortisque albidis basi saepe rufescentibus, patulis deflexisve, additis saepe 2-3 gracilioribus
radiatim deflexis ; flore? Stigmatibus 8; bacca obovata umbilico plano s. parum depresso
pulvillis 20-24 griseo-tomentosis parce setulosis, demum nudatis; seminibus irregularibns angulosis
margine undulato acuto. (Plate XII, fig. 1-3.)
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On the Camanche plains east of the Llańo Estacado, near the 100th degree of longitude, and
from there to Tucumcari hill, 80 miles east of the Pecos. Joints 2˝4-3 inches in diameter,
orbicular or very slightly obovate pulvillis 6-8 lines apart; the very light yellowish-brown
bristles numerous, and conspicuous only on the older joints; only the lowest pulvilli of a joint
unarmed, upper ones with 2-5 spines, 2 or 3 larger ones, often reddish-brown at lower half, 1-2
inches long, lower, smaller, paler ones 3-9 lines long. Fruit oval, 1-1Ľ inches long, about
10 lines in diameter, purplish, pulpy, sweet, and edible, less contracted at base than O. Rafinesquii;
seed remarkably irregular and twisted, 2˝ lines in diameter, with a wavy or twisted
very sharp rim, whence the name which indicates the undulated border.
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The orbicular joints, the numerous spines, the oval not clavate fruit, and curiously twisted
seed, seem to distinguish this form sufficiently from O. Rafinesquii, but these characters may
not be sufficiently constant or important to constitute specific difference. The characters of
Opuntiae are not yet sufficently studied to permit us to form satisfactory conclusions about their
diagnostic importance ; so we find a form collected on the Sandia mountains, near Albuquerque,
which, in habit and appearance, does not differ from the common form of O. Rafinesquii, but
which has the seeds of O. cymochila.
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O. cymochila, β. Montana : articulis orbiculatis majoribus inermibus s. margine superiore
solum aculeatis; pulvillis remotis stramineo-setosis ; aculeis singulis binisve validis albidis
infra fuscis ; bacca obovata subclavata seminibus irregularibus acute undulateque marginatis.
Joints 3-4˝ inches in diameter, pulvilli 9-12 lines apart, spines 12-18, smaller ones 4-6 lines
long, on some plants entirely wanting. Fruit 1˝ inches long, much contracted at base, with a
much depressed, almost funnel-shaped, umbilicus. Seeds cannot be distinguished from those of
the plant of the plains.
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Literature Cited:
- Ferguson, David J., 1987.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Opuntia, comparison;
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Opuntia macrorhiza;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Opuntia cymochila;
Notes on Opuntia tortispina;
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Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. “Western Pricklypear”
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Literature Cited:
- Engelmann, George, 1850.
Locations:
Guadalupe River.
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Engelmann (1850, v. 6, p. 206) ...
| Original Text
| Interpretation and Comments
|
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O. macrorhiza (n. sp.) :
prostrata ; articulis obovato-orbiculatis planiusculis ;
pulvillis setis fuscis et saepe aculeis
singulis binisve instructis ; aculeis teretibus validis porrectis s.
paulo deflexis basi apiceque fuscis ceterum albidis cum
adventitio inferiore graciliore reflexo saepe deficiente ;
floribus sulphureis basi intus rubellis ; ovario sepalis subulatis
deciduis 13 in axillis setulas fuscas brevissimas gerentibus
stipato; sepalis interioribus 15-18 subulatis et (internis)
ovatis acuminato-cuspidatis ; petalis 8 sepala superantibus
late obovato-spathu.latis obtusis cuspidatis eroso-denticulatis ;
stigmatibus 5 obtusis, adpressis, stamina numerosa
aequantibus ; bacca subpulposa clavata glabrata ; seminibus
marginatis.
—
Naked, sterile, rocky places on the Upper
Guadaloupe. Flowers (in St. Louis) in June. Root a large
and fleshy tuber, sometimes 2 or 3 inches in diameter; joints
3-4 inches long, about 2½-3½ wide, hardly attenuate at the
base. Leaves subulate, about 5 lines long. Areolae ¾ — 1
inch distant, more crowded toward the base and on the
edges: spines (often wanting) 1 inch long, the smaller 4-6
lines long. Flower 3 inches in diameter: ovary 1¼ inch long:
petals 1 inch wide, 1½ inch long, pale yellow, red at the base.
Fruit 1½ inches long; the strongly margined seeds comparatively
few, 2½ lines in diameter.
—
I have found the same plant
in similar situations in Western Arkansas ; and it is possible
that it may be one of Nuttall's new species (O. mesacantha,
O. caespitosa, or O. humifusa) of which I cannot find a
description. — Nearly related to O. vulgaris.
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|
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Literature Cited:
- Pinkava, Donald J., 2003.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Opuntia, comparison;
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Literature Cited:
- Majure, Lucas C., Paul Puente, M. Patrick Griffith, Walter S. Judd, Pamela S. Soltis, and Douglas E. Soltis, 2012.
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Placed in Section Humifusa by Majure et al. (2012) along with O. tortispina and O. cymochila.
O. tortispina is not usually accepted by Colorado authors,
as it is thought to be a hybrid of O. macrorhiza and O. polyacantha.
Most sources treat O. cymochila as a synonym of O. tortispina.
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Literature Cited:
- Kilburn, Paul D., and Sally L. White, 1992.
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
- Zeise, Larry Steven, 1976.
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Observations of cacti identified as Opuntia compressa (Zeise, 1976 and Kilburn and White, 1992) have been assumed to be O. macrorhiza per Weber & Wittman (2012).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Opuntia, comparison;
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Opuntia polyacantha;
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Opuntia polyacantha Haw. “Plains Pricklypear”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
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Nuttall (1818, v. 1, p. 296) published Cactus ferox,
which he placed in the group Opuntić of Cactus L.,
apparently unaware that Willdenow (1814) published the same name for
a cactus occurring in Cuba.
| Original Text
| Interpretation and Comments
|
|
4. * ferox.
Articulately proliferous; articulations larger,
nearly circular and very spiny; spines double, larger
spines radiate persistent; flowers numerous; fruit dry and
spiny. Hab. In arid situations on the plains of the Missouri,
common. Obs. A much larger plant than C. opuntia
to which it is nearly allied; exterior spines radiate,
with one of them central, solitary and erect; flowers aggregated,
marginal, dilute sulphur yellow, rosaceous towards the base;
petals subemarginate. Style thick, stigmas 8 to 10 greenish.
Colytedones 2, distinct. Flowering in July.
Upon this species I found the Coccus coccinelliferus.
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“ferox” means fierce,
a reference to the spiny plants.
Coccus coccinelliferus is a synonym for
Dactylopius coccus, a scale insect from which cochineal dye is derived.
This insect, a primarily sessile parasite, lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia,
feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cactus sap.
The insect produces carminic acid, which deters predation by other insects.
The carminic acid can be extracted from the insect's body and eggs to make the red dye.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Haworth, Adrian Hardy, 1819.
|
Haworth (1819, p. 82) ...
| Original Text
| Interpretation and Comments
|
poly-
cantha.
8.
|
O. (Many-spined) articulis compressis obretuso-
rotundatis, spinis horridis variabilibus albis,
2-3 senectis subuncialibus divaricato-deflexis.
Cactus ferox, Nuttall gen. n. americ. 296, nec Willd.
Habitat prope flumen Missouri, in America Boreali,
in aridis locis.
Cult. in hort. Chels. A.D. 1814. H. ♄
Affinis O. spinosissimae, at longe distincta,
et aere aperto viget.
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“… to Mr Anderson the excellent Curator of the Physic Garden at Chelsea, which have not heretofore been cultivated in England;
and which Mr. Anderson, with his usual zeal in favour of science,
has afforded me every opporunity of examining and describing.”
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Majure, Lucas C., Paul Puente, M. Patrick Griffith, Walter S. Judd, Pamela S. Soltis, and Douglas E. Soltis, 2012.
|
Placed in Section Xerocarpa by Majure et al. (2012) along with O. basilaris, O. erinacea, and O. fragilis.
Our other Opuntia, O. macrorhiza, was placed in Section Humifusa along with O. tortispina
and O. cymochila.
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Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Opuntia cymochila;
Notes on Opuntia macrorhiza;
|
Opuntia tortispina G. Engelmann & J. M. Bigelow
| |
Literature Cited:
- Engelmann, Georg, and John M. Bigelow, 1856.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Opuntia, comparison;
• Publication Details:
Descr. Cact. [G. Engelmann & J. Bigelow] iv. 42 (1856);
|
Engelmann, George, M. D. and John M. Bigelow, M. D. (1856, pp. 41)
|
9. Op. tortispina (sp. nov.): prostrata articulis majusculis adscendentibus obovato-orbiculatis
pulvillis subremotis stramineo s. fulvo-setosis ; aculeis 3-5 majoribus compressis angulatis
subinde canaliculatis smpe spiraliter tortis, albis basi apiceque saepe corneis, adjectis infra
aculeolis 2-3 gracilibus albis ; flore ------ ; bacca ovata areolis sub-20 parvulis notata, late
umbilicata, seminibus mujusculis regularibus crassis. (Plate V, fig 2-3.)
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|
On the Camanche plains, near the Canadian river, east of the plateau of the Llańo Estacado.
Similar in growth to the more western O. Camanchica. Joints rounded, 6-8 inches long ;
pulvilli 1-1˝ inches apart; bristles short, except on the edges, where they are 2-3 lines long,
but rather slender ; spines more numerous than in any other of our species, with juicy fruit,
often 6-8, lower smaller ones ⅓-l inch, larger ones 1˝-2˝ inches long, entirely white or yellowish
horn-colored at base and tip ; on the upper areolae one erect spine, the others spreading
in different directions, lower ones deflexed. Fruit similar to that of last species, large, oval,
not contracted at base, perhaps less juicy and with a somewhat smaller and deeper umbilicus,
1ľ- 2 inches long, 1-1Ľ in diameter. Seeds 2-3 lines across, thick and quite regular, with a
very slight indentation at the hilum.
|
|
I had observed that sometimes 2 plants are produced from the same seed ; this I found to be
the case occasionally with Opuntia occidentalis, Engelmanni and dulcis, one of the young
plants always much larger and more vigorous than the other. In examining different seeds of
this speceis (sic), I succeeded in finding one with two embryos (see figure), one spirally coiled
around the other, both together appearing like one large one.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Pinkava, Donald J., 2003.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Opuntia, comparison;
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord, and Addison Brown, 1913.
|
Pediocactus Britton & Rose
| Original Text
|
|
2. PEDIOCACTUS Britton & Rose.
|
|
Stems globose, leafless, tubercled, the tubercles arranged in spiral rows bearing clusters
of spines arising from areolae. Flowers borne on the tubercles, at or near areolae from which
spines are developed. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, its tube funnelform, bearing a
few scales. Petals numerous, similar to the inner sepals, but larger, pinkish. Stamens numer-
ous, borne on the tube of the calyx. Ovary green, globose; style columnar. Berry irregularly
bursting, with a terminal scar, nearly or quite scaleless. Seeds tubercled, with a large sub-
basal hilum. [Greek, Plains-cactus.]
Three species, natives of central and western North America, the following typical.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Pediocactus simpsonii;
|
Pediocactus simpsonii (Engelm.) Britton & Rose “Mountain Ball Cactus”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Engelmann, George, 1863.
Locations:
Mount Vernon.
|
Engelmann (1863, p. 197) published an account of a new cactus in “Additions to the Cactus-Flora of the Territory of the United States” in
Transactions of the Academy of St. Louis.
| Original Text
|
|
2. Echinocactus Simpsoni, spec, nov. : e basi turbinata …
[… Latin diagnosis omitted …]
|
|
Butte Valley, in the Utah Desert, and Kobe Valley, farther
west; var. β in Colorado Territory, e. g. in coarse gravel or
in crevices of rocks, abundant near Mount Vernon, at the base
of the mountains, Parry, Hall & Harbour ; fl. in May, fr. in
July and August. With the New Mexican E. papyracanthus,*
the Mexican E. horripilus, Lem., and perhaps the South
American E. Odierii, Lem., and E. Cummingii, Salm, this
species forms a small section of Echinocacti with the appearance
of Mamillariae, named by Prince Salm, (Hort. Dyck.,
1849, p. 31,) Theloidei. Through the Escobariae they are
nearly allied to Mamillaria, while our species at least, (the
fructification of the others not being known,) by its dry fruit,
its black tuberculated seeds, and especially the large and
curved embryo and the presence of an albumen, proves itself
a true Echinocactus, very closely connected with the regularly
ribbed E. intertextus, Eng. Cact., Mex. Bound, t. 34.
The similarity in all essential organs of these two species is
such that no system ought to separate them, proving again of
how little essential importance among Cactacese the external
form must be regarded; another striking example, among
many, is the rat-tail Cereus tuberosus, and its globular or oval
allies, C. caespitosus, etc.
|
|
[… Additional description omitted …]
|
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Literature Cited:
- Simpson, Captain J. H., 1876.
Locations:
Butte Valley.
Kobeh Valley.
|
The cactus George Engelmann (1863) described was collected
by his brother Henry Engelmann on an 1859 expedition across the Great Basin
led by Captain Simpson.
However, the expedition report was not published until 1876 (Simpson, 1876).
At the time, “Territory of Utah” included all of the present-day State of Utah,
most of the present-day state of Nevada, much of present-day western Colorado,
and the extreme southwest corner of present-day Wyoming.
The Butte Valley of Simpson's report is the present-day Butte Valley of White Pine and Elko Counties, Nevada.
The Ko-Bah Valley is present-day Kobeh Valley, Eureka County, Nevada, along US Highway 50 northwest of Eureka.
The Var. β. minor, was collected near Mount Vernon, by Parry, Hall & Harbour (1862)
making it a Jefferson County plant.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord, and Addison Brown, 1913.
|
| Original Text
|
|
I. Pediocactus Simpsoni (Engelm.) Britton & Rose. Simpson's Cactus. Hedge-hog-thistle.
|
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Echinocactus Simpsoni Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2 : 197. 1863.
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Stems single, globose or with a narrowed base,
3'-6' high, 3'-4' in diameter. Tubercles ovoid,
somewhat 4-sided at base, 6"-8" long, arranged
in spirals; central spines yellowish below, nearly
black above, 5"-7" long, the exterior ones slightly
shorter, whitish; flowers greenish pink, 8"-10"
long and about as broad, borne to one side at the
ends of the tubercles; petals oblong, crenulate
and cuspidate at the apex ; berry dry, 3"-3½" in
diameter, bearing near its summit 2-3 scales
which sometimes have short spines in their axils.
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Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth) ; Colorado to
Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico and Nevada.
April-May.
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Elaeagnus angustifolia L. “Russian Olive”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
| Original Text
|
|
1. ELAEAGNUS foliis lanceolatis.
Roy. lugdb. 250.
Hort. upf. 31.
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anguftifolia
|
|
Elaeagnus.
Cam. epit. 106.
Hort. cliff. 38.
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Olea fylveftris , folio mollii incano.
Bauh. pin. 473.
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Habitat in Bohemia, Hifpania, Syria, Cappadocia.
♄
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lythrum salicaria;
|
Lythrum salicaria L. “Purple Loosetrife”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Chamerion angustifolium;
|
Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub. “Fireweed”
(Syn: Epilobium a. L , Epilobium angustifolium L var. intermedium)
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 347) ...
| Original Text
|
|
1. EPILOBIUM foliis fparfis lineari-lanceolatis.
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anguftifolia.
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Epilobium floribus difformibus , piftillo declinato. Fl. fuec. 304.
|
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Epilobium foliis lanceolatis integerrimis. Fl. lapp. 146.
Hort. cliff. 154. Roy. lugdb. 250.
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Lyfimachia Chamaenerion dicta anguftifolia. Bauh. pin. 245.
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β. Lyfimachia Chamaenerion dicta latifolia. Bauh. pin.245.
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γ. Lyfimachia Chamaenerion dicta alpina.
Bauh. pin. 245. prodr. 116.
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Habitat in Europa boreali. ♃
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Literature Cited:
- Holub, Josef, 1972.
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Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub, Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica. Prague. 7: 86 (1972).
… unable to penetrate paywall.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Circaea alpina;
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Circaea alpina L. “Small Enchanter's Nightshade”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
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Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 9) ...
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
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2. CIRCAEA caule adfcendente, racemo unico.
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alpina.
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Circaea calyce colorato. Fl. lapp. 3.
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Solanifolia Circaea alpina. Bauh. pin. 168.
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Habitat ad redices montium in frigidis Europae. ♃
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“She lives in the cold mountains of Europe.”
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Planta vix digiti longitudine, magis procumbens, calyce colorado, uti corolla;
differt quidem a priori , attamen nimim affinis.
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“The plant is scarcely an inch in length, rather stooping down, the calyx colored as the corolla;
it differs indeed from the former, but is very closely related.” The former was
C. lutetiana canadensis.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Epilobium;
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Epilobium L.
Epilobium (from the Greek) Willow-Herb It is the largest in the family and contains the great majority of species of Onagraceae found in the Old World. Most of the species are somewhat mesophytic in habitat preference. In this genus, the mode of vegetative propagation is variable, some species having above-ground stolons. Those of Iraq have below ground level, either turions (fleshy overwintering buds), soboles (pale elongate shoots) or leafy rosettes which are ± erect.
The genus name derives from the Greek words "epi" meaning "upon" and "lobos" meaning "lobe", with reference to position of the petals above the ovary.
- Perennial herbs, rarely annuals or woody at base.
- Leaves usually opposite, at least below, and alternate above or in the inflorescence, rarely in whorls of 3.
- Flowers epigynous or calyx tube absent.
- Sepals 4, deciduous in fruit.
- Petals 4, purplish or white, usually deeply notched at the apex.
- Stamens 8, the epipetalous shorter.
- Stigma 4-lobed or entire.
- Ovary 4-locular, with numerous ovules.
- Capsule slender, elongate, dehiscing loculicidally into 4 valves; seeds with a chalazal tuft of long hairs, wind-borne.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Epilobium brachycarpum;
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Epilobium brachycarpum C. Presl “Autumn Willow Herb”
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Literature Cited:
- Presl, Carl B., 1830-1835.
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Presl (1835, t. 2, p. 30) ...
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EPILOBIUM BRACHYCARPUM. presl.
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E. caule erecto glabro apice paniculato pubescente,
foliis alternis petiolatis lineari-lanceolatis acutis remote
et argute dentieulatis aveniis, spicis elongatis,
bracteis pedicello fructifero longioribus , petalis obcordatis, stigmate indiviso.
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Habitat in Mexico. ♃.
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Long Latin description omitted.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Epilobium ciliatum;
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Epilobium ciliatum Raf. “Fringed Willowherb”
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Epilobium ciliatum Raf., Medical Repository. New York II. v. (1808) 361.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Epilobium hirsutum;
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Epilobium hirsutum L. “Hairy Willowherb”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
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Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p.347-8) ...
| Original Text
|
|
3. EPILOBIUM foliis oppofitis lanceolatis ferratis.
Hort. cliff. 145.
Fl. fuec. 305.
Gron. virg. 154.
Roy. lugdb. 251.
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hirfutum.
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Lyfimachia filiquofa hirfuta magno flore.
Bauh. pin. 245.
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Lyfimachia purpurea.
Fuchf. hift. 491.
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β. Lyfimachia filiquofa hirfuta, parvo flore.
Bauh. pin. 245. prodr. 116.
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Habitat in Europae humidiufculis.
♃
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|
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Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Gayophytum racemosum;
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Gayophytum racemosum Torr. & A. Gray. Blackfoot Groundsmoke
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
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Torrey & A. Gray. 1840. Fl. N. Amer. 1(3): 514 ...
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4. G. racemosum : glabrous, branching from the base; the branches
mostly simple, ascending ; leaves short, linear, rather obtuse ; flowers (very
minute) axillary throughout the branches ; segments of the calyx about the
length of the petals, slightly exceeding the longer stamens ; shorter stamens
with minute sterile anthers; capsules longer than the leaves, linear, rather
obtuse, straight or slightly curved, tapering at the base into a very short
pedicel.
—
Śnothera (Trichomeria) racemosa, Nutt. ! mss.
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Elevated plains of the Rocky Mountains near Black-Foot River, Nuttall!
July.
—
Stems 4-8 inches high. Capsules half an inch long, very slender,
minutely torulose.
—
Resembles the preceding.
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The preceding was Gayophytum caesium, now treated as a synonym of G. racemosum.
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16 Feb 2025: Just for fun, I asked CHATGPT the following:
Thomas Nuttall traveled across North America on the Oregon Trail in 1834. Along the way, he collected a plant at a location he described as "Elevated plains of the Rocky Mountains near Black-Foot River" What name would we apply to that river today? Where might that collection have been made?
The answer was:
The "Black-Foot River" mentioned by Thomas Nuttall in 1834 is most likely the Blackfoot River in present-day Montana. This river is located in the Rocky Mountain region and aligns with Nuttall's description of "elevated plains near the Rocky Mountains."
As for the possible location of his plant collection, it was likely made somewhere in western Montana, possibly in the vicinity of where the Blackfoot River flows eastward from the mountains near the Continental Divide before joining the Clark Fork River. This area is characterized by a mix of montane and prairie ecosystems, making it a rich region for botanical exploration.
Nuttall was known for his extensive plant collection, and this area would have been an excellent spot to document new species during his journey westward along the Oregon Trail.
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Oenothera L.
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- Oenothera sect. Kleinia Munz, N. Amer Fl. ser. 2, 5: 110. 1965
— Type: Oenothera albicaulis Pursh
- O. albicaulis Pursh “Whitest Evening Primrose” Type.
- O. coronopifolia Torrey & A. Gray “Crownleaf Evening Primrose”
- Oenothera sect. Anogra (Spach) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb. nov.
Anogra Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 2, 4: 164. Sep 1835.
Baumannia Spach, Hist. nat. veg. 4: 351. Apr 1835, non Baumannia DC., 1834.
Oenothera [unranked] Anogra (Spach) Endlicher, Gen. pl. 1190. 1840.
Oenothera subg. Anogra (Spach) Reichenbach, Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch. 170. 1841.
— Lectotype, designated by Pfeiffer, Nomencl. Bot. 1(1): 200. 1872:
Anogra douglasiana Spach [=Oenothera pallida Lindley].
- O. nuttallii Sweet “Nuttall's Evening Primrose”
- Oenothera sect. Oenothera
- Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Oenothera
Onosuris Rafinesque, Fl. Ludov. 95. 1817. — Type: Onosuris acuminata Rafinesque [=Oenothera biennis L.].
Pseudo-oenothera Ruprecht, Fl. Ingr. 365. 1860.
— Type: Pseudo-oenothera virginiana Reprecht [=Oenothera biennis L.].
- O. biennis L. “King's-Cureall”
- O. villosa Thunb. “Hairy Evening Primrose”
- Oenothera sect. Pachylophus (Spach) W. L. Wagner, Syst. Bot. 30: 340. 2005.
Pachylophus Spach, Hist. nat. veg. 4: 365. 1835.
Oenothera [unranked] Pachylophus (Spach) Endlicher, Gen. pl. 1190. 1840.
Oenothera subg. Pachylophus (Spach) Reichenbach, Dwut. Bot. Herb.-Buch. 170. 1841 (as “Pachylophis”).
— Type: Pachylophus nuttallii Spach [=Oenothera cespitosa Nuttall].
- O. cespitosa Nutt. Tufted Evening Primrose.
- Oenothera sect. Megapterium (Spach) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb. nov.
Megapterium Spach, Hist. nat. veg. 4: 363. 1835.
Oenothera [unranked] Megapterium (Spach0 Endlicher. Gen. pl. 1190. 1840.
Oenothera subg. Megapterium (Spach) Reichenbach, Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch. 170. 1841.
— Lectotype, designated by Britton & Broan, Ill. fl. n. U.s., ed. 2, 2: 605. 1913:
Megapterium nuttallianum Spach [=Oenothera macrocarpa Nuttall].
- O. brachycarpa A. Gray. Short-Fruit Evening Primrose.
- O. howardii (A. Nels.) W. L. Wagner “Howard's Evening Primrose”
- Oenothera sect. Gaura (L.) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb nov. Gaura L., Sp. pl. 347. 1753
— Type: Gaura biennis L. [=Oenothera gaura W. L. Wagner & Hoch].
- Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Schizocarya (Spach) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb. et stat. nov.
Schizocarya Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 2, 4: 170. 1835.
Gaura [unranked] Schizocarya (Spach) Endlicher, Gen. pl. 1195. 1840.
Gaura sect. Schizocarya (Spach) P. H. Raven & D. P. Gregory, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 23. 1973 ["1972"].
— Lectotype, designated by Raven and Gregory, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 23. 1973. ["1972"]:
Schizocarya micrantha Spach [=Oenothera curtiflora W. L. Wagner & Hoch].
- O. curtiflora W.L. Wagner & Hoch.
(Syn: Gaura mollis James, nom. rej., Gaura parviflora Douglas ex Lehm. ) Velvet Butterfly-Weed.
- Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Campogaura (P. H. Raven & D. P. Gregory) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb nov.
Gaura sect. Campogaura P. H. Raven & D. P. Gregory, Mem.Torrey Bot. Club 23: 27. 1973 ["1972"]
— Type: Gaura coccinea Pursh [=Oenothera suffrutescens (Seringe) W. L. Wagner & Hoch].
- O. suffrutescens (Ser.) W. L. Wagner & Hoch. (Syn: Gaura coccinea Pursh, Gaura glabra Lehm.) Linda Tarde.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera albicaulis;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Oenothera nuttallii;
|
Oenothera albicaulis Pursh “Whitest Evening Primrose”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1813.
|
|
54 * ________ albicaulis. ‡ M.
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Nuttall's (1813) publication of Oenothera albicaulis is nom. inval. because there is no description.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2, Supplementum, p. 733-4) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Oenothera albicaulis.
—
O. tenuissime pubescens ; caule nervisque foliorum albidis, foliis pinnatifidis,
laciniis divaricatis, floribus subspicatis, germinibus sessilibus cylindraceis,
staminibus corolla brevioribus, petalis obcordatis.
|
|
O. albicaulis. Fraser. catal. 1813.
|
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In Upper Louisiana. Bradbury. ♂.
v. s. in Herb. Bradbury.
Not above four inches high ; flowers large, white.
This species is intermediate between O. tetraptera and O. sinuata.
|
Generally, the symbol of Mars “♂” denotes a biennial.
Pursh's listing of “O. albicaulis Fraser catal. 1813” was an error on Pursh's part since he and Nuttall were looking at different plants.
Pursh's O. albicaulis is an accepted name for a caespitose plant,
whereas Nuttall's name would be replaced by O. nuttallii Sweet for a caulescent plant.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
- Sweet, Robert, 1830, 2nd ed..
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Oenothera nuttallii, Sweet, 1830;
|
Nuttall (1818, v. 1, p. 245) ...
| Original Text
|
|
7. * albicaulis. Perennial; stem simple, erect, white and
polished, upper part branching; leaves linear-sublanceolate,
rarely subserrulate, under side a little villous; flowers
axillary, middle-sized, white; capsule prismatic; petals
entire. — Oe. albicaulis. Fras. Catal. 1813. Pursh's
synonym wrong, 2. p. 734. See the Herbarium of A. B.
Lambert, esq. Hab. From the river Platte to the Northern Andes.
Flowering in July and August. Stem about
3 feet high, calix somewhat villous; capsule about an inch long.
|
This is considered nom. illeg. because it was previously validly
published by Pursh (1814).
Note also that the plant being described by Nuttall has a stem to 3 feet tall.
Sweet (1830) would apply O. nuttallii to Nuttall's O. albicaulis separating it from Pursh's O. albicaulis.
See the paragraph for O. nuttallii, below.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera biennis;
|
Oenothera biennis L. “King's-Cureall”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 346>
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
|
biennis.
|
1. OENOTHERA foliis ovato-lanceolatis planis.
Vir. cliff. 33. Hort. upf. 94 Gron. virg. 254.
Roy. lugdb. 251. Gort. gelr. 78.
|
|
|
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Oenothera foliis ovato-lanceolatis denticulatis, floribus lateralibus in fummo caulis. Hort. cliff. 144.
|
|
|
|
Lyfimachia lutea corniculata. Bauh. pin. 245. 516. *
Morif. hift. 2. p. 271. f. 3. t. 11. f. 7.
|
|
|
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Habitat in Virginia unde 1614, nunc vulgaris Europae. ♂
|
“The plant lives in Virginia from whence it was imported in 1614, is now a common European plant.”
|
O. biennis is native to the lower 48 states and the southern Canadian provinces,
except for the southern Rocky Mountain states.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Walter, Thomas, 1788.
|
Oenothera biennis Walter, Fl. Carol. [Walter] 129 (1788). Listed in Walter (1788) in his Flora Caroliniana with a description but no distribution or ecological comments.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera brachycarpa;
• Publication Details:
Gray, 1852-1853, Plantć Wrightianć;
|
Oenothera brachycarpa A. Gray “Short-Fruit Evening Primrose”
| |
|
Gray (1852, pt. 1, p. 70) ...
| Original Text
|
|
† Ś. (Lavauxia) brachycarpa (sp. nov.): acaulescens, pube brevi cinerea ;
caudice incrassato ; foliis primariis ovatis oblongisve subintegerrimis, sequentibus
lyrato-pinnatifidis lobo terminali oblongo-lanceolato vel lineari-lanceolato ; tubo
calycis prselongo ; capsulis sessilibus ovatis tetragono-alatis lignescentibus laevibus ;
seminibus angulatis testa suberosa incrassata. — Between Western Texas and El Paso ;
in fruit. Also in the collection of 1851, in flower, and with a few capsules of the
preceding year. — The branching, creeping caudex is from one third to half an
inch in diameter. Leaves crowded, cinereous or canescent with a fine and close
pubescence, glabrate above with age, petioled ; the earlier ones (as seen in the coll.
of 1851) mostly entire or repand, with the lamina two inches or less in length and
sometimes an inch wide ; the succeeding ones narrower and mostly pinnatifid ; the
entire or toothed terminal lobe prolonged, 2-4 inches in length. Tube of the
calyx 5 or 6 inches long, rather stout, much as in the section Pachylophis, as
likewise, apparently, is the flower; except that the petals (18 lines long) seem to have
been pale yellow, changing to rose-color in fading. Capsules closely sessile on the
caudex, from half to three quarters of an inch in length, and nearly half an inch in
diameter, of a thick, crustaceous texture, acute, but blunt at the apex, scarcely if
at all reticulated, the sides broad and not at all ridged, the narrow wings or
wing-like angles perfectly smooth and even, thickish, loculicidally 4-valved at the
apex, the valves not pointed. Seeds numerous, large, closely packed in two rows in
each cell, which they entirely fill, strongly angled by mutual pressure ; the testa
very thick and corky, especially toward the chalaza ; Avhere in the young seeds is
seen a sort of thick double crest with a denticulate edge, which is nearly
obliterated when mature.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera cespitosa;
|
Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. “Tufted Evening Primrose”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Moulton, Gary E., 1999.
Locations:
Great Falls.
|
First collected July 17, 1806, by Lewis & Clark near the Great Falls of the Missouri, Cascade County, Montana (Moulton, 1999).
However, the delay in publishing the results of this expedition until 1814 will leave an opening for other explorers.
| |
|
Thomas Nuttall ascended the Missouri River from Saint Louis in 1811, traveling at least as far as Fort Mandan,
and possibly as far as the junction of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers.
He collected Oenothera cespitosa, which he took back to England with him, leaving from New Orleans in December, 1811.
It would seem that the primary material Nuttall took with him to England in 1811
were seeds that were grown in Fraser's garden.
Those seeds became the source of the plants for sale in Fraser's Catalogue (Nuttall, 1813).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fraser, John, 1813.
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Fraser's Catalogue, publication details;
Locations:
Fort Mandan Historical Site.
White River.
|
Nuttall (1813) first published Oenothera cespitosa in Fraser's (1813) Catalogue.
Presumably, these were the only plants grown from seeds collected in 1811 along the Missouri River between the White River and Fort Mandan.
| Original Text
|
|
53 *Oenothera cespitosa.
‡
This species is more perfectly stemless than OE. acaulis
of Cavanilles, from which it is distinct.
Flowers very large and white, with dilated obcordate petals.
|
Note that Nuttall, as the author of Fraser's (1813) Catalogue
spelled the specific epithet “cespitosa” and not “caespitosa.”
Indeed some authors use caespitosa, such as Weber & Wittmann (2012), whereas others, such as Ackerfield (2015) use cespitosa.
It is probably better Latin to use caespitosa.
On the other hand, we could just treat the author's epithet cespitosa as valid, and caespitosa as an orthographic variant.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sims, John, M.D., 1814.
|
Sims (1814, no. 1593) published an image and description of Oenothera cespitosa,
noting that it was illustrated from a plant from Fraser's nursery,
and probably originating from Thomas Nuttall.
|
[ 1593 ]
|
|
Śnothera cćspitosa. Matted Evening Primrose.
|
|
********************
|
|
Clafs and Order.
|
|
Octandra Monogynia.
|
|
Generic Character.
|
|
Cal. 4-fidis, tubulofus.
Petala 4.
Capf. 4-locularis, 4-valvis, infera.
Sem. nuda.
|
|
Specific Character.
|
|
Śnothera cćfpitofa ; acaulis, foliis lanceolatis incifo-dentatis,
dentatis, capfulis feffilibus, calycis tubo longiffimo, petalis bilobis diftantibus
|
|
|
At firft fight, this fpecies appears to have a near affinity with
Śnothera tetraptera (No. 468).
The flowers, as in that, are
perfectly white on their firft expanfion, and change in fading to a
purplifh red. But the germens in this are feffile, not obovate, and
nearly cylindrical, with fmall undulated wings at the four angles ;
the tube of the calyx is three times longer than the petals,
refembling in this refpect longiflora, No. 365. Root perennial
|
|
In the evening Śnothera cćfpitofa is a beautiful flower,
and agreeably fcented. Native of Upper Louifiana in North-America :
difcovered we believe by Mr. Nuttall. Our
drawing was taken from a plant communicated by Meffrs. Fraser,
of the Sloane-Square Nurfery. Flowers in June.
Has not, we believe, been defcribed before.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
- Sims, John, M.D., 1814.
Locations:
Great Falls.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 263) first described our plant as Oenothera scapigera
from a collection made by M. Lewis at the falls of the Missouri.
|
14. O. scapis radicalibus uniflorus, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis
repando-denticulatis decurrentibus, petalis obcordatis,
staminibus corolla brevioribus.
|
scapigera.
|
|
On the falls of the Missouri.
M. Lewis.
♃
July.
v. s.
Flowers large, purple, with dark veins :
resembles O. acaulis Cavanill
|
|
|
All the species, excepting the last one, have yellow flowers.
|
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2, Supplementum, p. 735) revises his description of our taxon,
crediting the illustrations in Sims, Curtis's Botanical Magazine.
|
Oenothera caespitosa. — O. acaulis ; foliis lanceolatis inciso-dentatis,
capsulis oblongis sessilibus, calycis tubo longissimo,
petalis bilobis distantibus.
Sims in Bot. mag. 1593.
|
p. 263.
|
|
O. scapigera. Fl. Amer. Sept. 1. p. 263.
|
|
|
On the banks of the Missouri.
Lewis.
♃.
June. July.
v. v. in Hort. Fraser ; v. s. specimen imperfectum in Herb. Lewis.
This singular species resembles O. acaule of Cavanilles.
The flowers open in the evening, are white, changing to red, and of an agreeable scent.
The erroneous description given in the place above quoted was owing to a very imperfect
specimen in the Lewisian collection.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Locations:
Fort Mandan Historical Site.
White River.
|
Nuttall (1818) included his OE. cespitosa in his Gen. Am.
noting the locations of the banks of the Missouri River from the White River north to Fort Mandan.
Nuttall does not acknowledge Pursh's (1814) OE. scapigera.
|
9. * cćspitosa
Cespitose and stemless; leaves lanceolate,
sinuately or repandly toothed, smooth, petals very large,
dilatedly subbilobed; tube of the calix very long; capsule
subconic-oblong, sessile, margin of the valves cristately
muricate.
Hab.
On denudated and arid argillaceous hills
on the banks of the Missouri, from White river to the
Mandans, and in all probability to the commencement of
the mountains.
Obs.
Segments of the calix carinate, appearing prismatic before flowering;
seeds cylindric-ovate;
plant 3 or 4 inches high, tube of the calix two and a half
inches, flower often 3 inches in diameter. This species
is considerably allied to Ś acaulis,
which produces pinnatifid leaves and alated capsules,
in this the leaves are entire,
and the capsules considerable like those of
Ś. biennis, cylindric-conic, and tuberculately crested
along the margins of the valves; the flowers are white, of
uncommon magnitude, and become tinged with red in
withering: where its duration is long continued it
produces numerous cespitose tufts, but from appearances of
this kind its existence is seldom continued through more
than 5 or 7 years.
|
| |
|
There is a Nuttall voucher in the British Museum (BM001024304) that is determined O. caespitosa Gill ex Hook & Arn.
The voucher is annotated as a lectotype of Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. subsp. caespitosa
with a synonym of Oenothera montana Nutt. in Torr. & A. Gray Fl. N. Amer. 1:500. 1840.
This strongly implies to me that the collection was made on Nuttall's 1834 trip across the continent,
rather than his 1811 trip up the Missouri River.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
|
23. Ś. cćspitosa (Nutt.) : almost stemless, caespitose; leaves lanceolate,
acute, repandiy toothed or nearly entire, attenuate into a long margined
petiole, nearly glabrous; tube of fhe calyx 4 times the length of the carinate
acuminate segments ; petals (very large) deeply obcordate, longer than the
declined stamens and style; anthers as long as the filaments; capsules,
nearly sessile, oblong-conical, somewhat 4-angled ; the margin of the valves
tuberculate-cristate.
—
Nutt. ! in Fraser, cat. ; Bot. mag. t. 1593 ; Pursh, fl.
2. p. 735 ; Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 246. Ś. scapigera, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 263.
Pachylophis Nuttallii, Spach, Onagr. p. 36, t. 30, f. 1.
|
|
Dry and denuded argillaceous hills, on the banks of the Missouri and
Platte, Lewis, Nuttall ! June-July. — Root very large- and succulent.
Corolla often 3 inches in diameter : the petals very broad, white,
with yellowish veins, reddish in withering. Seeds cylindric-ovate. (Nutt.)
|
|
24. Ś. montana (Nutt. ! mss.) : “ stemless, somewhat cćspitose ; leaves
broadly lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, pubescent on the margins, tapering into
a short petiole ; tube of the calyx about twice the length of the linear-lanceolate
acute (scarcely carinate) segments ; petals (large) broadly obcordate ;
capsules sessile, cylindrical, conic, striated, even.
|
|
“Plains of the Platte in the Rocky Mountains. — Nearly allied to Ś cćspitosa ;
but the petioles and margin of tlie leaves pubescent, the capsules
not muricate, &c. Tube of the calyxabout the length of the leaves.”
Nuttall.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Munz, Philip A., 1931.
|
Munx (1931) is the earliest reference I have seen to treat Oe. montana Nutt. ex Torrey & Gray as a synonym of Oe. cespitosa Nutt.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Wagner, Warren L., Robert E. Stockhouse, and William M. Klein, 1985.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera cespitosa macroglottis;
|
Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. ssp. macroglottis (Rydb.) W.L. Wagner “Tufted Evening Primrose”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera cespitosa marginata;
|
Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. ssp. marginata (Hook. & Arn.) Munz “Tufted Evening Primrose”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera coronopifolia;
|
Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray “Crownleaf Evening Primrose”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
Torrey & Gray (1840, v. 1, p. 495) ...
| Original Text
|
|
10. Ś. coronopifolia : perennial? minutely pubescent and strigose; stem
ascending or erect ; leaves pectinate-pinnatifid, with linear acute segments ;
the lowermost somewhat entire ; flowers (small) axillary; tube of the calyx
filiform, abruptly dilated at the summit, villous in the throat ; the segments
linear-lanceolate, shorter than the tube, longer than the entire roundish petals ;
stamens shorter than the petals ; style exserted ; stigmas rather short
and thick ; ovaries hirsute. — Ś. pinnatifida, Torr. ! in ann. lyc. New York,
2. p. 201, not of Nutt.
|
|
Forks of the Platte, Dr. James! — Leaves crowded. Corolla about an inch
broad when expanded. Fruit unknown.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera curtiflora;
|
Oenothera curtiflora W.L. Wagner & Hoch “Velvet Butterfly-Weed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- James, Edwin, ed., 1823.
|
James (1823, v. 2, p. 77) ...
| Original Text
|
|
* A large undescribed species of Gaura is common about the banks of
all the creeks we had seen since leaving the Arkansa. It attains,
ordinarily, the size of G. biennis, but is clearly distinct both from that and all
other North American species. It has a broader leaf than any other species
of the genus met with in this country. The flowers are small, of a
purple colour, and incline to form a terminal spike. The whole plant is
covered with a dense silky pubescence, and is remarkably soft to the touch.
We propose to call it Gaura mollis.
|
| |
|
Gaura parviflora Douglas ex Lehm., Nov. Stirp. Pug. [Lehmann] 2: 15 (1830).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Wagner, Warren L., Peter C. Hoch, and Peter H. Raven, 2007.
|
Oenothera curtiflora W.L.Wagner & Hoch, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 211 (2007).
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera howardii;
|
Oenothera howardii (A. Nels.) W. L. Wagner “Howard's Evening Primrose”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Jones, Marcus E., 1893.
|
Jones (1893, v. 3, n. 4, p. 301) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Śnothera Johnsoni Parry Am. Nat. 9, p. 270. This very
poorly described plant is said to have elongated stigmas, petals an
inch long, calyx tube not shorter than the leaves, capsules 9 to 12
lines long, somewhat 4-angled, strongly nerved, not crested, and
to resemble Ś. primiveris, and to be very common at St. George,
Southern Utah. The species which I have collected abundantly in
Western Utah and Eastern Nevada is perennial, caespitose from a
many-branched root, which is covered at the summit with the dead
petioles of former leaves, acaulescent or stems an inch or two long;
leaves lanceolate, gradually decurrent into the petiole, which is i
to 3 inches long, and never more than ½ the length of the blade;
blade entire or undulate, or irregularly and sparsely dentate with
sharp teeth; whole plant hoary with a dense, soft, and very short
pubescence; calyx tips free in the bud; calyx splitting on one side
and reflexed in flower, lobes 1 to 1½ inches long, tube 3 to 5 inches
long and erect, with 8 striae; petals rhomboidal, entire or slightly
lacerate on the edge; 2 to 3 inches wide, and 2 to 2½ long, golden
yellow, palmately veined with 3 very prominent and several intermediate
veins, each feather veined in addition; the petals, in drying
and fading, turn red, and resemble the meshes in the web of a frog's
foot; stamens ½ line wide and 6 lines long, versatile, yellow; stigma
lobes 4 to 6 lines long, ¼ line wide; capsule ovate, broadly winged,
not nerved or veined, less than an inch long, not crested, hoary
white; calyx also with scattered, fine, long, white hairs.
This grows on sunny southern slopes In very dry places, blossoms
in June, and is by far the handsomest species of the genus. It is
vespertine. Rather common in Western Utah and Eastern Nevada
at 6,000 feet altitude. Should it prove to be new, I name it Śnothera
Howardi, after Mr. A. M. Howard, the gentleman in my party
who saw it first.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nelson, Aven, 1902.
|
Lavauxia howardii A.Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 34(5): 368 (-369) (1902).
Nelson (1902, v. 34, p. 368) …
| Original Text
|
|
Lavauxia Howardi (Jones), n. comb. — Oenothera Howardi
Jones, Zoe 3: 301. — For some reason this species has been completely
ignored by recent writers on the allies of Oenothera, as
has also Oenothera Johnsoni Parry, Am. Naturalist 9: 270. Jones
suggests the possibility that the species he describes is O. Johnsoni,
but at the same time points out characters that unmistakably
distinguish the two. While the description of O. Johnsoni is
very meager, yet in so essential a matter as the character of the
capsule it is very explicit. Certainly no observer, least of all
Parry, would have compared a large perennial such as Lavauxia
Howardi with the small annual Lavauxia priminervis (Gray)
Small, which has a capsule similar to that attributed to O. Johnsoni.
The species to which Lavauxia Howardi is closely allied is L.
brachycarpa (Gray) Britton Mem. Torr. Club 5: 235; Oenothera
brachycarpa Gray, Pl. Wright 1 : 70, and Coulter, Contrib. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 2: 116; but here again the character of the capsule
serves to distinguish these two. In the latter it is smooth and
acute, with narrow wings ; while in the former it is larger, oblong-obtuse,
broadly winged, and cinereous pubescent. The leaves
also are all oblanceolate, tapering into the petiole, from entire to
coarsely and irregularly toothed, therefore the lamina continuous
and not distinguished into lateral and terminal lobes.
The species occurs on arid denudated hills from northern
Colorado through Utah to Nevada.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Wagner, Warren L., 1983.
|
Wagner, Warren L.
1983
New Species and Combinations in the Genus Oenothera (Onagraceae)
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
v. 70,
p. 194-196.
| Original Text
|
|
Oenothera howardii (A. Nels.) W. L. Wagner, comb. nov.
|
|
Lavauxia howardii A. Nels., Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 34:368. 1902, non M. E. Jones, Zoe 3:301. 1893.
Type: “In clay, Vermillion,” Sevier Co., Utah, 1,600 m., 16 July 1894,
M. E. Jones 5631c (RM-13996, lectotype here designated; BM, G,
MO 2 sheets, MSC, NY, POM, UC, US, isolectotypes).
Jones' publication of the name Oenothera howardii is invalid since he peoposed the name
in anticipation of its future acceptance (Art. 34.1b International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, 1978).
He placed his discussion of “Oenothera howardii” under the name
Oenothera johnsonii Parry (=O. primiveris A. Gray) and stated tha should the
entoty prove distince he named it O. howardii.
Thus the first valid publication of the epithet was by Aven Nelson as Lavauxia howardii.
I am grateful to Dan Nicolson for his helpful comments on this situation.
|
|
Oenothera brachycarpa sensu Munz, Amer. J. Bot. 17: 367. 1930, proparte.
|
|
Plants from Hamilton Co., Kansas, eastern Colorado, Utah, and Nevada formerly included in
Oenothera brachycarpa are segregated here as O. howardii.
This species if quite distinct from O. brachycarpa in its brilliant yellow petals that dry reddish brown,
floral tubes 4.3-11 (12.5) cm long and in that in consists of entirely tetraploid,
hexaploid, and octoploid plants whereas O. brachycarpa from west Texas
to southeastern Arizona and northern Mexico has pale yellow petals that dry lavender,
floral tubes (10.5-)12-22 cm long and is entirely diploid, n =7.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera nuttallii;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Oenothera albicaulis;
|
Oenothera nuttallii Sweet “Nuttall's Evening Primrose”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1813.
|
Nuttall (1813, item 54) listed Oenothera albicaulis in Fraser's Catalogue.
| Original Text
|
|
54 *[Oenothera] albicaulis. ‡ M.
|
This is considered nom. inval because there is no description or other means to
distinguish this plant from any others.
| |
|
Pursh (1814) published O. albicaulis for a different plant, but included Nuttall's albicaulis as a synonym.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
Nuttall (1818, v. 1, p. 245) ...
| Original Text
|
|
7. * albicaulis. Perennial; stem simple, erect, white and
polished, upper part branching; leaves linear-sublanceolate,
rarely subserrulate, under side a little villous; flowers
axillary, middle-sized, white; capsule prismatic; petals
entire. — Oe. albicaulis. Fras. Catal. 1813. Pursh's
synonym wrong, 2. p. 734. See the Herbarium of A. B.
Lambert, esq. Hab. From the river Platte to the Northern Andes.
Flowering in July and August. Stem about
3 feet high, calix somewhat villous; capsule about an inch long.
|
This is considered nom. illeg. because it was previously validly
published by Pursh (1814).
Note also that the plant being described by Nuttall has a stem to 3 feet tall.
Sweet (1830) would apply O. nuttallii to Nuttall's O. albicaulis separating it from Pursh's O. albicaulis,
which I guess is implied in the string “albicaulis, n. non Pursh.”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sweet, Robert, 1830, 2nd ed..
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Oenothera albicaulis, Nuttall, 1818;
|
Sweet (1830, 2ed, p. 199) published O. nuttallii noting that it is not the same as O. albicaulis Pursh.
|
|
Syst. Name.
|
Color.
|
Eng. Name.
|
Native.
|
Introd.
|
Flower.
|
Habit.
|
Ref. to Figures.
|
|
|
…
|
|
59
|
Nuttallii.
|
(wh.)
|
Nuttall's
|
N. America.
|
—
|
5, 8.
|
H.
♃
|
|
|
|
albicaulis. N. non Pursh.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera suffrutescens;
|
Oenothera suffrutescens (Ser.) W. L. Wagner & Hoch “Linda Tarde”
(Syn: Gaura coccinea Pursh , Gaura glabra Lehm. )
| |
|
Nuttall (1813, p. 2) ...
* New Species.
‡ Perennial.
M. from the Missourie.
Since there was no description or identifying information this name is not validly published.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 733) ...
|
Gaura coccinea.
—
G. sericeo-pubescens ; foliis lineari-lanceolatis subdenticulatis, spica conferta,
petalis longitudine calycis, stigmate subintegro.
|
|
G. coccinea. Fraser. catal. 1813.
|
|
In Upper Louisiana Bradbury. v. s. in Herb. Bradbury.
About a span high ; flowers smaller than G. biennis, scarlet.
In the Catalogue quoted this plant is marked as a perennial, but by the
appearance of the specimen I should take it to be only annual.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Wagner, Warren L., Peter C. Hoch, and Peter H. Raven, 2007.
|
Wagner, et al. (2007, p. 214) ...
|
Oenothera suffrutescens (Seringe) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb. nov.
Gaura ? suffrutescens Seringe in DC, Prodr. 3: 45. 1828.
&mdsdh;
Type: Fl. Mex. Icon. t. 374 (holotype: G-DC).
[This plate is a copy of no. 0717 in the Torner Collection of Sessé
and Mocińo Biological Illustrations at the Hunt Institute (McVaugh 2000).]
|
|
Gaura coccinea Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 733. 1814.
—
Type: U.S.A. North Dakota: Morton Co., near Mandan, [22 Jun to 5 Jul 1811],
J. Bradbury s.n. (holotype: PH).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera villosa;
|
Oenothera villosa Thunb. “Hairy Evening Primrose”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Thunberg, Carl Peter, 1794-1800.
|
Thunberg (1794, v. 1, p. 75) ...
|
OENOTHERA.
|
|
O. foliis lanceolatis villofis , caule angulato hirfuto.
|
villofa.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Frean, Millicent, Kevin Balkwill, Cindy Gold, and Sharon Burt, 1997.
|
Frean (1997, v. 63, n. 6, p. 451) …
|
OENOTHERA.
|
|
O. villosa subsp. villosa … was the first taxon of the
genus to be collected in southern Africa. It was collected by
Thunberg between 1772 and 1775 and
now shows scattered local distribution …
in Free State, … Kwa-Zulu-Natal and … Western Cape.
This scattered distribution
suggests that natural dispersal is unlikely and human intervention
is probably responsible for its dispersal from the Cape.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Aralia nudicaulis;
|
Aralia nudicaulis L. “Wild Sarsaparilla”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
| Original Text
|
|
nudicaulis.
|
4. ARALIA caule nudo. Hort. cliff. 113. Gron. virg. 34. Roy. lugdb. 94.
Aralia caule nuda, redice repente. Cold. noveb. 66.
Chriftophoriana virginia, zarzae radicibus furculofis & fungofis. Pluk. alm. 98. t. 238. f. 5.
Habitat in Virginia, simillina (forte eadem) in Iava. ♄
|
|
|
Apiaceae Lindl. nom. cons.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Kljuykov, Eugene V., Ekaterina A. Zakharova, Tatiana A. Ostroumova, and Patricia M. Tilney, 2021.
|
Carpological anatomical characters are important in the taxonomy of Apiaceae.
At present, it is necessary to include them
in any critical revision of taxa of every rank, to characterize species and genera and to identify groups of related taxa.
To create standardized descriptions of these taxa, we have compiled a list of taxonomically important fruit anatomical
characters.
This list includes 15 characters and 79 character states.
Fruit anatomical characters are often constant in
genera and can characterize genera or groups of closely related genera.
However, the same anatomical character can occur
in distant taxa.
All anatomical characters are illustrated on schematic transverse sections of mericarps or in photographs.
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Literature Cited:
- Sun, Feng-Jie, and Stephen R. Downie, 2010.
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Apiaceae Apioidae
Some current phylogenetic analysis (Sun & Downie, 2010) shows that among the western American Apioideae
including Aletes, Cymopteris, Lomatium, and Musineon are highly polyphyletic
and therefore likely to be significantly reorganized in the coming years.
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Aegopodium podagraria L. “Bishops Goutweed”
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Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 265) ...
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ĆGOPODIUM.
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1. ĆGOPODIUM foliis caulinis fummis ternatis.
Hort. cliff. 107.
Fl. fuec. 247.
Roy. lugdb. 115.
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Podagraria.
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Angelica fylveftris minor. f. erratica.
Bauh. pin. 155.
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Herba gerardi. Dod. pempt. 320.
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Habitat in Europa ad fepes inque pomariis.
♃
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Linnaeus (1753) says, “It lives in Europe in pastures and orchards.”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Aletes acaulis;
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Aletes acaulis (Torr.) J.M. Coult. & Rose “Stemless Indian Parsley”
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Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., and Joseph N. Rose, 1888.
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| Original Text
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48. ALETES. — An acaulescent glabrous perennial, with
pinnate leaves, broad sharply toothed or cut rather distant leaflets,
mostly no involucre, and involucels of lanceolate bractlets about
equalling the yellow flowers.
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1. A. acaulis.
Cespitose, with peduncles 4 to 10 inches
high, often much longer than the leaves: leaflets ovate, irregularly
toothed and cut, sometimes almost pinnatifid: umbel 8 to 15-rayed;
rays 5 to 10 lines long; fruit almost sessile, 1½ lines long.
(Fig. 147.)
—
Deweya (?) acaulis Torrey, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 94.
Oreosciadium acaule Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 343.
Seseli Hallii Gray, 1. c. viii. 288.
Musenium Greenei Gray, 1. c. 387.
Carum (?) Hallii Watson, Bibl. Index. Polypet. 416.
Zizia Hallii C. & R. Bot. Gazette, xii. 137, foot-note.
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In the foot-hills of Colorado and New Mexico. Fl. May.
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The history of this species has been somewhat remarkable. Not only has
it been referred to six genera, but it has stood under three of them at the
same time. Referred first doubtfuliy to Deweya by Torrey in 1856, it was
transferred by Gray to Oreosciadium in 1868. It then turned up in the Hall
& Harbour collection and was described as Seseli Hallii Gray in 1870.
A year or two later it was sent to Dr. Gray by E. L. Greene, and appeared in
1872 as a new species of Musenium, M. Greenei Gray.
At this time the same plant was appearing in our publications under three names,
Oreosciadium acaule, Seseli Hallii, and Musenium Greenei, all of Gray.
In his Bibliographical Index, Watson referred it doubtfully to Carum, as C. (?)
Hallii, at the same time recognizing the identity of Seseli Hallii and
Musenium Greenei, and quoting them as synonyms.
In 1887, however, in
Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 475, Watson records the identity of Oreosciadium
acaule with his Carum (?) Hallii, and so the names were at last reduced to
one.
The fruit characters are those of Zizia, and if they are to dominate
over every other consideration this piant must be a Zizia, as we suggested
in Bot. Gazette, xii. 137.
But no character should be used too arbitrarily,
and the complete disimilarity of habit between the recognized species of
Zizia and this species seems something that cannot be neglected.
If such a thing is to be neglected in this ease,
consistency would demand a consolidation of genera such as we are not at present disposed to accept.
If this plant, then, is not a Zizia,
nor any of the numerous genera proposed for it, a genus must be made for it,
for surely, if a plant does not satisfy any genus, it must be sui generis.
That it does not satisfy the demands of any recognized genus is to be inferred
from its strange history; but it may be proper to point out a few of the
reasons why it cannot belong to any of the genera heretofore proposed for it.
It is hardly necessary to show why it cannot be a Veloea (Deweya).
From Oreosciadium it differs in its prominent calyx-teeth, pinnate leaves,
and yellow flowers; from Seseli in its laterally flattened fruit, yellow flowers,
and whole habit; from Musenium in its much more prominent ribs,
strengthening cells, solitary oil-tubes, almost plane seed-face, and simpler
leaves; from Carum in its depressed stylopodium, yellow flowers, and its
general habit. Taking its habit and fruit both into consideration it is more
nearly related to Musenium than any other genus. For the reasons given,
we propose for it a new genus, the name of which indicates its changing history.
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Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Aletes anisatus;
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Aletes anisatus (A. Gray) W. L. Theob. & C. C. Tseng. “Anise Indian Parsley”
Homotypic synonyms (POWO, 2025)
- Cymopterus anisatus A.Gray in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 15: 63 (1863)
- Pseudocymopterus anisatus (A.Gray) J.M.Coult. & Rose in Rev. N. Amer. Umbell.: 75 (1888)
- Pseudopteryxia anisata (A.Gray) Rydb. in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 71 (1913)
- Pteryxia anisata (A.Gray) Mathias & Constance in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69: 248 (1942)
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Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1863.
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Aletes anisatus was first described by Gray (1863) in his
Enumeration of the Species of Plants Collected by Dr. C. C. Parry, and Messrs. Elihu Hall and J. P. Harbour, during the Summer and Autumn of 1862, on and near the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado Territory, lat. 39°-41°. p. 63
Gray (1863) proposed the new species Cymopterus? anisatus citing
Hall & Harbour's Coll. No. 222
(NY214432)
and including Parry's 1861 collection (No. 157) with it.
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222. Cymopterus? anisatus, n. sp., called " C. terebinthinus,
var. foeniculaceus " in Parry's 1861 collection (No. 157); but it can hardly be
either of Nuttall's species under those names, on account of the very long and
subulate leaflets of the involucel as well as calyx-teeth, yet apparently related
to them ; the foliage, &c, very similar. Mature fruit not collected ; some
of the present collection pretty well formed has the wings abortive, while in
younger fruits of 1861 these are obvious and somewhat undulate. This dubious
plant inhabits "dry hills in the middle mountains, and is a very aromatic
herb." The foliage of the dried specimens and the fruit have a pleasant
anisate flavor, — characters unknown in the polymorphous genus Cymopterus,
and rendering the genus of this plant yet more doubtful.
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However, Parry's No. 157 from 1861
(NY3456484)
stamped "Torrey Herbarium" has the following annotations:
- Cymopterus terebinthinus [illegible] on original label
- anisatus, Gray — in pencil on original label
- Pseudopteryxia anisata — written in ink above the label
- Pseudocymopterus Hendersoni C&R emend. 8/2/30 Det. by Mildred E. Mathias
- University of California, Los Angeles Pteryxia hendersonii (Coult. & Rose) Math. & Const. Teobald, Tseng, & Mathias, 1963
is currently determined Cymopterus hendersonii (Coult. & Rose) Cronquist.
Despite my confusion over the status of Parry's No. 157,
Gray was basing his name of Cymopterus? anisatus upon Hall & Harbour's No. 222.
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Literature Cited:
- Porter, Thomas C., and John M. Coulter, 1874.
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Porter & Coulter.
1874.
Synopsis of the flora of Colorado.
U. S. Govt. Printing Office.
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CYMOPTERUS? ANISATUS, Gr. Proc. Ac.Phil., March, 1863, p.33.
Acaulescent, caespitose from the much-branched caudex, glabrous ;
leaves 4'-6' long, erect, narrow, on long petioles, somewhat rigid, pinnate, the
leaflets 6-10 pairs, pinnately parted, segments entire or laciniately
lobed, linear, pungently acute;
scapes equally equaling oo exceeding the leaves,
6'-12' high;
rays 6-12, unequal;
involucre usually none;
involucels of 6-8 linear, subulate leaaflets equaling the white flowers;
calyx-teeth conspicuous linear-subulate, foliaceous;
fruit 2” long, irregularly winged, the lateral ribs and the dosal one usually broader,
rather thick, and not membranous ;
vittae obscure, 1 in each narrow interval, 2-4 in the commissure ;
seeds slightly concave, somewhat crenately suleate under the
dorsal intervals.
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In the mountains.
Hall & Harbour, 222;
Canby.
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Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., and Joseph N. Rose, 1888.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Pseudocymopterus, Coulter & Rose, 1888;
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Coulter & Rose. 1888. Revision of North American Umbelliferae. p. 75-76.
Coulter & Rose proposed Pseudocymopterus and placed our plant there.
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3. P. anisatus. Acaulescent, cespitose from a much
branched caudex which is more or less covered with the remains
of old leaves: leaves on long petioles, narrow, somewhat rigid,
pinnate and the leaflets pinnately-parted into linear (sometimes
linear-oblong) pungently acute segments: peduncles 6 to 12 inches
high, exceeding the leaves; umbel unequally 5 to l2-rayed, with
involucels of linear-subulate (sometimes lobed) bractlets exceeding
the white or yellow flowers; rays ˝ to 3 inches long; pedicels
1 to 3 lines long: fruit about 2 lines long, the carpel irregularly
2 to 5-winged, with prominent group of strengthening cells in
each one: oil-tubes 1 to 8 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissural
side: seed-face plane. (Figs. 75, 76.)
—
Cymopterus terebinthinus, var. foeniculaceus Gray, Am. jour. Sci. 2. xxxiii. 408.
C. anisatus Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 63.
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Mountains, from Colorado and Utah to N. W. Wyoming and Oregon.
Fl. June to August This is Hall & Harbour 22.
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I think the reference to “Hall & Harbour 22” in the last line should refer to their collection number 222.
See Gray (1853) and Porter & Coulter (1874), both above.
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Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1913.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Pseudopteryxia, Rydberg, 1913;
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Rydberg, P. A. 1913. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora—XXVIII. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 43-74, p. 71.
Rydberg (1913), after demolishing Coulter & Rose's Pseudocymopterus proceeds to propose Pseudopteryxia
and place our plant therein.
Rydberg's definition of Pseudopteryxia is given below.
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Pseudopteryxia anisata (A. Gray) Rydb.
Cymopterus (?) anisatus A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 63. 1863.
Pseudocymopterus anisatus C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umb. 75. 1888.
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Literature Cited:
- Mathias, Mildred E, and Lincoln Constance, 1942.
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Mathias & Constance. 1942. New Combinations and New Names in the Umbelliferae-II. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 68(3), 244-248.
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Three species, which have heretofore collectively found a place in
Pseudocymopterus Coult. & Rose and have individually been referred also
to Cymopterus, Aletes Coult. & Rose, and Pseudopteryxia, have not
exhibited complete conformity with any of these groups. The habit, the
prominent rather that obsolete to evident calyx lobes, and the membranous
rather than spongy wings of the fruit relate these species more closely to
Pteryxia than to the type species of Pseudocymopterus. We believe that
referring these species to Pteryxia will result in a more natural classification.
The following transfer are required:
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Pteryxia anisata (Gray) Mathias & Constance, comb. nov.
Cymopterus ? anisatus Gray, Proc. Acad. Phla. 1863: 63. 1864.
Pseudocymopterus anisatus Coult. & Rose, Rev. N. Am. Umbel. 75. 1888.
Pseudocymopterus aletifolius Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 31: 574. 1904.
Pseudopteryxia anisata Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 71. 1913.
Pseudopteryxia aletifolia Rydb. op. cit. p. 72.
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… [P. Hendersoni and P. Davidsoni not reproduced here]
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Literature Cited:
- Theobald, William L., Charles C. Tseng, & Mildred E. Mathias, 1963.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
vitta;
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Theobald, Tseng, and Mathias. 1963. A revision of Aletes and Neoparrya (Umbelliferae). Brittonia 16: 296-315. July 1963.
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...
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This species was previously referred to Pteryxia but is here transferred to
Aletes on the basis of the following characters: 1) the presence of a single vitta
in the intervals and of two in the commissure; 2) the dorsal ribs of the fruit
obscure and the lateral ones inconspicuous or slightly winged; 3) the fruit terete
in transection; 4) the leaves pinnately compound. Aletes anosatus has been
confused with the superficially similar Pteryxia hendersonii. In fact Gray (1864)
in the protologus of A. anisatus, cited in addition to the type, material of
P. hendersonii collected by Parry. The nature of the inflorescence and both the
external and internal anatomy of the fruit are quite different in tese two taxa.
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- vitta. =oil tube, see Glossary.
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…
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Berula erecta;
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Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville “Cut-Leaf Water Parsnip”
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Literature Cited:
- Hudson, William, 1762.
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3. SIUM foliis pinnatis, umbellis axillaribus pedunculatis, involucro univerfali pinnatifido.
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erectum.
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Sium five apium paluftre foliis oblongis.
Bauh. pin. 154. R. syn. 211.
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Sium majus anguftifolium. Ger. Em. 256.
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Sium minus alterum. Park. 1241.
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Sium erectum foliis ferratis, D. Doody. R. Syn. 211.
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Anglis, upright Water Parfenep.
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Habitat in foffis, rivulus et ad ripas fluviorum. ♃ VIII.
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Literature Cited:
- Coville Frederick V., 1893.
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Coville (1893, p. 115) described Berula erecta, noting
“The Umbelliferae have been determined by Dr. J. N. Rose.”
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Berula erecta (Huds.) Fl. Angl. 103 (1762), under Sium.
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This is Berula angustifolia (L.) Koch.
It was recorded at Resting Springs (No. 271), Winters's ranch, Pahrump Valley,
Ash Meadows, Cottonwood Spring, Vegas Ranch,
and at several points between Lone Pine and Indian Wells.
The plant is one of common occurrence in rivulets of fresh water
throughout the desert and within the Larrea belt.
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Conium maculatum L. “Common Poison Hemlock”
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Literature Cited:
- Riley, Charles V., ed., 1870.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Conium maculatum;
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POISONOUS PLANTS.
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“At Walcott, in this county, on Monday evening,
Harry, aged 5 1/2 years, son of Dr. T. Byrnes,
and Willie, aged 7 years, son of Mr. Barche, died
from eating the poisonous root known as wild
parsnip or Hemlock. The children were playmates,
and about six o’clock took a walk along
the railroad track, where they discovered the
plant, of which they ate. The first intimation
any one had of anything being wrong was about
seven o’clock, when little Harry came home and
told his mother that his playmate, Willie Barche,
was down there (pointing to the railroad) sick.
He said, ‘ Willie staggers like a drunken man,
and he is sick, Mam, he is real sick; and I feel
sick, too.’ Dr. Byrnes, who was at home, over-
heard the remark, and, on looking, saw Willie
lying down upon the ground. He immediately
requested Mr. Peck, station agent, to bring the
child to the house. This was done, but the poor
little fellow was then in a state of collapse, and
soon went into violent convulsions, and died in
half an hour. Mrs. Byrnes, when apprised by
her little son that he was sick, consulted her hus-
band, and a strong emetic was given the child.
Being asked what he had eaten, he said, ‘Only
two little roots about as big as my finger.’ The
child continued to grow worse, and in a short
time was seized with convulsions, and, despite
al] remedies, died at midnight.”— Davenport
Gazette, April 20.
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It is now an appropriate time to give a word
of warning respecting poisonous plants. Every
spring we find such accounts as the above in the
public prints, of cases of poisoning from the use —
of roots which are mistaken for those of esculent
vegetables.
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A few years ago, we knew a strong, healthy
young Norwegian, who, having found some roots
just beginning to develop leaves, ate two or
three of them, under the belief that they were
parsnips. In an hour or two he was seized with
pain and vomiting, and before medical aid was
procured he was dead. The roots were those of
the Spotted Cowbane (Cicuta maculata, L.), a
plant which occurs all over the country in low
moist grounds, and has been the occasion of
many cases of poisoning.
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Two years ago, several children near Centralia,
Ill., were poisoned from eating the roots of an-
other plant, which grows in the southern part of
the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, in
similar situations with the preceding, and is
botanically called Eulophus Americanus, Nutt.
[=Perideridia americana (Nutt. ex DC.) Rchb. ex Steud.]
It has no definite common name so far as we
know.
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These two plants belong to the Natural Order
Umbelliferae, or to the same family as the Caraway,
Parsley, Carrot, Parsnip, &c. It embraces
many poisonous plants, among them the Poison
Hemlock (Conium maculatum, L.), the juice of —
which, it is supposed, was employed by the
ancients in the execution of criminals.
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Children should be cautioned against eating
any wild roots without the sanction of those who
are acquainted with them and know what they
are. We shall hereafter give some illustrations
of these poisonous plants.
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Other articles:
• Glossary:
pseudoscape;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Cymopterus;
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Cymopterus Raf.
See also COF
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Other articles:
• Glossary:
pseudoscape;
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Cymopterus;
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Cymopterus Raf.
Some taxa within Cymopterus have a pseudoscape and some do not.
Cymopterus glomeratus and C. longipes have pseudoscapes, whereas C. lemmonii and C. purpureus do not.
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Literature Cited:
- Downie, Stephen R., Ronald L. Hartman, Feng-jie Sun, and Deborah S. Katz-Downie, 2002.
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Cymopterus and Lomatium, the two largest genera of western North American Apiaceae,
are polyphyletic, and that their species are inextricably linked with those of other endemic perennial genera of the region
(such as, Aletes, Musineon, Oreoxis, Pseudocymopterus, Pteryxia, and Tauschia),
many of which are also not monophyletic.
Prior emphasis on characters of the fruit in all systems of classification of the group has led to highly artificial assemblages of species.
A complete reassessment of generic limits of all western endemic Apiaceae is required, as is further systematic study of this intractable group.
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Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Cymopterus lemmonii;
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Cymopterus lemmonii (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Dorn
- Thaspium montanum A.Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s., 4: 57 (1849)
- Ligusticum montanum (A.Gray) A.Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, ser. 2, 4: 57 (1868), nom. illeg.
- Pseudocymopterus montanus (A.Gray) J.M.Coult. & Rose in Rev. N. Amer. Umbell.: 74 (1888)
- Peucedanum lemmonii J.M.Coult. & Rose in Bot. Gaz. 14: 277 (1889)
- Lomatium lemmonii (J.M.Coult. & Rose) J.M.Coult. & Rose in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 7: 231 (1900)
- Cymopterus lemmonii (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Dorn
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Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
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Gray, A. 1849.
Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae :an account of a collection of plants made chiefly in the vicinity of Santa Fe´ New Mexico, by Augustus Fendler
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276. Thaspium? montanum (sp. nov.): glaberrimum; caule erecto gracili e radice
fusiformi crassa ; foliis biternatisectis, foliolis cuneiformibus trifidis, lobis oblongis lanceolatisve
nunc linearibus integris vel majoribus incisis ; petiolis longe spathaceo-dilatatis ;
involucro nullo; inyolucello e foliolis circ. 9 setaceis inaequalibus pedicellos aquantibus.
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Sunny declivities, at the foot of mountains, along Santa Fé Creek; April and July.
—
There are two forms in the collection ; one, probably the vernal state, is only a span
high, with the leaves cut into linear or lanceolate divisions; the other, probably gathered
in July, is a foot or two in height and with coarser foliage. There is apparently no
other distinction. The base of the stem is clothed with brown vestiges of radical
sheaths. The flowers are bright yellow. One specimen exhibits half-grown fruit, which
agrees very well with Thaspium, except that the dorsal wings are rudimentary :
the intervals show single or double vitte.
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However, Torrey & Gray had previously proposed Cymopterus montanus Torr. & A. Gray (1840)
from a Nuttall manuscript under Phellopterus,
found on “High bare plains of the Platte, towards the Rocky Mountains.”
We now place this in Vesper montanus (Torr. & A.Gray) R.L.Hartm. & G.L.Nesom.
Under our current rules, this makes montanus unavailable for our plant found by Fendler.
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Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1867.
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Asa Gray. 1867.
Characters of New Plants of California and Elsewhere,
principally of those collected by H. N. Bolander in the State Geological Survey.
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Vol. VII. (from May 1865 to May 1868)
June 11, 1867.
p. 347 of pp. 327-401.
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Ligusticum montanum = Thaspium ? montanum, Gray, Pl.
Fendl., Pl. Wright, &c., (referred to Ligusticum by Bentham and
Hooker, but by their characters should be a Selinum,) has mericarps in
some specimens almost orbicular, including the broad marginal wings,
in others oblong-oval ; in both the strong vittae are sometimes single,
sometimes double. The foliage is very variable for one and the same
species ; but the form with long and slender divisions to the leaves
shows fruit of both shapes.
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Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., and Joseph N. Rose, 1888.
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Pseudocymopterus montanus J.M.Coult. & Rose, Rev. N. Amer. Umbell. 74, f. 73 (1888).
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17. PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS.
—
Mostly low (often cespitose)
glabrous perennials from a thick elongated root, with bipinnate
leaves (shorter than the peduncles), no involucre, and involucels
of narrow bractlets mostly longer than the white or yellow flowers.
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This genus is constructed to contain a species that has been referred
doubtfully to Thaspium and Ligusticum, and two others that have been
referred to Cymopterus. That P. montanus should be referred to Thaspium
is no longer held. It seems generically distinct from Ligusticum on acount
of its broad lateral fruit-wings and irregular dorsal and intermediate
ribs, dorsal flattening of the fruit, depressed stylopodium, often solitary
oil-tubes, and yellow flowers. P. bipinnatus and P. anisatus are distinct
from Cymopterus on account of their smaller fruit, which does not have
broad dorsal and intermediate wings, is dorsally flattened, and contains
prominent strengthening cells. The three species form a well-defined
genus.
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1. P. montanus. Stem erect, slender, 1 to 2 feet high:
leaves mostly with broad outline; leaflets cut into 3 or 5 oblong or
lanceolate segments, the upper often entire: umbel to 12-rayed,
with involucels of linear or setaceous bractlets longer than the
yellow flowers; rays 6 to 9 lines long; pedicels about a line long:
fruit broadly oblong, about 2 lines long, with lateral wings (not
cohering) almost as broad as body, the dorsal and intermediates
very variable (either ribbed or narrowly winged): oil-lubes 1 to
4 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the comissural side: seed-face plane.
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(Fig. 73.) — Thaspium (?) montanum Gray, Pl. Fendl. 57.
Ligusticum montanum Benth. & Hook. Gen. Plant, i. 912 and 914.
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Colorado. New Mexico, and Arizona.
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Widely variable, especially in its foliage. The following are the extreme forms:
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Var. tenuifolius. …
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Var. purpureus …
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Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M. and J. N. Rose, 1889.
Locations:
Huachuca Mountains.
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Peucedanum lemmonii J.M.Coult. & Rose, First published in Bot. Gaz. 14: 277 (1889)
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Peudedanum Lemmoni. Caulescent, with most of the leaves
near the base, 12 to 15 in. high, clothed at base old leaf
sheaths, from an elongated rather slender root, glabrous;
leaves broad triangular in outline (5 to 8 in. long including
petiole), twice or thrice pinnate (or so broad as to appear at
first ternate), the ultimate segments linear (1 to 2 in. long);
uppermost leaves much smaller and simply pinnate: umbel
6 to 8-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of a few almost
filiform bractlets ; rays short (3 to 7 lines long),
making the fruits appear in a head-like cluster ; pedicels a line
long : flowers white (?) :fruit oblong, glabrous, 2½ lines long,
scarcely 2 lines broad, with thickish wings about half as
broad as body, and distinct dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-
tubes solitary in the dorsal intervals, 2 or 3 in the lateral, 4
on the commissural side: seed-face plane.
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Huachuca Mountains, S. E. Arizona, Fund, 1887 (Lemmon 392).
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The appearance of the leaves of this species is quite unusual
for Peucedanum, but its affinities with that genus are
clear. The specific relationship is not so clear. Mr. Lemmon
writes that the plant seems very rare.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., and J. N. Rose, 1900.
|
Coulter, John M., and J. N. Rose. 1900.
Monograph of the North American Umbelliferae
Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium
Vol. VII.
Coulter & Rose (1900) continued to accept Pseudocymopterus montanus and placed Peucedanum lemmonii under Lomatium lemmonii.
Thus we have the same plants under two names.
|
[p. 188]
|
|
1. Pseudocymopterus montanus (Gray) C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell.
74. 1888. Fig. 56.
|
Thaspium(?) montanum Gray, Pl. Fendl. 57. 1849.
Ligusticum montanum Benth. & Hook. in Watson Bibliog. Index, 426. 1878.
|
|
Stem erect, slender, 3 to 6 dm. high, more or less leafy, glabrous
except at the base of the umbel or on the rays; the bipinnate leaves
mostly with broad outline; leaflets exceedingly variable, variously cut
or entire; umbel 6 to 12-rayed, with involucels of linear or setaceous
bractlets longer than the yellow flowers; rays 12 to 30mm. long;
pedicels about 2 mm. long; fruit broadly oblong, 4 to 5 mm. long, with
lateral wings almost as broad as body, the dorsal and intermediates
very variable (either ribbed or narrowly winged); oil tubes 1 to 4 in
the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissural side; seed much flattened.
|
|
Type locality, “Sunny declivities, at the foot of mountains, along
Santa Fe Creek,” New Mexico; collected by Fendler, no. 276: type in
U.S. Nat. Herb.
|
|
From New Mexico and Arizona to Utah, Colorado, and western
Wyoming.
|
|
Specimens examined :
|
|
New Mexico:
Type specimens as cited under type locality; Santa Fe Canyon,
near Santa Fe (type locality), altitude 2,400 meters,
4. A. A & E. Gertrude Heller 3651, June 2, 1897; White Mountains, Lincoln County,
altitude 2,250 meters,
Wooton 350, August 15, 1897,
|
|
Arizona:
Flagstaff, Jones 4016, August 7, 1884; same station,
Tracy 236, June 24, 1887;
about Mormon Lake, altitude 1,800 meters, Mac Dougal 106, June 12, 1898.
|
|
Utah:
Ward 330, 494, in 1875;
Marysvale and Panguitch Lake, altitude 2,520 to 2,670 meters,
Jones 5367, 6015, June and September, 1894.
|
|
Colorado:
Halfmoon Creek, Union Creek Pass (altitude 3,600 meters), Lake Creek, and Clear Creek,
Wolf 716, 719, 720, 724, June-August, 1873;
North Park,
Sheldon 124, July 28, 1884;
Durango,
Alice Eastwood, June 7, 1890;
Cameron Pass, altitude 3,600 meters,
Crandall, September 1, 1890;
Williams Canyon, altitude 2,100 meters,
Crandall, May 27, 1892;
Middle Park,
Beardslee 125, August, 1892;
Rabbit Ear Range, altitude 2,940 meters,
Crandall, July 20, 1894;
Telluride, altitude 3,240 meters,
Tweedy 204, August 25, 1894;
Leadville,
Osterhout, June, 1895;
Gore Mountains, altitude 2,850 meters,
Bethel, August, 1895;
Leadville and Breckenridge, altitude 3,000 to 3,150 meters,
Holzinger 1, 2, May-June, 1896;
Cameron Pass, altitude 3,000 meters,
Baker 5, July 18, 1896;
Pikes Peak, altitude 2,520 meters,
Knowlton 3, June 14, 1896:
hills above Mancos (altitude 2,400 to 2,700 meters), and Cumberland Basin,
La Plata Mountains (altitude 3,690 meters),
Baker, Earle & Tracy 137, 619, June-July, 1898.
|
|
Wyoming:
Saw Mill Creek and Laramie Hills,
Nelson 1258, May, 1894 and 1895;
Madison River, Yellowstone Park,
A. & E. Nelson 5496, June 23. 1899.
|
|
Extremely variable, but the two following forms seem to be worthy of varietal
rank:
|
|
… refers to var. tenuifolius and var. purpureus.
|
|
|
[p.231]
|
|
…
|
|
41. Lomatium lemmoni C. & R.
|
|
Peucedanum lemmoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14: 277. 1889.
|
|
Caulescent, with most of the leaves near the base, 3 to 4 dm. high,
clothed at base with old leaf sheaths, from an elongated rather slender
root, glabrous; leaves broad triangular in outline, 12.5 to 20 cm, long,
including petiole, twice or thrice pinnate (or so broad as to appear at
first ternate); the ultimate segments linear, 2.5 to 5 em, long; upper-
most leaves much smaller and simply pinnate; umbel 6 to 8-rayed,
with involucels of a few almost filiform bractlets; rays short, 6 to 14
mm. long, making the fruits appear in a head-like cluster; pedicels 2
mm. long; flowers white (4); fruit oblong, glabrous, 5 mm. long,
scarcely 4 mm. broad, with thickish wings about half as broad as
body, and distinct dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in
the dorsal intervals, 2 or 3 in the lateral, 4 to 6 on the commissural
side; seed face plane.
|
|
Type locality, “Huachuca Mountains,” southeast Arizona; collected
by Lemmon, no. 392, June, 1887; type in U.S. Nat. Herb.
|
|
Only known from the type locality.
|
|
Specimens examined:
Arizona: Type specimens as cited under type locality.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1913.
|
Rydberg, Per Axel. 1913.
Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora — XXVIII
Bulletin of the Torrey Btanical Club, 40:73-74.
pp. 70-71.
|
PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS C. & R.
|
|
This genus is one of the most unnatural in Coulter & Rose's
Monograph. Jones* called attention to this fact, although he
included the genus, as well as Oreoxys, Rhysopterus, Aulospermum,
and Pteryxia in Cymopterus, and does not go to the bottom of the
facts. The genus as constituted by Coulter and Rose contains at
least three distinct groups of plants of little relationship to each
other. The first group contains Pseudocymopterus montanus and
its close relatives; the second of P. anisatus and P. aletifolius, and
perhaps P. Hendersonii, which I do not know; and the third of P.
bipinnatus and probably Cymopterus nivalis S. Wats., of which the
fruit is unknown. P. montanus is the type of the genus, which
latter therefore must be restricted to it and its relatives. Jones
includes P. anisatus and P. bipinnatus in his section Oreoxis, but the
genus Oreoxis has all ribs corky and the lateral ones scarcely more
prominent than the dorsal ones, the fruit is not flattened dorsally,
the styles and sepals are erect. In Pseudocymopterus anisatus
the lateral wings are very prominent, the dorsal ribs narrowly
winged or some of them merely acute, the styles are recurved,
the sepals spreading and one or two of them larger than the rest,
and the fruit is decidedly flattened dorsally. The plant is more
related to Aletes than to Oreoxis, and P. aletifolius connects it with
that genus. It can not be placed in Aletes, however, for in that
genus the fruit is not compressed and the ribs not winged. It
would be much better to include P. anisatus and P. aletifolius in
Pteryxia, as they have the foliage and nearly the same fruit as in
that genus, but the strictly acaulescent plant, the narrow and thick
wings of the fruit and the very prominent and unequal calyx-teeth
would make it rather abnormal even in that genus. Although
it does not differ so much in the technical characters of the
fruit from the typical Pseudocymopterus, the habit is quite different,
so also the texture of the leaves, and in Pseudocymopterus the
sepals are minute. It is better to regard P. anisatus as a type of
a new genus.
|
|
*Cont. West. Bot. 12: 24-29. 1908.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles, 1942.
|
Kearney, Thomas H. (Thomas Henry), 1874-1956.
Peebles, Robert H. (Robert Hibbs), 1900-1956.
1942. p. 654.
Flowering plants and ferns of Arizona
Miscellaneous publication / United States Department of Agriculture, no. 423
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/65599
Washington, D.C, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1942
This is the first publication I have found that recognizes that Pseudocymopterus montanus and Peucedanum lemmonii are the same plant,
i.e., that joins the specific epithets of montanus and lemmonii,
when the authors place Peucedanum lemmonii in synonomy with Pseudosymopterus montanus.
|
1. Pseudocymopterus montanus (A. Gray) Coult. and Rose, Rev. North Amer. Umbell. 74. 1888.
|
Thaspium (?) montanum A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Mem. ser. 2, 4: 57. 1849.
Peucedanum lemmoni Coult. and Rose, Bot. Gaz. 14: 277. 1889.
Lomatium lemmoni Coult. and Rose, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium 7: 231. 1900.
Pseudocymopterus multifidus Rydb., Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 33:147. 1906.
Pseudocymopterus purpureus (Coult. and Rose) Rydb., ibid.
Pseudocymopterus tenuifolius (A. Gray) Rydb., ibid.
|
|
Apache County to Coconino County, south to Cochise and Pima
Counties, 5,500 to 12,000 feet, common in pine woods. Southern
Wyoming to western Utah, south to northern Mexico.
|
|
This species is exceedingly variable in vegetative characters, such
as leaf division, shape and size of. the ultimate segments, and height of
growth. These characters are governed to a great extent by the
habitat of the individual plant. The flower color sometimes varies
on the same plant from yellow, through orange purple, to purple.
In some individuals the dorsal wings of the fruit are absent through
abortion.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Dorn, Robert D. and Jane L. Dorn, 1978.
|
Dorn (1977) first published Cymopterus lemmonii (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Dorn.
This publication is not available online, so I have not seen it.
I assume that Dorn pointed out that the specific epithet montanus was unavailable for our plant.
The next specific epithet that was available was lemmonii.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Welsh, Stanley L., N. Duane Atwood, Sherel Goodrich, and Larry C. Higgins, 1993.
|
Utah Flora (2 ed., Welsh, et al., 1993) treats our plant as Cymopterus lemmonii (Coulter & Rose) Dorn.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittmann (2012) treats our plant as Pseudocymopterus montanus (A. Gray) Coulter & Rose.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Flora of Colorado (1st ed., Ackerfield, 2015) treats our plant as Cymopterus lemmonii (J. M. Coult. & Rose) Dorn, placing Pseudocymopterus montanus (A. Gray) J. M. Coult. & Rose in synonomy.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Allred, K. W., et al., 2020.
|
Flora Neomexicana (2 ed., Allred & Jercinovic, 2020, v. III, Part 2, p. 55) places our plant in Cymopterus lemmonii (Coulter & Rose) Dorn.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
|
Flora of Colorado (2 ed., Ackerfield, 2022) treats our plant as Pseudocymopterus montanus (A. Gray) J. M. Coult. & Rose placing Cymopterus lemmonii (J. M. Coult & Rose) Dorn in synonomy.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Harbouria trachypleura;
|
Harbouria trachypleura (A. Gray) J.M. Coult. & Rose “Whiskbroom Parsley”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., and Joseph N. Rose, 1888.
|
Coulter & Rose (1888, p. 125) proposed Harbouria trachypleura.
| Original Text
|
|
47. HARBOURIA.
—
Glabrous perennials, with 1 to 3
leaves which are ternately decompound and with narrowly linear
or filiform segments, involucre and involucels of few subulate
bracts, and long-peduncled umbels (mostly in pairs) of yellow
flowers.
|
| Hall & Harbour, to the latter of whom it is dedicated,
as the name Hallia is preoccupied.
|
| H. trachypleura. A foot or more high: leaf-segments
mucronulate: umbels (mostly 2 long-peduncled ones) 15 to 25-rayed ;
rays an inch long; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long: fruit 2 lines long.
(Fig. 146.)
—
Thaspium trachypleurum Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 63.
Cicuta (?) trachyplera Watson, Ribl. Index. Polypet. 417.
|
| Hall & Harbour 215,
Parry 159, etc., etc.) to New Mexico (Fendler 277).
Fl. May to July.
|
| Thaspium and Cicuta. Its position in Thaspium must have been among
the so-called "apterous" forms, which we have referred to Zizia, from
which genus it is plainly separated by its much more prominent corky ribs,
narrow and prominently corky-thickened commissural face, and whole
general habit. It is distinct from Cicnta not only in these same characters,
but also in its more laterally flattened fruit, equal ribs, yellow flowers. and habitat.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Heracleum maximum;
|
Heracleum maximum Bartram “American Cow-Parsnip”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Bartram, William, 1791.
|
Bartram, William. 1791, Travels through North and South Carolina ... p. 342.
|
I obferved growing in great abundance in thefe
mountain meadows, Sanguiforba Canadenfis and
Heracleum maximum ; the latter exhibiting a fine
fhow, being rendered confpicuous even at a great
diftance, by its great height and fpread, vaft
pennatifid leaves and expanfive umbels of fnow-white
flowers. The fwelling bafes of the furrounding
hills fronting the meadows prefented for my
acceptance the fragrant red ftrawberry, in painted
beds of many acres furface, indeed I may fafely fay,
many hundreds.
|
|
I observed growing in great abundance in these
mountain meadows, Sanguisorba canadensis and
Heracleum maximum; the latter exhibiting a fine
show, being rendered conspicuous even at a great
distance, by its great height and spread, vast
pinnatifid leaves and expansive umbels of snow-white
flowers. The swelling bases of the surrounding
hills fronting the meadows presented for my
acceptance the fragrant red strawberry, in painted
beds of many acres surface, indeed I may safely say,
many hundreds.
|
| |
|
Ligusticum filicinum S. Watson
| |
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Ligusticum porteri, Coulter & Rose, 1889;
|
Coulter, John M. and J. N. Rose. 1889
... p. 278-279 …
|
Ligusticum filicinum Watson was collected in great
abundance near Lake City, Colorado, by E. J. Ebert, in 1888,
and in the mountains back of Denver by John Kochan in July,
1889. This is the “Osha” of the Indians, who use its very
large aromatic roots. It was referred to L. apiifolium by
Rothrock in report of Wheeler's Expedition, who collected it
about Twin Lakes, Colorado.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ligusticum porteri;
|
Ligusticum porteri J.M. Coult. & Rose “Porter's Licorice-Root”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., and Joseph N. Rose, 1888.
|
Coulter, John M., and Joseph N. Rose. 1888. Revision of North American Umbelliferae. Crawfordsville, Indiana: Wabash College, 1888.
|
|
|
4. L. Porteri. Rather stout, 2 to 8 feet high, more leafy,
with glabrous or puberulent inflorescence: leaves large, biternate
then bipinnate; the numerous rather crowded segments lanceolate
to lanceolate-ovate, laciniately pinnatifid, toothed or entire: umbel
of numerous rays, mostly with neither involuere nor involucels;
rays (fruiting) 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long;
flowers white or pinkish: fruit (immature) oblong-ovate, 2 lines
long, with more prominent winged ribs than in other species: oil-tubes
4 to 6 in the intervals, 8 to 10 on the commissural side: seed
somewhat dorsally flattened, with very sharply angled back, and
face with a broad shallow concavity and central longitudinal ridge.
In the mountains and foothills of Colorado, Bear Creek (Vasey 223, in
1868), headwaters of Platte River (Coulter, in 1873, distribed (sic)
as L. apiifolium,
and described as such in Fl. Colorado); Arizona (Palmer 176, in 1877),
Huachuca Mts. (Pringle, in 1884, distributed as L. filicinum); New Mexico,
mountains near Las Vegas (G. R. Vasey, in 1881, distributed as L. apiifolium),
near top of mesa, Raton (Tracy 52, in 1887).
Fl. June and July.
This is also the Colorado form referred doubtfully to L. apiifolium by
Brewer & Watson in Bot. Calif, i. 264. It is a curious fact that this species
has always been referred to L. apiifolium or L. filicinum, two species with
which it cannot be confounded, and has never been referred to L. scopulorum,
to which it is most nearly allied. It differs from that species chiefly
in its more leafy habit, more numerous crowded smaller and narrower leaf-segments,
naked often glabrous umbels, more ovate fruit, which is more
prominently winged than in any other species, more numerous oil-tubes,
and seed with a very sharply angled back.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M. and J. N. Rose, 1889.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Ligusticum filicinum, Coulter & Rose, 1889;
|
Coulter, John M. and J. N. Rose. 1889.
Notes on North American Umbelliferae. I.
Botanical Gazette
… p. 278 …
|
Ligusticum porteri C. & R. was collected in S. Utah in 1877 by Dr. E. Palmer (no. 176).
|
But note that in the same publication, Coulter & Rose note that the common name of “osha” applies to L. filicinum.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908.
|
Hrdlicka, Ales. 1908 ... p.235
|
Ha-chi-de, hai-chi-di (Ligusticum porteri), grows in and about the
White mountains. The Mescaleros use the root, drinking a decoction
of it in colds and cough. They also drink it, mix with a little
water, and rub on the sore part. Occasionally they simply chew
the root for cough, or they small, chew, or smoke it for headache.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Ligusticum tenuifolium S. Watson;
|
Ligusticum tenuifolium S. Watson
| |
|
|
Rocky Mountain Flora, Lat. 39°-41°.
Apiaceae
Ligusticum tenuifolium S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 293 (1879), nom. illeg.
Slender Ligusticum.
Det. by W. Applequist, 2007.
, (No location information available.), (No county information available.), (No state information available.)
Rocky Mountain Flora, Lat. 39°-41°.
Lectotype
|
E. Hall & J. P. Harbour
216. |
1862 |
|
| |
|
Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian
Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army
Apiaceae
Ligusticum tenuifolium S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 293 (1879), nom. illeg.
Slender Ligusticum.
Det. by T. Zanoni, 2010.
Colorado Mts., (No county information available.), Colorado.
Syntype.
Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, Com'g.
Expedition of 1873
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1876.
|
Watson (1876,p. 140) in
Watson, Sereno. 1876
VI. Botanical Contributions (pp. 105-148),
3. Description of New Species of Plants, chiefly Californian,
with Revision of certain Genera (pp. 121-148).
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
New Series, Vol. III. Whole Series. Vol. XI.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35728#page/148/
|
LIGUSTICUM FILICINUM.
Rather slender, erect, a foot and a half
high : leaves broadly triangular in outline, ternate, the divisions
bipinnate, and the segments deeply pinnatifid with linear acute lobes : rays
10 to 15, an inch or two long; involucre none ; involucels of one or
few small linear bracts ; pedicels slender : fruit oblong, three lines
long, with dilated crenate disk but obscure stylophore, strongly ribbed
on the back, the lateral ribs narrow; vittte obscure: seed flattened,
concave on the face, obscurely ridged on the back.
—
L. apiifolium, Watson, Bot. King's Rep. 125.
L. scopulorum, Parry in Am. Naturalist, 9. 271.
In the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains (n. 454 Watson ;
n. 82 Parry, S. Utah collection), and northward to Wyoming
(n. 121 Parry, N. W. Wyoming collection).
Both L. apiifolium, of Oregon and California,
and L. scopulorum, of Colorado, have much
less dissected foliage, and different fruit, which is shorter and more oval,
with conical stylophore, less flattened carpels, and a medial longitudinal
ridge upon the face of the seed. These two species are very similar,
but the latter has the more broadly winged ovate fruit, and the more
depressed seed. There are indications of one or two other species, but
fruit is needed for their confirmation.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1879.
|
Watson (1879, p. 293) in
Watson, Sereno.
1879.
2. Descriptions of some new Species of North American Plants. pp. 288-203.
XV. Contributions to American Botany, pp. 213-303.
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
New Series, Vol. VI. Whole Series. Vol. XIV,
|
Ligusticum tenuifolium.
Stem slender, 12 to 18 inches high,
naked above the base or with a single sessile leaf, and bearing a single
naked umbel with rarely a lateral sterile one : leaves small (2 or 3
inches long), ternate and pinnately decompound, finely dissected with
laciniately divided leaflets, the ultimate segments linear, a line or two
long: rays few (7 to 11), an inch long or less : involucels of 1 or 2
narrowly linear bracts : fruit (scarcely mature) oblong, 2 lines long,
narrowly ribbed, with narrow disk and conical styliphore :
seed concavo-convex.
—
Mountains of Colorado ;
Hall & Harbour (n. 216, in part) ;
Wolf & Rothrock, n. 721.
Leaves much more finely divided
even than in L. filicinum,
and fruit very different.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1879.
|
Watson (1879, p. 293) in
Watson, Sereno.
1879.
2. Descriptions of some new Species of North American Plants. pp. 288-203.
XV. Contributions to American Botany, pp. 213-303.
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
New Series, Vol. VI. Whole Series. Vol. XIV,
|
Ligusticum tenuifolium.
Stem slender, 12 to 18 inches high,
naked above the base or with a single sessile leaf, and bearing a single
naked umbel with rarely a lateral sterile one : leaves small (2 or 3
inches long), ternate and pinnately decompound, finely dissected with
laciniately divided leaflets, the ultimate segments linear, a line or two
long: rays few (7 to 11), an inch long or less : involucels of 1 or 2
narrowly linear bracts : fruit (scarcely mature) oblong, 2 lines long,
narrowly ribbed, with narrow disk and conical styliphore :
seed concavo-convex.
—
Mountains of Colorado ;
Hall & Harbour (n. 216, in part) ;
Wolf & Rothrock, n. 721.
Leaves much more finely divided
even than in L. filicinum,
and fruit very different.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Mathias, Mildred, and Lincoln Constance, 1941.
|
Mathias & Constance (1941, p. 123) in
Mathias, Mildred E. and Lincoln Constance. 1941.
New Combinations and New Names in the Umbelliferae.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 68(2)
|
Ligusticum filicinum Wats, var. tenuifolium (Wats.) Mathias & Constance, comb. nov.
Ligusticum tenuifolium Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 293. 1879.
Ligusticum oreganum Coult. & Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: 138. 1900
|
No further explanation offered.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Goodrich, Sherel, 1986.
|
Goodrich (1986, p. 90) in
Goodrich, Sherel.
1986.
Utah Flora: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
The Great Basin Naturalist.
46.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7797254#page/79/
|
Ligusticum tenuifolium Wats. Small Ligusticum;
Slender-leaf Ligusticum. [L. filicinum
var. tenuifolium (Wats.) Mathias & Const. ].
Plants 11-64 cm tall, glabrous mildly aromatic
from a taproot, the crown more or less covered
by short shredded old leaf bases; leaves
basal and sometimes 1 or 2 cauline, ternate
and then 2—3 times pinnate with 5—7 pairs of
lateral primary leaflets; petioles 1.2-13.5 em
long; blades 3-19 cm long, completely dissected,
ovate in outline; lowest pair of primary
leaflets about 1/2 to 2/3 as long as the blade, on
petiolules (0.5) 1-4 cm long, the upper primary
leaflets progressively reduced, the ultimate
segments 2-9 mm long, 0.5-1.5 (2.5)
mm wide; scapes or peduncles 10—45 (61) em
long; involucre lacking; umbel solitary or the
terminal one sometimes subtended by a lateral
1 (very rarely 2) that usually arises from
the axil of a reduced leaf; rays 6—15, 0.5—3.6
cm long; involucels lacking or of 1—3 filiform-
linear bractlets to 3 mm long; pedicels 2—4
mm long; calyx obsolete; petals about 1 mm
long, white, sometimes tinged with light purple
in age; stylopodium evident, conic; styles
0.5—0.8 mm; fruit about 3-5 mm long.
Moist and wet meadows, along streams in lodgepole
pine and Engelmann spruce woods at 2,440 to
3,420 m, common across the Uinta Mountains,
in Daggett, Duchesne, Summit, Uintah,
and Wasatch counties; northeast Oregon
to western Montana south to Colorado and
Uinta Mountains of Utah; 37 (xviii).
Through a
series of features (none of which are exclusive),
plants of L. tenuifolium are readily distinguished
from those of L. filicinum. The
two taxa are sympatric in the western Uinta
Mountains, where somewhat intermediate
specimens occur, but the range of overlap is
small and few specimens seem intermediate.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
|
Ackerfield (2015, p. 85; 2022, p. 98) is consistent,
|
2a. Plants generally 5-13 dm tall, relatively robust,
caulescent with 1 or more well-developed stem leaves;
fruit 5-8 mm. long. …L. filicinum
|
|
2b. Plants generally small and slender,
1-7 dm tall, scapose or subscapose with 1 stem leaf that is much reduced or lacking all together;
fruit 2-5 mm. long. … L. tenuifolium.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- POWO, 2021 - 2026.
|
Plants of the World uses the World Checklist of Vascular Plants.
| |
Literature Cited:
- SEINet, 2019-2026.
|
The SEINet (2024) taxon tree accepts both L. tenuifolium and L. filicinum var. tenuifolium
|
Apiaceae Lindl.
Apioideae (Drude) Thorne ex Royen
Ligusticum L.
...
Ligusticum filicinum S. Watson
Ligusticum filicinum var. filicinum S. Watson
Ligusticum filicinum var. tenuifolium (S. Watson) Mathias & Constance
...
Ligusticum tenuifolium S. Watson
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lomatium orientale;
|
Lomatium orientale J.M. Coult. & Rose “Salt-and-Pepper”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., and J. N. Rose, 1900.
- Moulton, Gary E., 1999.
|
Coulter & Rose (1900, v. 7, n. 1, p. 220) in their
Monograph of North American Umbelliferae
published Lomatium orientale.
| Original Text
| Comments and Interpretation
|
|
20. Lomatium orientale C. & R. sp. nov,
|
|
|
Peucedanum nudicaule Nutt. in great part, and of all later authors.
|
|
|
Acaulescent or shortly caulescent, with short And soft pubescence,
peduncles 1 to 3 cm. high, and a thick elongated root (often swollen in
places); leaves bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed;
umbel unequally 5 to 8-rayed, with involucels of scarious-margined
(often purplish) lanceolate distinct bractlets; rays 1 to 3.5 cm. long;
pedicels glabrous, 5 to 7 mm. long; flowers white or pinkish, with
glabrous ovaries; fruit almost round, emarginate at base, glabrous, 5 mm.
long, 4 mm. broad, with wings not as broad as body, and indistinct
or obsolete dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in the
intervals (rarely 2 in the lateral intervals), 4 on the commissural side;
seed face plane.
|
|
|
Type locality, plains around Denver, Colo.; collected by Bethel,
May, 1895; type in U. S. Nat. Herb.
|
Ellsworth Bethel (1863-1925) came to Colorado in 1888 and until 1914 was a teacher in th Denver High Schools.
Receiving a Masters degree, in 1917 he started a new career as a plant pathologist.
There are 16 collections attributed to Bethel from Golden s.l.
|
|
On the plains from North Dakota to Kansas, and west to Arizona and Washington.
|
|
|
Specimens examined:
|
|
|
Kansas: Western Kansas, Herb. State Agric. Coll.
Nebraska: Wilcox, in 1887; Long Pine, Brown County, Rutter, June 1, 1893.
South Dakota: Aurora County, Wilcox, May 20, 1892.
Montana: Blankinship, May 3-4, 1890; Warm Peak, Bear Lodge,
V. Bailey, June 8, 1894.
Wyoming: Fort Russell, Ruby, in 1885;
Cheyenne, Havard, in 1893;
Laramie plains, Nelson, May, 1893 and 1894.
Colorado: Hall & Harbour 212, in 1862;
Palmer Lake, Alice Eastwood, May 25, 1890;
Cache la Poudre, Cowen, May 23, 1891;
foothills, altitude 1,800 to 1,950 meters, Crandall, May, 1893 and 1894;
near Windsor, Osterhout, May, 1894;
plains about Denver, Bethel, May, 1895;
Log Canyon and Rist Canyon, Holzinger 3, May 31, 1896.
New Mexico: Mangus Springs, Rusby 148, February 25, 1S80.
Arizona: MacDougal 5, June, 1891 ;
Flagstaff, altitude 1,650 meters, MacDougal 5, May 31, 1898;
Clifton, Davidson, in 1899.
Utah: Palmer 181, in 1877.
Idaho: Allen, in 1873;
boundary of Idaho and Washington, Canby, in 1891.
|
|
|
In 1818 Nuttall transferred Pursh's Smyrnium nudicaule to Ferula, and cited with
the type of Pursh (a Lewis & Clark plant from the Columbia River) a more eastern
plant, “on the high plains of the Missouri, commencing about the confluence of the
river Jauk [Jaune= Yellowstone or Jacque= Dakota],” a plant said by Nuttall to
be associated on the eastern plains with L. foeniculaceum. Since then the name
nudicaulis has been associated with the plant of the eastern plains. It was a puzzle to
us to find that the type locality of Smyrnium nudicaule was entirely to the west of its
present range, but Messrs. Robinson and Greenman have cleared up the matter
by examining Pursh's type, and discovering that it is the same as the abundant Seseli
leiocarpum of Hooker, from the same region. This leaves the eastern plant without
a name.
|
The Lewis & Clark collection that Coulter & Rose refer to is currently determined Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coulter & Rose
and is showin as f. 96 in Moulton (1999).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Musineon divaricatum;
|
Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Raf. “Leafy Wildparsley”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1816.
|
Pursh (v. 2, supplement, p. 732) adds S. divaricatum to Seseli
on page 197, which heretofore contained only S. triternatum
(=Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M.Coult. & Rose)
from the Lewis & Clark herbarium.
| Original Text
|
|
p. 197
|
Seseli divaricatum.
—
S. caule ramosissimo divaricato, foliis
bipinnatifidis, laciniis lanceolatis incisis, involucris nullis,
involucellis linearibus.
In Upper Louisiana. Bradbury, v. s. in Herb. Bradbury.
Resembles S. tortuosum very much.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rafinesque, C. S., 1819.
|
Rafinesque (1819, p. 101) published Marathrum divaricatum based upon Seseli divaricatum Pursh.
| Original Text
| Translation
|
|
22. Marathrum. (Ombellif.)
Fleurs hermaphrodites a involucelles, sans involucres.
Calice ovale 5-dente.
5 petales obcordes.
5 etamines longues.
2 longs styles caducs.
Semences ovales, a dos convexe ou gibbeaux, legerement anguleux.
—
Caulescent.
Feuilles pinnatifides , involucelles polyphylles ,
fleurs jaunes.
—
Le type de ce genre est le Sesili divaricatum de Pursh et Nuttall ;
mais il fiddere evidemment du genre Seseli par son dente, ses petales obcordes,
ses semences anguleuses et ses fleurs jaunes.
|
22. Marathrum. (Umbellif.)
Hermaphroditic to involucral flowers, without involucres.
Calyx oval 5-toothed.
5 obcorded petals.
5 long stamens.
2 long obsolete styles.
Seeds oval, with convex or gibbeau back, slightly angular.
—
Caulescent.
Pinnatifid leaves, polyphylous involucelles,
yellow flowers.
& mdash;
The type of this genus is the Sesili divaricatum of Pursh and Nuttall;
but it evidently belongs to the Seseli kind by his teeth, his obcorded petals,
its angular seeds and yellow flowers.
|
This turned out to be an unavailable name because Matathrum was unavailable having been previously used by Robert Brown.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rafinesque, C. S., 1820.
|
Rafinesque (1820, p. 71) published a correction for his previously published Marathrum.
| Original Text
| Translation
|
|
1. Dans le prodrome de 50 nouveaux genres de plantes d'Amerique,
j'ai decrit deaux nouveaux genres sous les noms de marathrum et de pythagorea ;
je me suis apercu depuis lors, que ces noms avaient deja ete employes,
le premier par Robert Brown, le second par Louriero; et comme je suis convaincu de l'importance
et de la necessite d'eviter des doubles emplois en Botanique, je m'empresse de rectifer cette
erreur, et de proposer les noms suivans en place.
|
1. In the prodrome of 50 new genera of plants from America,
I have described new genera under the names of marathrum and pythagorea;
I have noticed since then that these names had already been used,
the first by Robert Brown, the second by Louriero; and as I am convinced of the importance
and the need to avoid duplication in Botany, I hasten to correct this error,
and propose the following names in place.
|
|
Mon G. marathrum devra se nommer musineon.
Ces deux noms sont des synonymes de fenouil.
|
My genus marathrum should be called musineon.
These two names are synonyms for fennel.
|
| |
|
Torrey & Gray (1838, v. 1, pt. 4, p. 642) published Musenium
and species from a manuscript by Nuttall.
| Original Text
|
|
47. MUSENIUM. Nutt. mss.
|
|
“Margin of the calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth persistent. Petals obovate ; the
point inflexed. Styles slender, reflexed, rather long. Fruit ovate or ovate-oblong,
laterally compressed. Carpels more or less minutely scabrous, with
5 filiform acute slightly prominent ribs. Intervals with 2-3 vittae.
Commissure with 4 vittae. Carpophore 2-cleft. Seed with the sides moderately
incurved. Perennial dwarf rather foetid resiniferous (North American) herbs,
with fusiform roots, and a short caudex, or branching dichotomously from the
base. Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid. Involucre none. Involucels unilateral, of a
few rather rigid narrow leaflets. Flowers yellow or white.” Nutt.
|
|
§ 1. Stem dichotomous : flowers yellow.
|
|
1. M. divaricatum (Nutt. ! mss.) : decumbent ; stem short, dichotomously
branching from the base ; leaves bipinnatifid ; divisions confluent with the
winged rachis ; segments short, rather acutely toothed ; fruit somewhat glabrous.
—
Seseli divaricatum, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 732? ;
Nutt. gen. 1. p. 194 ;
DC. prodr. 4. p. 146.
|
β Hookeri : rachis narrow ; fruit scabrous, with elevated points.
—
M. Hookeri, Nutt.! mss.
Seseli divaricatum, Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 264 ;
Sims, bot. mag t. 1742. (ex Hook.)
|
Naked and arid hills and plains of the Upper Missouri, Nuttall !
β. Plains of the Upper Platte, near the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall !
On the Saskatchawan, Drummond! Douglas.
May.
—
Plant about a span long. Leaves all,
except the radical ones, opposite, glabrous and shining : petiole and rachis
distinctly winged : lamina with an ovate outline ; primary and secondary
divisions 3-4 pairs ; the segments about one-third of an inch long, 3-4-toothed.
Peduncles 4-5 inches long, scabrous, naked, rigid, stout. Umbels
10-20-rayed ; the rays (in fruit) about half an inch long. Fruit 2 lines long,
oblong-ovate : pericarp thin : vittae filled with a strong terebinthine oil.
—
The plant exudes small drops of resin spontaneously.
| |
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Oxypolis fendleri (A. Gray) Heller;
|
Oxypolis fendleri (A. Gray) Heller
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1849.
|
Archemora fendleri A.Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts n.s. 4: 56 (1849).
|
272. Archemora Fendleri (sp. nov.) : radice fasciculato-tuberosa; caule simplici ;
foliis pinnatis 5—7-foliolatis ; petiolis basi spathaceis; foliolis oblongo-ovatis obtusis vel
fol. supremorum lanceolatis inciso-serratis utrinque viridibus ; involucellis nullis; fructibus
parvulis angusto-alatis.
—
Margins of Santa Fé Creek, in fertile soil; June, July.
— This
is clearly a congener of Archemora rigida, although it wants the involucels. The root
consists of three or four oblong, fasciculated, and pendulous tubers about an inch long.
Stem slender, one to two feet high. Cauline leaves two or three. Leaflets three fourths
of an inch to an inch and a half long; those of the radical and lower cauline leaves ovate
or oblong, obtuse ; all incisely serrate throughout ; not barely 2 —3-toothed, as in A. rigida.
Umbel small. Fruit hardly two lines in length, oval; the wing-like margins narrower
than the disk. Vitte of the commissure four, of which two are shorter, as is often the
case in A. rigida.
|
It is not entirely clear, however,
I think Archemora rigida is probably a synynonym of Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf.
The basionym is Sium rigidus L.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Heller, A. A., 1897.
|
Heller, A. A. 1897.
Notes on Plants of New Mexico.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
24(10). pp. 477-479
|
Oxypolis Fendleri (A. Gray).
|
|
Archemora Fendleri A. Gray, Mem. Am: Acad. (II) 2: 1849.
|
|
The original of this species is Fendler’s no. 272, collected on
“margins of Santa Fe Creek, in fertile soil.” Our no. 3801 was
obtained in similar situations, always growing on the very edge of
the stream, or in wet, marshy places. It was first noticed at a
point eight miles east of Santa Fe, and is scattered at intervals
along the upper part of the stream, which rises in the mountains
some twenty miles from the town.
|
| |
|
Pseudocymopterus J.M.Coult. & Rose
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., and Joseph N. Rose, 1888.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Aletes anisatus, Coulter & Rose, 1888;
Notes on Pseudopteryxia, Rydberg, 1913;
|
Coulter & Rose. 1888. Revision of North American Umbelliferae. p. 74.
|
17. PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS.
—
Mostly low (often cespitose)
glabrous perennials from a thick elongated root, with bipinnate
leaves (shorter than the peduncles), no involucre, and involucels
of narrow bractlets mostly longer than the white or yellow
flowers.
|
|
This genus is constructed to contain a species that has been referred
doubtfully to Thaspium and Ligusticum, and two others that have been
referred to Cymopterus. That P. montanus should be referred to Thaspium
is no longer held. It seems generically distinct from Ligusticum on account
of its broad lateral fruit-wings and irregular dorsal and intermediate
ribs, dorsal flattening of the fruit, depressed stylopodium, often solitary
oil-tubes, and yellow flowers. P. bipinnatus and P. anisatus are distinct
from Cymopterus on account of their smaller fruit, which does not have
broad dorsal and intermediate wings, is dorsally flattened, and contains
prominent strengthening cells. The three species form a well-defined
genus.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1913.
|
Rydberg, P. A. 1913. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora—XXVIII. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 43-74, p. 70-71.
|
PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS C. & R.
This genus is one of the most unnatural in Coulter & Rose’s
Monograph. Jones* called attention to this fact, although he
included the genus, as well as Oreoxys, Rhysopterus, Aulospermum,
and Pteryxia in Cymopterus, and does not go to the bottom of the
facts. The genus as constituted by Coulter and Rose contains at
least three distinct groups of plants of little relationship to each
other. The first group contains Pseudocymopterus montanus and
its close relatives; the second of P. anisatus and P. aletifolius, and
perhaps P. Hendersonii, which I do not know; and the third of P.
bipinnatus and probably Cymopterus nivalis S. Wats., of which the
fruit is unknown. P. montanus is the type of the genus, which
latter therefore must be restricted to it and its relatives. Jones
includes P. anisatus and P. bipinnatus in his section Oreoxis, but the
genus Oreoxis has all ribs corky and the lateral ones scarcely more
prominent than the dorsal ones, the fruit is not flattened dorsally,
the styles and sepals are erect. In Pseudocymopterus anisatus
the lateral wings are very prominent, the dorsal ribs narrowly
winged or some of them merely acute, the styles are recurved,
the sepals spreading and one or two of them larger than the rest,
and the fruit is decidedly flattened dorsally. The plant is more
related to Aletes than to Oreoxis, and P. aletifolius connects it with
that genus. It can not be placed in Aletes, however, for in that
genus the fruit is not compressed and the ribs not winged. It
would be much better to include P. anisatus and P. aletifolius in
Pteryxia, as they have the foliage and nearly the same fruit as in
that genus, but the strictly acaulescent plant, the narrow and thick
wings of the fruit and the very prominent and unequal calyx-teeth
would make it rather abnormal even in that genus. Although
it does not differ so much in the technical characters of the
fruit from the typical Pseudocymopterus, the habit is quite different,
so also the texture of the leaves, and in Pseudocymopterus the
sepals are minute. It is better to regard P. anisatus as a type of
a new genus.
|
Following his comments above regarding Pseudocymopterus J. M. Coulter & Rose,
Rydberg goes on to propose Pseudopteryxia and place P. anisatus therein.
| |
|
Pseudopteryxia Rydb.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1913.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Aletes anisatus, Rydberg, 1913;
Notes on Pseudocymopterus, Coulter & Rose, 1888;
|
Rydberg, P. A. 1913. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora—XXVIII. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 43-74, p. 71.
|
Pseudopteryxia Rydb. gen. nov.
Densely cespitose, strong-scented, acaulescent perennials with
multicipital caudices covered with numerous sheaths of old leaves.
Leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid with thick, firm, pungent divisions.
Flowers yellow; involucres wanting; bractlets linear-subulate, pungent.
Calyx-teeth very prominent, spreading, unequal,
one or two much longer than the rest. Stylopodium wanting.
Fruit oblong, glabrous. Ribs thick, the dorsal and intermediate
ones sharp or some of them with narrow wings; the lateral ones
with broader wings, distinct from those of the other carpel.
Carpels flattened dorsally. Oil tubes 1-3 in the intervals, 2-4
on the commissural side. Seed face plane.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cornus sericea;
|
Cornus sericea L. “Creek Dogwood”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1771.
- Plukenet, Leonard, 1696.
|
| Original Text
| Comments and Interpretation
|
|
fericea
|
CORNUS arborea, cymis nudis, foliis fubtus fericeis.
|
|
|
|
Cornus femina laurifolia, fructu nigro-caeruleo, officulo compreffo.
Pluk, alm. r 21, t. 169. f. 3.
|
Leonard Plukenet (1641-1706) Almagestum botanicum. 1696, 1705. One of several pre-Linnean checklists.
|
|
|
Habitat in America feptentrionali. ♄. H. U.
|
|
|
|
Frutex altior : Ramis rubicundis . laevibus.
Ramuli ultimi obfolete ancipites , a Petioli dorfo , vix manifefto , decurrente.
|
|
|
|
Folia oppofita (nec bifaria) , ovata . plicato - lineata ; fubius alba (non pallide viridia) , fericeo-nitentia.
|
|
|
|
Cymae terminales, folio breviores.
|
|
|
|
Petala ovata f. oblongiufcula , alba , patentia.
Stamina alba , corolla duplo longiora.
Receptaculum purpurafens.
|
|
|
|
Simillima C. fanguineae et albae , at difficile diftinguatur , fed Baccae atro-purpureae.
|
“Similar to C. sanguineae and C. alba, but difficult to distinguish, except for black-purple berries.”
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi;
|
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel “Bearberry”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
| Original Text
|
|
4. ARBUTUS caulibus procumbentibus, foliis integerrimis.
Fl. lapp. 162. t. 6. f. 3.
Fl. fuec. 339.
Mat. med. 211.
Hort. cliff. 163.
Roy. lugdb. 440.
Hall. helv. 415.
|
Uva urfi
|
|
Uva urfi.
Cluf. hift. 1. p. 63.
|
|
|
Radix idaea putata & Uva urfi.
Bauh. hift. 1. p. 524.
|
|
|
Arbutus noveboracentibus Bearberry.
Cold. nov. 104.
|
|
|
Habitat in Europa frigida, Canada.
♄
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sprengel, Curt Polycarp Joachim, 1826.
|
Sprengel 1825, v. 2., p. 287 ...
| Original Text
|
|
1542. Arctostaphylos Adanf.
|
|
Uva urfi*
|
1. A. caule procumbenta fruticofo,
foliis obovatis integerrimis coriaceis nitidis,
floribus fafciculatis.
Europ. et Amer. bor.
(Arbutus L.)
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Orthilia secunda;
|
Orthilia secunda (L.) House “Sidebells Wintergreen”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
| Original Text
|
|
fecunda.
|
3. PYROLA racemo unilaterali.
Fl. fuec. 332.
|
|
|
Pyrola floribus uno verfu fparfis.
Fl. lapp. 168.
|
|
|
Pyrola folio mucronato ferrato.
Bauh. pin. 181.
|
|
|
Pyrola 2 tenerior.
Cluf. pan. 506.
|
|
|
Habitat in Enropae (sic) borealis fylvis.
♄
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- House, Homer D., 1921.
|
House (1921) moved our plant to Orthilia Raf. from Pyrola without comment.
| Original Text
|
|
Orthilia Raf. Aut. Bot. 103. 1840
|
Ramischia Opiz, Seznam 82. 1852.
Actinocyclus Klotzsch,, Akad. Monats Berlin (1857): 14. 1857.
|
|
Orthilia secunda (L.) House, comb. nov.
|
Pyrola secunda L. Sp. Pl. 396. 1753.
R. secundiflora Opiz, l. c.
Actinocyclus secundus Klotzsch, l. c.
R. secunda Garcke, Fl. Deuts. Ed. 4, 222. 1858.
O. parvifolia Raf., l. c.
|
|
In our northern swamps, merging into the var. obtusata
(Turcz.) House, comb. nov. (pyrola secunda var. obtusata
Turcz.), originally described from northern Asia and Europe,
but which appears to be practically the same as described by
Paine (Cat. Pl. Oneida County 135. 1865), as var. pumila.
All intermediate forms between the typical species and the
var. obtusata, occur in a swam near Newcomb, New York.
|
|
An Additional species of this genus occurs in Mexico.
|
|
Orthilia Elatior (Lang) House, comb. nov.
(Actinocyclus secundus elatior Lange; Ramischia elatior Rydberg).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Pyrola asarifolia;
|
Pyrola asarifolia Michx. “Liverleaf Wintergreen”
| |
|
There is a collection of P. asarifolia from “draw W of Little Scraggy Peak,” Philip V. Woodhead, #20-W, 29 June 1916, RM402926.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Androsace occidentalis Pursh “Western Rockjasmine”;
|
Androsace occidentalis Pursh “Western Rockjasmine”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 137) ...
| Original Text
|
|
1. A[ndrosace] tenuissime pubescens ; coliis involucrisive olongo-spathulatis
integerrimis, perianthiis angulatis, capsulis calyce brevioribus.
|
occidentalis.
|
|
On the banks of the Missouri. Nuttall. ☉ v. s. in Herb. Nuttall.
Approaches near to A. elongata, according to specimens of Pallas's in the
Herbarium of A. B. Lambert, Esq.
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Androsace septentrionalis;
|
Androsace septentrionalis L. “Pygmyflower Rockjasmine”
(Syn: Androsace septentrionalis L. ssp. subumbellata (A. Nelson) G. T. Robbins)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Dodecatheon pulchellum;
|
Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr. “Beautiful Shootingstar”
(Syn: Exinia pulchella Raf. , Primula pauciflora (Greene) Mast & Reveal )
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lysimachia ciliata;
|
Lysimachia ciliata L. “Fringed Loosestrife”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Habitat in Virginia, Canada (Linnaeus, 1753, v. 1, p. 147).
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Primula pauciflora pauciflora;
|
Primula pauciflora (Durand) A. R. Mast & Reveal var. pauciflora “Darkthroat Shooting Star”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Fraxinus americana;
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Fraxinus americana L. “White Ash”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Fraxinus pennsylvanica;
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Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall “Green Ash”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ligustrum vulgare;
|
Ligustrum vulgare L. “Privet”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Oenothera coronopifolia;
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Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray “Crownleaf Evening Primrose. Hierba de San Juan.”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Syringa vulgaris;
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Syringa vulgaris L. “Common Purple Lilac”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eustoma grandiflorum;
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Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners “Showy Prairie Gentian”
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Literature Cited:
- Shinners, Lloyd H., 1957.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Frasera speciosa;
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Frasera speciosa Griseb. “Elkweed”
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Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
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Hooker, William Jackson, Sir, 1785-1865
Flora boreali-americana, or, the botany of the northern parts of British America : compiled principally from the plants collected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. To which are added (by permission of the Horticultural society of London,) those of Mr. Douglas, from north-west America, and of other naturalists
v. 2, p. 66.
The Gentianaceae was authored by Dr. Grisebach, see footnote on page 54.
| Original Text
|
|
2. F. speciosa (Dougl. ms.); caule erecto tereti sulcato glabro, foliis quaternis oblongo-linearibus
acutiusculis, racemo elongato densifloro, calyce corollam aequante, foveis elliptico-oblongis
binis. (Tab. CLIII.)
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Longer Latin description omitted.
|
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Hab. On the low hills near Spokan and Salmon Rivers and subalpine parts of the Blue Mountains,
near the Kooskooska River, N.W.C. Douglas.
—
[This is quite distinct from the preceding (F. carolinensis), much larger in
every part, with longer petals and constantly 2 oblong foveae upon each of them. — Hook.]
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Tab. CLIII. — Fig. 1, Flower; fig. 2, Petal: – magnified.
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Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Apocynum androsaemifolium;
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Apocynum androsaemifolium L. “Bitter Dogbane”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
|
1. APOCYNUM caule rectiufculo herbaceo,
foliis ovatis utrinque glabris, cymis terminalibus.
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fol. androfaemi.
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Apocynum caule erecto annuo, foliis ovatis.
Roy. lugdb. 411
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Apocynum foliis ovatis. Hort. cliff. 80.
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Apocynum canadenfe, foliis androfaemi majoris.
Bocc. fic. 35. t. 16. f. 3.
Morif. hift. 3. p. 609. f. 15. t. 3. f. 16.
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|
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Habitat in Canada, Virginia.
♃
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The "Androfaemi" Phrase:
In botanical Latin, there is no direct adjective "androfaemi."
Instead, this is a shortened or altered term referring to "Androsaemi" (the genitive form of Androsaemon or Androsaemum),
which historically translates to "man’s blood".
In 18th-century botanical literature (including early drafts by Carl Linnaeus),
the plant was often described using descriptive phrases like Apocynum foliis Androsaemi
(meaning "Dogbane with leaves of Androsaemum").
This was later formalized into the specific epithet androsaemifolium. (Google AI, 30 June 2026)
Androsaemum Mill. is now a synonym of Hypericum Tourn. ex L.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Apocynum cannabinum;
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Apocynum cannabinum L. “Indian Hemp”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
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2. APOCYNUM caule rectiufculo herbaceo, foliis oblongis, cymis lateralibus.
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cannabinum.
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Apocynum foliis ovatis acutis fubtus tomentofis
Gron. virg. 28.
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Apocynum canadenfe ramofum, flore e viridi albicante, filiqua tenuiffima
Morif. hift. 3. p. 609. f. 15. t. 3. f 14.
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Apocynum virginianum, flore herbaceo, filiqua longisfima.
Morif. prael. 232.
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Apocynum canadenfe maximum, flore monimo herbaceo.
Pluk. alm. 35. t. 13, f 1.
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Apocynum erectum virginianum ramofum, caule fubrubente, efulae rarae foliis, filiquis tenuiffmis.
Pluk. alm. 35. t. 260. f. 2.
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Habitat in Canada, Virginia.
♃ |
|
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Corollae virides, nec pictae funt.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Apocynum ×floribundum;
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Apocynum ×floribundum Greene “Dogbane”
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|
Greene (1893, p. 151) published A. floribundum without mention of
it being a hybrid.
| Original Text
|
|
Apocynum floribundum. Glabrous, pallid and glaucous,
2 feet high, with numerous ascending and somewhat fastigiate
branches rising to about the same level, each ending in a
cyme: leaves about 2 inches long, from ovate to elliptical,
mucronate, the margins sparsely serrulate-scabrous: cymes
not dense, many-flowered, erect: corollas erect, lurid-purplish,
nearly cylindrical, the lobes erect, or only a little spreading.
Dry ground bordering pine woods, in the higher mountains
west of the Mohave Desert, in Kern Co., Calif., 1889.
Nearest A. cannabinum, but of very different habit; the
fastigiate branches, each with its own many-flowered cyme,
uniting to form a compound corymb often a foot broad.
A. cannabinum, common in many parts of California, was
found in wet ground by streamlets, in the same region, and
true to its character, the dense terminal cyme of small
greenish flowers, being greatly surpassed by those of the
single pair of lateral branches.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Johnson, Samuel A., Leo P. Bruederle, and Diana F. Tomback, 1998.
|
Johnson, et al. (1998) confirmed that A. ×floribundum is a hybrid and that the occurrences they examined were clonal.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Asclepias speciosa;
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Asclepias speciosa Torr. “Showy Milkweed”
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Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John G., 1828.
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Torrey (1828, p. 218-219) described James' collection as A. speciosa ...
| Original Text
|
|
260. A. speciosa, tota planta tenuiter tomentosa ; foliis
ovato-cordatis obtusis, oppositis, brevi-petiolatis ; umbellis
axillaribus, terminalibusque solitariis ; coronae foliolis erectis,
lanceolatis, antheridiis triplo longioribus, basi intus obtuse
bidentatis.
Desc. Stem erect, branched ? LeavesUmbels axillary and terminal,
pedicels white-lanuginous, thick. Flowers twice as large as in A. syriaca.
Calyx woolly ; segments lanceolate, spreading. Corolla pale purple ?
Segments reflexed, oblong, obtuse. Leaflets of the nectary lanceolate,
erect, straight, acute. Horn short, incurved, compressed. Fruit not seen.
Hab. On the Canadian ?
Obs. Flowers larger than in any other North American
species of this genus.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Asclepias incarnata;
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Asclepias incarnata L. “Swamp Milkweed”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
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| Original Text
|
8. ASCLEPIAS foliis lanceolatis, caule fuperne divifo,
umbellis terminalibus congeftis.
Afclepias caule erecto ramofo annuo, foliis lanceolatis,
umbellis terminalibus erectis pluribus. Vir. clif. 20.
hort. cliff. 78. Roy. lugdb. 411. Gron. virg. 27.
Apocynum minus rectum canadenfe. Corn. canad. 9. t. 93.
Barr. rar. 8. t. 72. Raj. hift. 1089.
Habitat in Canada, Virginia. ♃
Caulis ubi dividitur folia e regione tria producit.
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incarnata.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Asclepias pumila;
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Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail “Plains Milkweed”
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Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1876a.
|
Gray (1876a, p. 70) in an extended footnote revising Asclepias
published Asclepias pumila as a variety of A. verticillata.
| Original Text
|
|
A. verticillata, L.
A widely distributed species, including A. galioides, HBK.,
of Mexico.
Var. pumila is a singularly dwarf or depauperate form, of
the western dry plains, from Nebraska to New Mexico.
Var. subverticillata
(A. verticillata var. galioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, chiefly), is a marked
form, with single stems, simple or branched, the leaves mostly in pairs and
threes, and their margins little revolute, the horns of the hoods rather less exserted.
Decaisne's A. verticillata var. linifolia may include this ; but it is evidently
a mixture of A. verticillata (to which the specimens from "Florida and
Georgia" may belong) ; of A. virgata, Lag. (A. angustifolia, Roem. & Schult. &c.),
which, from Kunth's character of opposite leaves and little exserted horn, may
be A. linifolia, HBK.; and of A. Mexicana, Cav. (from which may come the
character of leaves 4-6-nate), which must be identical with A. fascicularis of
Decaisne. Here also A. linearis, Scheele in Linntea, xxi.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord, and Addison Brown, 1898.
|
Britton & Brown (1898, v. 3, p. 12) published Asclepias pumila as an isonym.
Text of the section on Asclepiadaceae was revised by Miss Anna Murray Vail.
| Original Text
|
|
22. Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail. Low Milkweed. (Fig. 2921.)
Asclepias verticillata var. pumila A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 71. 1876.
Stems 4'-10' high, tufted from a woody
root. Leaves very numerous, crowded,
sometimes obscurely whorled, filiform-linear, 1'-2'
long, smooth or minutely roughened, the margins
revolute; umbels 2-several, short-peduncled,
few-flowered; pedicels filiform, puberulent,
3"-4" long; corolla greenish white, its
segments oblong, 1½"-2" long; column short;
hoods white, erect, oblong, entire, equalling
the anthers, shorter than the slender incurred
horn; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels,
narrowly spindle-shaped, l½'-2' long, finely
puberulent.
Dry plains. South Dakota to Arkansas, Colorado and New Mexico.
|
Anna Murray Vail (January 7, 1863 – December 18, 1955) was an American botanist and first librarian of the New York Botanical Garden. She was a student of the Columbia University botanist and geologist Nathaniel Lord Britton, with whom she helped to found the New York Botanical Garden.
In her Wikipedia entry are three links to her studies in the Asclepiadaceae,
which may show her original publication of Asclepias pumila
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Asclepias stenophylla;
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Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray “Narrow-leaved Milkweed”
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1834b.
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Nuttall (1834b, p. 201) ... Proposed Polyotus angustifolius noting that Acerates Elliott was already employed for another genus … some sources, IPNI in particular, show the publication date as 1836.
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4. P. *angustifolius. Caule erecto, foliis linearibus sub-oppositis,
umbellis caulinis subsessilibus; lepanthium antheridio sublongius,
sessile, foliolis apice tridentatis.
|
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Descript. Perennial. Stem simple, herbaceous and slender, the
lower part naked, about eighteen inches high ; leaves very long, narrow
and acute, somewhat revolute and scabrous on the margin, one to one
and a half lines wide, opposite and alternate, nerves confluent below
the margin ; umbells globular, small, three or four to eight ; pedicells
about the length of the flowers ; flowers greenish, with a mixture of
white ; segments of the corolla oblong, reflected ; lepanthium sessile,
divisions linear, longer than the antheridium, tridentate above, the
central denture minute, concave and auriculate below; clefts of the
antheridium salient from the base to the summit; cusps broad and
membranaceous, concealing the stigma; follicles two.
—
Hab.
In dry
prairies from Fort Smith to Red river. Flowering in June.
—
Obs.
This species appears to be very nearly related to Gomphocarpus, and
also very nearly to Asclepias, particularly A. cinerea, from which it
merely differs in the absence of the short internal awn ; it may,
however, be considered as present in the central, acute and shorter third
denture of the segments of the lepanthium.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- DeCandolle, Augustus Pyramus, 1844.
|
DeCandolle in his Prodromus vol. 8 (1844, p. 522-523) ... proposed Acerates angustifolia ...
the chapter on Order Asclepiadeae was written by J. Decaisne.
|
9. A. angustifolia, caule erecto, foliis suboppositis linearibus acutis interdum
marginibus anguste revolutis scabrisque, umbellis multifloris globosis subsessilibus,
coroll. laciniis oblongis reflexis, cucullis gynostegio sublongioribus
apice tridentatis. ♃ in Am. sept. graminosis prope Fort Smith ad Red-River.
Species habitu Asclep. cinerae ex cl. Nutt. Polyotus angustifolius Nutt. Trans. phil. am. vol. 5, p. 201.
|
From Wikipedia:
Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an aide-naturaliste to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to study plants brought back by various travelers like those of Victor Jacquemont (1801-1832) from Asia. Decaisne used applied research, most notably on the agronomy of the madder, the yam and the ramie. He was also interested in algae.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1876a.
|
Gray (1876a, p. 72) …
|
A. stenophylla.
Polyotus angustifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. v. 201.
Acerates angustifolia, Decaisne in DC. l. c.
Nuttall noted the clear transition to Asclepias.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Asclepias viridiflora;
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Asclepias viridiflora Raf. “Green Comet Milkweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rafinesque, C. S., 1808.
|
| Original Text
|
|
18. Asclepias viridiflora green flowered asclepias ;
leaves lanceolated, obtuse, hirsute, umbells axillar,
bending down, corniculas, without appendices.
I have found it in several parts of Maryland and Pennsylvania,
mostly in fields.
|
| |
|
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 181) also published A. viridiflora,
though his name is considered illegitimate because it was previously
published by Rafinesque (1808).
I think it more likely that Pursh chose Rafinesque's name but
failed cite Rafinesque by oversight or intent.
We'll never really know.
Pursh does tell us that he had seen the plant alive (“v. v.”)
| Original Text
|
|
9. A. caule simplici erecto hirsuto, foliis lanceolato-oblongis
obtusiusculis subsessilibus utrinque tomentoso-hirsutis,
umbellus lateralibus solitariis subsessilibus nutantibus
subgloboso-densifloris, appendicibus nullis
In dry fields : Pensylvania to Virginia.
♃
June, July.
v. v.
Flowers green.
| viridiflora.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Convolvulus arvensis;
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Convolvulus arvensis L. “Field Bindweed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
|
1. CONVOLVULUS foliis fagittatis utrinque acutis, pedunculis unifloris.
Fl. fuec.. 173. Dalib. parif. 65.
|
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Convolvulus foliis fagitatis utrinque acutis.
Hort. cliff. 66. Roy. lugdb. 427.
|
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Convolvulus minor arvenfis.
Bauh. pin. 294.
|
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Habitat in Europć agris.
♃
|
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|
Collected by J. H. Redfiels near Canyon City, 22 July 1872. Determined Convolvulus incanus Vahl. NY 3503017.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Evolvulus nuttallianus;
• Field Notes:
Coll. No. 2319, 6 Jun 2020;
|
Evolvulus nuttallianus Roem. & Schult. “Shaggy Dwarf Morning Glory”
Evolvulus nuttallianus is native to Colorado and is found from Montana and North Dakota south to Texas and Arizona.
It is usually described as occuring on sandy and rocky prairies and plains, chaparral, pinyon-juniper and oak woodlands.
It has also been found on limestone glades and bald knobs in the Ozark region of Missouri.
It is a non-vining morning glory-like perennial that grows as a densely hairy subshrub to 20” tall with prostrate to decumbent stems that root at the nodes as they go.
It has very small, bell-shaped, lavender to blue morning glories (to 1/2” across)
from spring to mid-summer on stems
with oblanceolate, hairy, silvery-green leaves (to 1” long).
Flowers usually close up at night and on cloudy days.
There is some confusion in the taxonomy of the genus Evolvulus.
This species is sometimes listed as synonymous with E. pilosus.
The genus name comes from the Latin word “evolvo”
meaning to untwist or unravel because this genus does not twine like many species in the
Convolvulus family.
The specific epithet honors British botanist Thomas Nuttall (1786-1839) who traveled extensively in the U.S., as discussed below.
For gardeners, E. nuttallianus is winter hardy to USDA Zone 4.
It is easily grown in organically rich, consistently moist,
well-drained soils in full sun to part shade.
It also performs well in sandy soils with good drainage.
But they may be difficult to find in commerce.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1813.
|
Published in Fraser's Catalogue as:
|
32 *Evolvulus sessiliflorus. ‡ M.
|
However, this is nomen nudum because it has no description.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Graustein, Jeannette E., 1967.
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
v. s.;
|
Thomas Nuttall traveled up the Missouri in 1811, partially duplicating the trip of Lewis and Clark,
spending the summer in and around Fort Mandan (Graustein, 1967).
I have been unable to determine where Nuttall's collection of E. nuttallianus is located.
Graustein notes that many of Nuttall's collections are in the British Museum,
and few of their holdings are available online.
Regardless, Pursh (1814) published the first description in his Flora of North America.
Pursh arrived in London in November 1811.
Nuttall and Pursh met in London in the spring of 1812.
Nuttall must have had his collections with him.
Pursh (1814) described Nuttall's morning-glory as E. argenteus.
| Latin
| My Interpretation
|
| 230. EVOLVULUS. Gen Pl. 524.
|
| 230. EVOLVULUS. Gen Pl. 524.
|
|
| 1. E. erectus ; foliis oblongis utrinque sericeo-tomentosis, pedunculis unifloribus brevibus.
| argenteus.
| 1. Evolvulus that is erect, leaves oblong silky-felted both sides,
peduncles short with a single flower.
| argenteus.
|
| On the banks of the Missouri. Nuttall. v. s. Flowers yellow.
|
| On the banks of the Missouri. Nuttall. In have seen it in the dried condition. Flowers yellow.
|
|
The name E. argenteus was unavailable because is was previously used by Robert Brown, 1810.
Pursh notes that he saw the collection “v. s.”
but it was not in the Lambert herbarium.
Pursh characterizes the flowers as yellow, but since he worked from dried material,
the blue to purple color may have faded.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
Nuttall (1818) published his own description of E. nuttallianus in his Genera of North American Plants.
He writes both Pursh's name argenteus and his own name of pilosus.
|
251. EVOLVULUS. L.
Calix 5-parted.
Corolla rotate-campanulate; lobes subemarginate.
Styles 2, deeply bifid; segments capillary and divergent.
Stigma simple.
Capsule 2-celled, 4-valved, 2 to 4 seeded.
Stem creeping, procumbent, or erect.
Leaves alternate entire; flowers pedunculate, small;
peduncles solitary, bibracteate, capsule perfecting 1, 2, or 4 seeds.
Species. …
3. argenteus, Ph. (pilosus.)
Perennial; stems simple, erect, and low, many from the same root:
the whole plant densely hairy and shining:
leaves cuneate-oblong, acute, crowded;
peduncles l-flowered, subsessile; bibracteate, bractes sessile in the axill;
segments of the calix linear. —
Obs. Allied to E. Commersoni. Stems 4 to 6 inches high;
leaves 6 to 8 lines long, 2 to 4 wide, extremely hairy as well as the stem;
flowers solitary, appearing sessile, purple, edge of the plaits hairy,
capsule 4-valved, often perfecting only a single seed.
— Hab. On arid gravelly hills near the confluence of Rapid river and the Missouri;
flowering in May.
This genus, with the above exceptions,
exists exclusively within the tropical regions of India, Australia, and America.
|
By current standards of publication, one would think that Nuttall was putting his pilosus in synonomy with Pursh's argenteus.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ro¨mer, Johann Jacob, Joseph August Schultes, Julius Hermann Schultes, Jurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel, and J. G. Cotta, 1820.
|
In the meantime, Roemer and Schultes (1820) published the first valid name for Nuttall's collection.
| Latin | My Interpretation |
|---|
18. E. Nuttallianus; erectus, foliis onlongis utrinque sericeo-tomentosis,
pedunculis unifloris brevibus.
E. argenteus Pursh Fl. Sept. Americ. I. p. 187.
Flores flavi. Ad ripas Missouri. Nuttall.
Obs. Nomen mutandum orat, cum sit antiquior argenteus R. Brown.
| 18. Evolvulus nuttallianus; erect, leaves oblong silky-felted,
single flowers on short pedicels.
(E. argenteus Pursh Fl. Sept. Americ. I. p. 187.)
Flowers yellow. On the banks of the Missouri River. Nuttall.
The name was changed, because argenteus was used earlier by R. Brown.
|
This was just a name change because Pursh's proposed E. argenteus was previously used by R. Brown (1810).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1834b.
|
Then, in 1834, Nuttall first publishes his name of E. pilosus in his descriptions of plants of Arkansas territory.
|
2. E. pilosus.
Erectus, foliis lineari-oblongis utrinque sericeo-pilosis, pedunculis uniflorus brevibus.
Nuttall's Gen. Am. Pl. 1, p. 174
(E. Nuttallianus, erectus, foliis oblongis utrinque sericeo-tomentosis,
pedunculis unifloris brevibus. Schultes, Syst. Veg. vol. 6, p. 198;
E. argenteus, Pursh, 1, 187).
—
Obs. Flowers purplish, coming out in the middle of the stem;
peduncle shorter than the calix;
calix segments partly linear and acuminate.
—
Hab. On the high hills of Red river near Kiamesha,
|
This name is, of course, superfluous and therefore illegitimate because Roemer and Schultes previously validly published nuttallianus.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Aliciella pinnatifida;
|
Aliciella pinnatifida (Nutt. ex A.Gray) J.M.Porter. “Sticky Gilia”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Don, George, 1831-1838.
|
G. Don (1831-1838, v. 4., p. 245) …
| Original Text
| Comments
|
7 G Se'ssei; stem dwarf, branched, clothed with glandular down ;
leaves pinnatifid ;
segments cuneated, with pointed teeth ;
brecteas ovate-lanceolate, mucronatem longer than the calyx ;
corolla with a filiform tube, double the length of the calyx ;
flowers faccicled.
(.) [circle with a dot inside. H.
Native of Mexico.
Gilia pinnatifida, Sesse et Mocino, in herb. Lamb.
Stamens inclosed.
Sesse's Gilia.
Pl. ¼ foot.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1863.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
Gilia;
|
Gray (1863) Enumeration of the Plants Collected by Parry, Hall, and Harbour notes Gilia pinnatifida ined. I assume it was ined. in Gray's hands as he published it in a revision of Polemoniaceae (Gray, 1870).
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
456. Gilia pinnatifida, Nutt. ined.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1870.
|
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
3. GILIA, Ruiz & Pav.
|
|
|
§ 10. GILLIANDRA.
…
|
|
|
…
|
|
|
48. G. Pinnatifida, Nutt. In herb.;
Gray Enum. Pl. Parry.
… [Latin diagnosis not reproduced] …
—
N. New Mexico and Colorado to Snake River, &c.,
in or near the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall, Fendler, and various collectors.
A part of Geyer's 42 and 25, referred to G. inconspicus,
much exserted stamens three lines long.
Seeds with a close coat, wholly unchanged when wetted.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Porter, J. Mark, 1998.
|
Porter (1998) recircumscribed Aliciella and placed G. pinnatifida in that group.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
1. Aliciella pinnatifida (Nutt. ex Gray) J. M. Porter, comb. nov.
|
|
|
Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. ex Gray,
Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 276. 1870, (basionym).
Navarretia pinnatifida (A. Gray) Kuntze, Revisio, Gen. Pl. 2: 433. 1891
Gilia vixcosa Woot. & Standl, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 16; 161, 1913.
TYPE:
—
U.S.A. New Mexico: (without location, but presumably near Santa Fe) 1847, A. Fendler 655 [lectotype: (here designated) GH!].
|
|
|
…
|
|
|
Although the Nuttall collection [as a candidate for lectotype]
may seem a logical choice, it presents problems because it lacks flowers,
a diagnostic feature of this species.
In addition, the collection locality is vague (Lewis River),
referring to three different rivers in the mid 1800s.
By contrast, the Fendler collection is clearly consistent with Gray's description,
posessing flowers, fruit, and a basal rosette.
|
… also the collection locality of the Fendler collection is less ambiguous.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Porter J. Mark, and Leigh A. Johnson, 2000.
|
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Formerly included in Gilia
... [See publications by Grant] ...
Aliciella is more closely related to Loeselia
and Ipomopsis than to Gilia
... [See publications by Johnson and Porter] ...,
based on DNA sequence data.
Morphologically, too, Aliciella differs from Gilia
in chromosome number
(most, but not all, species of Aliciella are N = 8)
and seed morphology
(seeds do not produce copious mucilage;
large seeded species tend to have an irregular wing).
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Collomia linearis;
|
Collomia linearis Nutt. “Tiny Trumpet”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
Locations:
Cheyenne River.
|
Nuttall (1818) described a new genus Collomia and placed C. linearis therein.
| Original Text
|
|
194. *COLLOMIA. †
|
|
Calix Cyathiform, rather large, border 5-cleft, acute.
Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed, lobes oval-oblong, very short, tube straight, long, and slender.
Capsule 3-cornered, 3-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded, valves obcordate.
Seed oblong, angular, enveloped by a tenacious mucilaginous integument, (visible when moistened.)
|
|
Annual, leaves alternate, simple, and entire;
flowers small and inconspicuous, conglomerated in a terminal fascicle,
resembling a capitulum, subtended by several bractes which are broader than the leaves.
|
|
A genus appertaining to the Natural Order Polemonideae and intermediate with Phlox and Polemonium
|
Species.
1. C. linearis.
Minutely and pulverulently pubescent;
leaves oblong-linear, or sublanceolate;
involucrate leaves, ovate-lanceolate, acute;
bractes and calix viscid.
|
Phlox linearis? Cavan. __ 6. p. 17. t. 527.
|
|
... [Long description not reproduced] ...
|
|
Hab.
Near the banks of the Missouri, about the confluence of Shian river,
and in the vicinity of the Arikaree village, in moist places.
Flowering in June; flower violaceous.
It appears to be the same plant figured by Cavanilles, and first discovered in Chili.
In upper Louisiana, or above the confluence of the Platte and the Missouri,
we no longer meet with any species of Phlox.
To this genus probably also belongs Phlox biflora of Chili,
which is also annual, but the habit appears to be different.
| |
I think the “Shian river” is the Cheyenne River.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Gilia ophthalmoides;
|
Gilia ophthalmoides Brand “Pinyon Gilia”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Brand, A., 1907.
Locations:
Gold Mountain.
|
A. Brand.
IV. 250 Polemoniaceae.
Heft 27, in
Engler, Adolf, 1844-1930
Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus
Leipzig
Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann.
1907.
pg. 108.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/250
|
30. G. ophthalmoides Brand n. sp. — Caulis
e basi ramosissimus, parce glandulosus, 25 cm altus.
Folia radicalia subrosulala, pinnatifida, segmentis
brevibus ovatis mucronulatis; caulina minima, trifida.
Flores numerosi, sparsi, pedicellati, pedicellis
terminalibus calyce longioribus, axillaribus et lateralibus
multo minoribus; calyx campanulatus, glaber,
dentibus subulatis tubo subbrevioribus; corolla (ex
sicco) lilacina, ad faucem 5 oculis obscuris ornata,
1 2 mm longa, calyce triplo longior, tubiformis, fauce
tubo duplo breviore; stamina sinubus affixa lobis
corollae breviora; Stylus longitudine corollae; ovarium
ovoideum, loculis 3 — 4-ovulatis. Capsula ovoidea,
longitudine calycis ; semina parva, orbicularia,
alata, sub aqua dense mucilaginosa.
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|
Nevada: Washes-Gold Mt. 2000 m (Purpus
n. 5990, Herb. San Francisco).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Gilia sinuata;
|
Gilia sinuata Benth. “Rosy Gilia”
(Syn: Gilia inconspicua (Sm.) Sweet var. sinuata (Douglas ex Benth.) A. Gray)
| |
Literature Cited:
- Bentham, George, 1845.
|
Douglas ex Bentham in DeCandolle (1845, v. 9, p. 313) ...
|
19? G. sinuata ( Dougl.! mss. ), erecta glaberrima superne viscida , foliis
linearibus pinnatifidis laciniis brevibus paucis, floribus pedicellatis dissitis numerosis,
corolla calyce pubescente duplo v. triplo longioie tubo breviter exserto.
(I) in arenosis aridis pr. Oakanagon ad flum. Columbia Americae boreali-occid.
(Douglas!). Herba pedalis multicaulis ramosa, hinc G. inconspicuae ,
illinc G. tenuiflorae affinis et cum priore confusa. Cor. infundibuliformes 5 lin.
longae , laciniis ovatis. ( v. s. )
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| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ipomopsis aggregata aggregata;
|
Ipomopsis aggregata (Pursh) V. E. Grant ssp. aggregata
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 147) ...
| Original Text
|
|
2. C[antua] pubescens ; foliis tenuissime pinnatifidis, floribus terminalibus
lateralibusque aggregato-subcapitatis subsessilibus, laciniis corollae angustatis
oblongis sensim acutis, stylo incluso brevissimo.
|
aggregata.
|
|
On the banks of the Mississippi. M. Lewis. ♂. June.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis. Flowers scarlet, more slender than
the former species : the segment of the corolla not spreading,
but erect, and small in proportion to the tube.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Grant, Verne, 1956.
|
Grant (1956) published our new combination without comment.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Moulton, Gary E., 1999.
|
Moulton (1999) notes that Lewis' collection of I. aggregata occurred in Hungery Creek, Lolo Trail, Idaho County, Idaho, June 26, 1806.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ipomopsis aggregata candida;
|
Ipomopsis aggregata (Pursh) V. E. Grant ssp. candida (Rydb.) V. E. Grant & A. D. Grant “Scarlet Gilia”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1901a.
Locations:
La Veta.
|
Rydberg (1901, v. 28, p. 29-30) ...
|
Gilia candida sp. nov.
|
|
A glandular perennial with short caudex.
Stems often more
than one, ascending or erect, simple, 4-6 dm. high, leafy : leaves
rather fleshy, divided into linear-filiform, spinulose-tipped segments ;
the upper gradually smaller : inflorescence a very narrow
panicle : branches usually very short and few-flowered : flowers
subsessile : calyx glandular-pubescent, about 8 mm. long ; its lobes
lanceolate, bristle-tipped : corolla white, or rarely pale pink, 2-3
cm. long, salverform : its lobes oval or obovate, obtuse : stamens
inserted unequally below the throat, included.
|
|
This species is nearest related to G. aggregata ; but differs in
the white corolla and its rounded obtuse lobes. It is also lower
and the upper leaves more reduced. It grows on dry hillsides at
an altitude of 2000-2700 m.
|
|
Colorado : Mesas near La Veta, 1900, F. K. Vreeland, 602
(type); Veta Pass, 1900, Rydberg & Vreeland, 5730 ; Calham,
1893, De A. Saunders.
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| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ipomopsis spicata;
|
Ipomopsis spicata (Nutt.) V.E. Grant. “Spiked Ipomopsis”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1848b.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1848, publication details;
Locations:
Scotts Bluff.
|
Nuttall (1848) described some of his own collections along the Platte River while describing Gambel's collections.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
GILIA.
|
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|
§.
Perennials or biennials,
with the leaves often sparingly pinnatifid towards the extremity, or entire and linear, fleshy.
Flowers in condensed clusters, capitate or in spikes, generally white.
Corolla tubular, with a deeply 5-cleft, spreading border.
Stamens shortly exserted or even with the summit of the tube.
Stigmas very short.
Ovaries 2 to 4 in a cell, rarely 1.
—
*Elaphocera.
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...
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G. *spicata.
Perennial ;
leaves linear, fleshy ;
flowers in clusters, spiked ;
stem and calyx lanuginous, segments of the calyx linear acute and ciscid ;
tube of the corolla exserted ;
stamens at the summit of the tube.
Hab.
On the hills near Scott's Bluffs of the Platte.
Flowers white, segments oblong.
(Nuttall.)
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G. *trifida.
Biennial ;
radical leaves linear ;
cauline trifid towards the extremity, fleshy and smooth ;
flowers clustered in spikes ;
stem and calyx pubescent, segments of the calyx linear and very acute ;
tube of the corolla exserted ;
stamens at the summit of the tube.
Hab.
With the above, which it greatly resembles, except in the leaves ;
cells of the capsule each with three or four ovules.
About a span high.
(Nuttall.)
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...
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Grant, Verne, 1956.
|
Grant (1956) separated Ipomopsis from Gilia and placed I. spicata into section Microgilia (Benth.) V. Grant.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Microsteris gracilis;
|
Microsteris gracilis (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene “Slender Phlox”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1898b.
|
Greene (1898, v. 3, n. 18, p. 300) ...
|
MICROSTERIS.
|
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Small much branched annuals, with entire leaves, all except
the floral ones opposite. Flowers minute, scattered,
singly or in pairs in the axils of the raraeal alternate leaves.
Calyx, corolla, stamens and capsule wholly as in Phlox.
Seeds few, large, the coat when moistened developing a this glutinous mass, this not spirilliferous.
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|
1. M. gracilis.
Collomia gracilis, Dougl. in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2924 (1829),
and Gilia gracilis, Hook. l. c.
Phlox gracilis, Greene, Pitt. i. 141 (1887). That this, as published by
Hooker, was an aggregate, is apparent from the fact that, in
the Flora Boreali-Americana, he prints as synonyms of this,
two species which Douglas had segregated and named in
manuscript.1 In other words, Douglas had made out three
species, which Hooker, in publishing, merged in one ; merely
printing the other two names as synonyms. The figure in
the Botanical Magazine appears to represent altogether only
one of Douglas's three, and this must accepted as the type
of the species. This type came from the Spokane River region,
and is beautifully represented in several herbaria by
specimens which Mr.Leiberg distributed in 1891, from Lake
Pend d'Oreille, under n. 119. Heller's n. 3278 is also the
same. Mr. Leiberg has also collected in the same region a
second species, the distinctness of which he has insisted upon.
I have no doubt that this is one of Douglas' segregates, and
I take up the name which he assigned it.
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1 See Hook. Fl. ii. 76.
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Phlox
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
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Original Text
|
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5a. Stems solitary or a few together,
never forming mats;
leaves usually over 2.5 cm long; flowers distinctly pedicelled.
P. longifolia Nuttall. Dry Grasslands and sagebrush, lower Arkansas Valley drainage;
North Park.
5b. Stems numerous from a stout taproot, forming mats;
leaves less than 2 cm. long; flowers without obvious pedicels. ... (6)
6b. Leaves not at all glandular. ... (7)
7b. Leaves not especially short or imbricate,
nor prominently ciliate;
not in alkaline soils. ... (8)
8b. Inflorescence glabrous or ±
pubescent, but not [with long crinkly hairs].
P. multiflora A. Nelson.
Common in forested areas from the foothills to the montane.
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
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Original Text
|
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1a. Flowers 3-12 in a cyme, on conspicuous, spelder pedicels;
stems with well-developed internodes, the longer ones well over 10 mm long;
leaves mostly over 20 .. long;
plants erect to tufted but not mat- or cushion-forming,
usually over 10 cm tall ... 2
2a. Hyaline membranes between the calyx lobes carinate,
forming a distinct raised ridge, bulging towards the base;
plants glabrous or often glandular-hairy, especially in the in florescence;
flowers pink to white;
not restricted to southwestern counties ... P. longifolia
1b. Flowers 1-3(5), sessile or short pedicellate (on pedicels 3-10 mm long) at the ends of stems;
stems with shorter internodes often hidden by the leaves, the longer ones to 10 mm long;
leaves mostly 2-30 mm long;
plants caespitose, often mat- or cushion-forming, usually to 10 cm above the ground ...3
3b. Leaves glabrous, granular-scabrid, glandular, or arachnoid-pubescent with tangled hairs,
but not stiffly ciliate or sometimes ciliate on the margins but also arachnoid-pubescent at the base or granular-scabrid throughout;
calyx glabrous or villous- to arachnoid-tomentose;
plants variously distributed, usually below 9500 ft in elevation (but up to 10,500 ft) ... 6
6b. Calyx 5-15 mm long;
leaves linear to lance-subulate, 2-30 mm long, less crowded and spreading;
plants forming loose to dense mats,
sparsely arachnoid-pubescent in the leaf axils or on the calyx to glabrous or granular-scabrid,
the plants green or sometimes grayish;
corolla lobes 4-11 mm long ... 7
7b. Hyaline membranes between the calyx lobes flat, not carinate and forming a ridge;
plants of the eastern or western slope ... 8
8b. Leaves 10-30 mm long and 1-2 mm wide; internodes usualllt visible;
leaf axils arachnoid-woolly or not;
calyx 6-15 mm long, arachnoid-pubescent or not;
style 5-9 mm long;
flowers sessile to shortly pedicellate on pedicels 3-10 mm long ... 9
9b. Plants above 6000 ft, variously distributed but absent from the northeastern plains;
calyx 10-15 mm long, glabrous or sparsely hairy but the hairs not tangled;
flowers white, pink, or bluish ... P. multiflora
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Literature Cited:
- SEINet, 2019-2026.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Phlox longifolia;
• Taxa Notes:
Phlox longifolia, Nuttall, 1834;
|
Phlox longifolia Nutt. “Longleaf Phlox”
There were two Phlox — Phloxes ? — that were reported for Golden s.l.
They are Phlox longifolia Nutt. ldquo;Longleaf Phlox” and P. multiflora A. Nelson “Mountain Phlox.”
As it happened, both were found only on the north slopes of North Table Mountain.
And with two doubtful exceptions, these are the only Phlox collected in Jefferson County.
See collection data in SEINet (2019+).
The first exception is an undated collection of Phlox caespitosa by E. S. Greene on “… barren ground above trees … Golden” (PAC29495)
If this collection was truly above the trees, as P. caespitosa often is, then it was collected at higher elevations, west of and outside Golden s.l.
The collector was more likely E. L. Greene.
The second exception is a collection by C. S. Crandall, #1589, May 19, 1894, Platte Canyon, Jefferson County, some distance south of Golden s.l.
One voucher (RM16725) is determined P. patula A. Nelson.
A second voucher (CS16725 -- the same ascension number at two herbaria also seems suspicious) is determined P. multiflora A. Nelson.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1834a.
- SEINet, 2019-2026.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Phlox longifolia;
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1834a, publication details;
• U. S. Highway 20:
at ID 33 W;
• Wyoming Highway 354:
at Old Ft Bonneville;
Locations:
Henrys Fork.
Old Fort Bonneville Site.
|
Historically, Phlox longifolia was described by Thomas Nuttall (1834a) from plants collected by Nathaniel Wyeth
in July 1833 between the Henry Fork of the Snake River and and Bonneville's Fort at the junction of Horse Creek and the Green River.
The plant is widely distributed in the American Cordillera.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
73. Phlox *longifolia.
Subcaespitosa-multocaulis,
foliis subulatis longissimis angustissimis glabrus,
cauliculi pauciflori brevissimi puberuli irregulariter trichotomi,
pudunculis filifornibus elongatis,
laciniis calycinis acuminatis,
corollae laciniis oblongo-cuneatis integris.
|
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♃
The stems almost a span high,
many from the same root,
clothed below with the withered vestiges of former leaves.
The leaves smooth, and narrow as threads,
two and a half or so inches in length,
those of the sterile branches extending nearly the length of the short and slender flower stems;
peduncles very long and slender.
Flowers apparently white.
Allied to P. Hoodii, but very distinct.
|
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|
Hab.
In the valleys of the Rocky Mountains generally,
flowering for the most part of the summer.
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Phlox multiflora;
|
Phlox multiflora A. Nelson. “Mountain Phlox”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nelson, Aven, 1898a.
|
Nelson (1898a, p. 278) described Phlox multiflora as a segregate from P. longifolia when describing new plants from Wyoming.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Phlox multiflora
|
|
|
Suffrutescent as to the caespitose,
much branched,
prostrate base,
the numerous herbaceous stems nearly erect, 6-10 cm. high
the annual branches simple, one-flowered ;
leaves broadly linear, glabrous, apiculate, 1-2 dm. long, opposite of fascicled ;
peduncles finely pubescept, 1-3 cm. long ;
calyx angled by the prominent midrib of the lobes,
membranous in the sinus only, lobes linear-spiculate, equalling the tube ;
tube of the corolla exceeding the calyx, lobes obovate, entire, 1 cm. long ;
style equalling the calyx.
|
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The affinities of this plant are with the P. longifolia group.
It has been distributed under no. 182 from Laramie Hills,
mostly as P. longifolia Nutt, but from which, I now think,
it is wholly distinct.
Its more caespitose growth, shorter broader leaves,
simple branches,
less membranous calyx and numerous flowers easilt separate it.
It is very abundant on the moister slopes and valleys of the Laramie Hills
at 8000 to 9000 ft.,
flowering from late May till late June.
|
|
|
Type specimen in Herb. University of Wyoming, no. 3175, June 16, 1897.
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Polemonium foliosissimum;
|
Polemonium foliosissimum A. Gray “Towering Jacob's Ladder”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Bentham, George, 1845.
|
Bentham in DeCandolle (1845, v. 9, p. 317) ....
|
δ? pterosperma , seminibus apice et basi latiscule membranaceo-alatis.
In montibus Americae boreali-occidentalis (Drummond !). An sp. propria ? (v. s.)
|
δ? pterosperma , seeds laterally membraneous-winged at apex and base.
In northwestern American mountains (according to Drummond).
It own species ?
I have seen a dried specimen.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1870.
|
Gray (1870, p. 281) ...
|
2. P. caeruleum, L. Common from the arctic regions and Alaska
to California and through the Rocky Mountains, also through Northern
Asia to Europe; very rare eastward (in New York and New Jersey).
— P. acutiflorum, Willd., which is reduced by Ledebour to a variety
of this species, is an Alaskan form, with ovate acute lobes to the corolla
(Pallas, Chamisso, &c). All the North American, like the Himalayan,
forms of this species incline to have wing-angled seeds, —
quite as much so as in
|
|
Var. foliosissimum (P. caeruleum, var. pterosperma, Benth. in DC.
Prodr.). Valde viscido-pubescens ; caulibus bipedalibus usque ad
apicem cum ramis floridis corymbo-is foliosissimis; foliolis in rhachin
alato-marginatam saepe confluentibus ; floribus minoribus; staminibus
styloque corolla (calycem 2 - 3-plo superante) saepius brevioribus. —
Through the Rocky Mountain region, Geyer, Fendler, Parry, Vasey,
Watson, &c. This approaches
|
|
3. P. Mexicanum, Cerv. (Mexico ?) This is distinguished by its …
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1878-1895.
|
Gray (1878, v. 2, pt. 1, p. 151) elevated our plant to rank of species ...
|
P. foliosissimum. Very viscid-pubescent throughout and strong-scented : stem a foot
or more high, very leafy throughout; leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (seldom
an inch long) : flowers corymbose-cymose, smaller than those of the preceding : corolla
commonly white or cream-color, sometimes violet, twice the length of the calyx, which is
5-cleft to or beyond the middle: style and stamens not protruding. — P. caeruleum, var.?
pterosperma, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317; but the seeds, as in P. caeruleum, are either
marginless or wing-margined. P. carruleum, var. foliosissimum. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 281. —
Rocky Mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming, and west to Utah and Idaho.
Some forms approaching the preceding species [P. caeruleum] ; but it is more like P. Mexicanum, Cerv.,
which is loosely branched, and has the violet corolla little exceeding the calyx, the lobes of
the latter barely half the length of the tube.
|
|
→ → Ovules only 3 or 4 in each cell : stem lax or with diffuse branches and open corymbiform or
paniculate inflorescence: leaflets fewer (5 to 15) and rather large, membranaceous, only the ultimate
at all confluent: herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent, neither viscid nor glandular: style
and stamens rather shorter than the corolla.
|
| |
|
Boraginaceae
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1887.
|
In a footnote to his “Some North American Asperifoliae,”
Greene (1887) explains about his use of the name
for a family we now universally call Boraginaceae
| Original Text
|
|
1.
Ordinal names in botany, no less than the generic and specific ought,
it seems to us, to be received according to priority. The one here written
was proposed by Haller, accepted by his contemporaries, including
unch men as Dillenius, and has never yet been quite displaced by the
more recent Jussiaean name Borragineae ; for even that most eminent
writer on the order, Lehmann, continued always to use the older name,
notwithstanding that the DeCandolles in their great general work,
destined to wield such wide and lasting influence, chose to support the
more modern one. I am glad that, among contemporary authorities, one
of Baron von Muller's great fame adopts the original and, I may add,
the most appropriate and convenient ordinal appellative for these plants.
It is one which, like Cruciferae, Compositae and others, has the literary
advantage of not ending in that awkward combination of successive
vowles which is a serious objection against many of the names of
comparatively recent date.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Asperugo procumbens;
|
Asperugo procumbens L. “German Madwort”
| |
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 138) ...
| Original Text
| Interpretation
|
|
procumbens.
|
1. ASPERUGO.
Fl. lapp. 76.
Fl. fuec. 159.
Hort. cliff. 44.
Roy. lugdb. 404.
Hall. helv. 522.
Dalib. parif. 61
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Bugloffum fylveftre, caulibus procumbentibus.
Bauh. pin. 257.
Morif. hift. 3. p. 439. f. 11. t. 26. f. 13.
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Habitat in Europae ruderatis pingvibus.
☉
| It lives in fertile waste places. Annual.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gmelin, Johann Friedrich, 1788-1793.
- Walter, Thomas, 1788.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Lithospermum incisum, Pursh, 1814;
|
Batschia J. F. Gmel.
Gmelin (1791, t. 2(1), p. 315) published Batschia and B. carolinensis
in his 13th edition of Linneaus' Systema Naturae
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
|
BATSCHIA.
Cor. hypocrateriformis: tubo baft lanofo.
Stigma capitatum.
Nuces? 4 imperforatae, fubovatae, arcuatae, acuminatae.
|
BATSCHIA.
Corolla hypocrateriform [salverform] : tube base lanose.
Stigma capitate.
Seeds 4, imperforate, subovate, arcuate, acuminate.
|
carolini-
enfis.
|
1. Batschia.
Walt. flor. Carol. p. 91.
|
carolini-
ensis.
|
1. Batschia.
Walter, Thomas. 1788. Flora Caroliniana. London: 1788. p. 91.
|
Batschia caroliniensis was first published as Anonymos caroliniensis by Walter (1788).
We now treat B. caroliniensis as Lithospermum caroliniense (J.F.Gmel.) MacMill.
|
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cryptantha virgata;
|
Cryptantha virgata (Porter) Payson “Miner's Candle”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Porter, Thomas C., 1870.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Hayden Report;
|
Porter (1870, pp. 479-480) … in what is generally known as the “Hayden Report” …
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Eritrichium virgatum, sp. nov. Sesquipedale, hispidissimum ; caule
simplici tereti erecto; foliis radicalibus oblongo-spathulatis, caulinis
linearibus; cymis plurimis in axillis foliorum conglomeratis pedunculatis
superne subsessilibus confertisque ; calycis 5-partiti segmentis lanceolatis
tubum corollae aequantibus ; nuculis 4-ovatis dorso infra partem
mediam convexo supra lateribus depresso laevibus nitidis.
—
Near Denver, Colorado Territory, 1869, B. H. Smith. The stout virgate spike
made up of numerous glomerate cymes, crowded in the axils of the
linear cauline leaves, which much exceed them in length. Limb of the
corolla 4 lines in diameter, its lobes rounded. Nutlets smooth and
shining, the lower half of the back convex, the upper depressed on the
sides, leaving a central vertical ridge. According to Dr. Gray this plant
is the same as Parry's 288, and Hall and Harbour's 438 (in part.) It
has passed for a form of E. glomeratum, DC, but seems more nearly
allied in its fruit and habit of growth to E. leucophaeum, A. DC.
(Myosotis leucoplicea, Dougl., in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2. p. 82. t. 163,)
and I have ventured to give it a name.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Porter, Thomas C., and John M. Coulter, 1874.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
virgate;
Locations:
Clear Creek Canyon.
Colorado Springs.
Ute Pass.
|
Porter & Coulter (1874, p. 102-103) in their Synopsis of the flora of Colorado treated our plant as a variety of Eritrichium glomeratum.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Var. VIRGATUM, Porter, (E. virgatum, Porter, Hayden's Rep. 1870, p.
479.) Stout; stem erect, 2°-3° high, very hispid; inflorescence much
elongated, virgate, spike-like, 1°-2° in length; cymes many, conglomeated,
few-flowered, lower ones short-peduncled, upper ones sessile, very
much shorter than the long, spreading, bracteal leaves, which become
narrowly linear above.
&mdasdh;
This variety is verv common on the plains at
the base of the monutains and among the foot-hills.
—
Colorado Springs, Monument Park, and Ute Pass, Porter.
Clear Creek CaŤńon, Coulter.
|
There are five locations known as Ute Pass in Colorado.
Assuming this collection was made in Teller County at the town now known as Divide.
There are three Monument Parks in Colorado.
It will be necessary to trace out the route of Hayden's party to narrow down which park they were in which Porter made his collection.
Coulter's s.n. collection in Clear Creek Canyon is NY3224955, an image of which is available via SEINet.
The elevation is given as 9000 ft., so the collection was probably made well above Golden s.l.
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Literature Cited:
- Payson, Edwin Blake, 1927.
|
Payson (1927, p. 270) published Cryptantha virgata new comb. While the material is copywrited, it is licensed by Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0). The description is lengthy (2½ pages) and informative parts are reproduced here. Payson (1927, v. 14, p. 270-272) …
| Original Text
|
13. C. virgata (Porter) new comb. Plate 26, figs. 32-34
Eritrichium virgatum Porter, Hayden Rept. 479. 1870.
E. glomeratum var. virgatum Porter in Porter & Coulter, Syn. Fl. Colo. 102. 1874.
Krynitzkia virgata (Porter) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 279. 1885.
Oreocarya virgata (Porter) Greene, Pittonia 1: 58. 1887.
O. spicata Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 36: 678. 1909.
(Type: Artist's Glen, Pikes Peak, Colorado, Aug. 1, 1901, Clements 102.)
O. virgata forma spicata (Rydb.) Macbr. Proc. Am. Acad. 51:546. 1916.
|
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[Description omitted.]
|
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Distribution: Transition Zone, eastern foothills of the Rocky
Mountains, southeastern Wyoming to south-central Colorado;
also in North Park, Colorado. Type: "near Denver, Colorado
Territory, 1869," B. H. Smith.
|
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Specimens examined: … [Omitted]
|
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C. virgata is one of the most conspicuous herbaceous plants on
the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in eastern Colorado.
The strictly erect, rod-like stems with the closely set white flowers
are unique. The numerous elongated leaf-like bracts of the in-
florescence add to the peculiar appearance and serve to separate
the species from its relatives. Its relationship to C. setosissima
is decidedly problematical. Although it was for a time held to
be a variety of Bradburiana there is no reason to believe it is
really related to that plant.
|
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Additional evidence is at hand to support Macbride's contention
(Proc. Am. Acad. 51: 546. 1916) that O. spicata Rydb. is
not even deserving of varietal rank. It is simply to be regarded
as a form of virgata. Thanks to the help of Mr. W. T. Penfound,
of the Alpine Laboratory on Pikes Peak, specimens have been
examined that prove the existence of typical virgata from that
region as well as the smooth-fruited form.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Mabry, Makenzie E., and Michael G. Simpson, 2018.
|
Mabry & Simpson (2018) found continued phylogenetic support for treatment of Oreocarya at the rank of genus,
separate from Cryptantha s.l.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cynoglossum officinale;
|
Cynoglossum officinale L. “Gypsyflower” or “Houndstongue”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 134) ...
| Original text
| Comments
|
|
officinale.
|
1. CYNOGLOSSUM flaminibus corolla brevioribus,
foliis lato-lanceolatis tomentofis feffilibus.
|
|
|
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Cynoglofum foliis lanceolato-ovatis, corollis calycem aequantibus.
Roy. lugdb. 406.
Fl. fuec. 154.
Mat. med. 154.
|
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Cynoglofum foliis ovato-lanceolatis.
Hort. cliff. 47.
|
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Cynoglofum majus vulgare.
Bauh. pin. 25.
|
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Habitat in Europae ruderatis.
☉
|
The Latin “ruderatis” literally translates to “rubbish.”
It probably means “waste places” in this context.
This suggests it was recognized as weedy in its native habitat.
POWO states the plant is native is Europe, to west and south Siberia, and Iran.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Ellisia nyctelea;
|
Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. “Aunt Lucy”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gronovius, Jan Frederik, and John Clayton, 1738-1743.
|
Linnaeus (1752, v. 1, p. 160) ...
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
| Nyctelea.
|
2. IPOMOEA foliis pinnatifidis finuatis acutis.
Habitat in Virginia.
D. Gronovius.
|
Gronovius, Jan Frederik, and John Clayton. 1738-1743. Flora Virginica. 2 vols.
I do not see our plant in Gronovius's volume.
|
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|
Linnaeus (1762, v. 1, p. 232) ...
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
|
5. POLEMONIUM ? foliis pinnatifidis acutis dentatis, caule diffufo.
Ipomoea Nyctelea. Sp. pl. 1. p. 160.
Scorpiurus humilis virginianus , foliis rutaceis.
Morif. hift. 3. p. 451. f. 11. t. 28. f. 3.
Habitat in Virginia.
Caulis herbaceus, dochotomus, angulatus, diffufus.
Folia alterna, petiolata, pinnatifida, fere Hydrophylli:
lacinis acutis, utrinque dente angulatis.
Pedunculi oppofitifolii, uniflori, pubefentes, elongati.
Calyx monophyllus, quinquefidus ultra medium, acutus, corolla longior, patens.
Corolla monopetala, campanulata, quinquefida.
Stamina 5.
Pistillum 1.
Fructus fphaericus.
Facies Solani peruviani f. radicantis, fed corolla campanulata;
forte proprii generis planta.
| Nyctelea.
| Perhaps its own genus.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne, Carl von, and Lars Salvius, 1763.
|
Linnaeus (1763, v. 2, Appendix, p. 1662) ...
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
| Nyctelea.
|
271. ELLISIA. (Pentandra, Monogyna)
Polemonium Nyctelea. Sp. pl. 2. p. 231.
Proprii generis planta eft.
| This plant in the correct genus.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Hackelia floribunda;
|
Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) I. M. Johnst. “Many-Flowered Stickseed”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Heliotropium curassavicum;
|
Heliotropium curassavicum L. “Seaside Heliotrope”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Hydrophyllum fendleri;
|
Hydrophyllum fendleri (A. Gray) A. Heller “Fendler's Waterleaf”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Hydrophyllum fendleri fendleri;
|
Hydrophyllum fendleri (A. Gray) A. Heller var. fendleri “Fendler's Waterleaf”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lappula occidentalis;
|
Lappula occidentalis (S. Watson) Greene “Flatspine Stickseed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1871.
|
Watson (1871, v. 5, p. 246)
| Original Text
|
|
Echinospermum Redowskii, Lehm. DC. Prodr. 10. l37. Stem erect,
pubescent, paniculately branched; leaves linear or sublanceolate, hoary with
spreading hairs; calyx-lobes narrow-linear, equaling the corolla-tube; nutlets
compressed, surrounded by a single row of barbed prickles, muriculate-rugose
upon the back and sides, shorter than the enlarged calyx. Var. occidentale.
(E. Redowskii, Gray.) The tubercles, which are irregularly and thickly
scattered over the faces of the nutlet, very sharply acute instead of rounded-
obtuse as in Asiatic specimens. — Quite variable in its habit ; from 3'— 2° high,
much branched at base and ascending, or with a single erect virgate stem;
leaves and brads usually linear-oblong, not unfrequently ovate-oblong or spatulate,
always obtuse: flowers small, but little exceeding the calyx, blue; the
prickly margin more or less contracted over the back of the nutlet, and the
prickles more or less confluent. E. patulum, Lehm., of Western Asia, to
which this plant was at first referred, differs from E. Redowskii (as shown by
specimen's in Herb. Gray.) only in the tuberculations upon the fruit, which
in the former species are few in number, arranged regularly in longitudinal
rows upon the back and upon the outer edge of the sides, and armed with
curved points. The differences are represented with tolerable accuracy in
the plate. From Western Texas to Arizona and northward to the Saskatchewan,
Bear Lake and Fort Youkon. Frequent in the valleys and on the
mountains from the Sierras to the Wahsatch ; 4-8,000 feet altitude ; May-July.
Plate XXIII. Figs. 9, 10. Achenium of E. Redowskii, Var. occidentale.
Figs. 11, 12. Achenium from Asiatic specimen of E. Redowskii. Figs.
13, 14. Achenium of E. patulum ; all enlarged eight diameters. (861.)
|
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Var. strictum. (E. strictum, Nees., App. Neuwied's Trav. 17; not of
Ledebour.) The prickles united over the back into a strongly inflexed
border. — An extreme state, but various intermediate forms are frequent.
New Mexico to Colorado and westward. Valleys and foot-hills of Western
Nevada, with the last. (S62.)
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1899.
|
Greene (1899, v. VI, p. 97) in a review of western aAmerican Asperifoliae (Boraginaceae),
| Original Text
|
|
In naming and defining the following species of Lappula,
several of which are of what may be called the cupulate
group, I make no attempt to continue in use Gray's varietal
name cupulatum, for that was made to include, as one variety
of L. Redowskii, a number of easily definable species; and
there is no determining to what one of the segregate species
the name should be applied rather than to another. Moreover,
the earliest known cupulate species obtained specific
rank far anteriorly to the publication of L. Redowskii, var.
cupulatum ; I refer to
|
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... [Seven species descriptions omitted.] ...
|
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L. occidentalis.
Echinospermum Redowskii, var. occidentale, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 246,
in part at least. This is very
widely dispersed from toward the Rocky Mountains almost
to the Pacific coast ; is well marked among the species here
defined by its 7 to 11 strongly developed marginal prickles
usually of triangular-subulate form, lightly or not at all
connected at base, and, I believe always, grooved or channeled
down the whole inner face ; the surface of the nutlet
being tuberculate, not muricate.
|
|
There is no evidence of the occurrence, anywhere in
America, of the true L. Redowskii.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Baldwin, Bruce G., Douglas H. Goldman, David J. Keil, Robert Patterson, and Thomas J. Rosatti, 2012.
|
Baldwin, et al. (2012) in The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California, Second Edition
treat our plants as varieties of Lappula redowskii,
and my collections from California continue to reflect that treatment.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittmann (2012) treat our plant as L. redowskii without infraspecific nomenclature.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Ackerfield (2015) treats our plant as L. occidentalis with infraspecific names of
occidentalis and cupulata.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Khoshsokhan-Mozaffar, Maryam, Mahboubeh Sherafati, and Shahrokh Kazempour-Osaloo, 2018.
|
Khoshsokhan-Mozaffar, et al. (2018) prepared a molecular phylogeny of the tribe Rochelieae
with special reference to Lappula.
Their text does not specifically mention the relationship between Lappula occidentalis and L. redowskii.
However, their trees place the North American Lappula in their own clade including L. occidentalis,
separate from the Asian clades including L. redowskii.
| |
Literature Cited:
- POWO, 2021 - 2026.
|
Plants of the World (2021) treats L. occidentalis at the specific level, with varieties occidentalis and cupulata.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lithospermum arvense;
|
Lithospermum arvense L. “Corn Gromwell”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 132) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
arvenfe.
|
2. LITHOSPERMUM feminibus rugofis, corollis vix calycem fuperantibus.
Hort cliff. 46.
Fl. fuec. 152.
Roy. lugdb. 405.
Hall. helv. 518.
Dalib. parif. 59.
|
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Lithofpermum arvenfe, radice rubra.
Bauh. pin. 258.
Fl. lapp. 73.
|
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|
|
Habitat in Eurpoae agris & arvis.
☉
|
Habitat in European fields and countryside.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lithospermum incisum;
|
Lithospermum incisum Lehm. “Narrowleaf Stoneseed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Batschia, Gmelin, 1791;
|
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 132) published the first name for our plant, Batschia longiflora.
| Original Text
| Translation
|
|
longiflora.
|
3. B. sericeo-villosa ;
foliis linearibus, calycibus longis linearibus,
laciniis corollae crenato-incisis, tubo elongato.
On the banks of the Missouri.
Nuttall.
♃.
July.
v. s. in Herb. Nuttall.
Flowers yellow.
|
longiflora.
|
3. Batschia sericeous-villous ;
leaves linear, calyx long linear,
corolla tube elongated, lobes crenate and incised.
On the banks of the Missouri.
Nuttall.
Perennial.
Flowers July.
I have seen it dried in Nuttall's Herbarium.
Flowers yellow.
|
Unfortunately, the specific epithet longiflora will not be available in Lithospermum
having been previously used by Salisbury (1786).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lehman, Johann G. C., 1818.
|
Lehman (1818, v. 2, 303) …
| Original Text
| Translation
|
|
217. LITHOSPERMUM INCISUM.
|
217. LITHOSPERMUM INCISUM.
|
|
L. caule herbaceo, foliis linearibus sericeo-villosis,
corollae tubo elongato, limbi laciniis crenatopincisis.
|
Lithospermum with herbaceous stems, leaves linear silky-villous,
tube of the corolla elongated, lobes crenate-incised.
|
|
Batschia (longiflora) sericeo-villosa, foliis linearibus,
calycibus lingis linearibus, laciniis corollae crenato-incisis,
tubo elongato.
Pursh. Fl. Americae septentr. Vol. 1. pag. 132.
|
Batschia ( longiflora ) silky-villous leaves are linear,
ealyx lobes linear, corolla lobes crenate and cut,
the tube elongated.
Pursh. Fl. Americae septentr. Vol. 1. pag. 132.
|
|
Habitat ad Missuri fluvium Americae borealis.
♃
|
Lives along the Missouri River of North America.
Perennial.
|
|
Obs.
Ab omnibus satis distincta videtur corollis crenato-incisis.
Speciei nomen longuflorae mutandum esse putavi,
quum nunc ad Lithospermorum genus relatae flores habeant longiasimos.
|
It seems quite distinct from all pale crenato-serratum saplings.
Longuflorae type a name change to be expected.
[Because it was previously used by Salisbury in 1786. — Ed.]
Lithospermum kind of in a manner related to the flowers when they have a longiasimos now.
|
Lithospermum incisum Lehm., Pl. Asperif. Nucif. 2: 303 (1818). Plantae e Familiae Asperifoliarum Nuciferae
Replaced synonym
Batschia longiflora Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 132 (1813).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Locations:
Prairie du Chien.
|
Nuttall (1818, v. 1, p. 113-114) …
| Original Text
|
|
171. BATSCHIA. Gmelin. Michaux.
|
|
Calix 5-parted.
Corolla salverform, rather large, tube straight,
much longer than the calix,
closed at the base by a bearded ring;
orifice naked or partially closed;
border orbiculate, nearly flat, segments rounded.
Seed indurated, shining,
(as in Lithospermum.)
|
|
Flowers yellow or fulvous, axillary, almost fastigiate,
in short bracleate spikes; leaves narrow, without collateral
nerves.
|
|
Species.
1. B. Gmelini.
2. canescens. Flowers fulvous.
3. *longiflora.
Hirsutely villous, erect; leaves approximating,
long and linear, margin reflected; flowers in a
fastigiate fascicle; tube of the corolla somewhat pentangular,
(often from 10 to 15 lines long) border flat,
segments fimbriate-crenate.
—
Flowers sulphur yellow.
In open plains; around the Prairie du Chien, Missisippi, and
on the banks of the Missouri to its sources.
4. *decumbens.
Hirsutely villous; stem decumbent; segments of the calix
and leaves linear; flowers scattered; lobes of the corolla
fimbriate-crenate, shorter than the tube.
—
Around the Mandan village.
Nearly allied to the preceding.
In both these species the orifice is partly closed by 5 arched protuberances.
|
|
All the species of this genus afford a crimson lac from the root.
|
Prairie du Chien is on the Mississippi River in southwest Wisconsin.
Batschia decumbens is now treated as a synonym of Lithospermum incisum Lehm.
I would hazard a guess that Nuttall actually first applied the name B. longiflora to our plant,
but that Pursh (1814) beat him into print.
In the meantime, Lehman (1818) of the Hamburg Botanical Garden published L. incisum without stating whether he had seen the plant or not.
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Lithospermum multiflorum;
|
Lithospermum multiflorum Torrey ex A. Gray “Many Flowered Stoneseed”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lithospermum occidentale;
|
Lithospermum occidentale (Mack.) Weakley, Witsell & D. Estes “Western Gromwell” nee “Marbleseed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1878-1895.
|
Gray (1878, v. 2(1), p. 206) published O. Carolianum var. molle …
| Original Text
|
|
O. Carolinianum, DC,, l. c. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, shaggy-hispid :
leaves ovate-lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-9-ribbed, generally hairy both sides :
flowers nearly sessile :
corolla short (4 or 5 lines long), yellowish-white, oblong-funnelform ;
its ovate-triangular acute lobes very hairy outside, and nearly half the length of the tube.
—
Lithospermum Carolinianum, Lam. Ill. & Diet. Suppl. ii. 837.
Purshia mollis, Lehm. Asper. 383.
—
Alluvial grounds, Upper Canada to Georgia and Texas.
|
|
Var. molle.
A foot or two high ;
the pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed :
leaves mostly smaller (about 2 inches long),
when young softly strigose-canescent beneath.
—
Onosmodium molle, Michx. Fl. i. 133, t. 15 ;
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 362.
Purshia mollis, Lehm. Asper. 382.
— Illinois to Saskatchewan, Utah, and Texas.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Mackenzie, Kenneth Kent, 1905.
|
Kenneth Kent Mackenzie (1905, v. 32, p. 502-3) published what is now the basionym of
Lithospermum occidentale.
| Original Text
|
|
5. Onosmodium occidentale nom. nov.
|
|
Onosmodium carolimaniun molle A. Gray, Syn, Fl. 21 : 205. 1878,
and later American authors; not Onosmodium molle Michx.,
vide supra.
|
|
Usually only 3-6 dm. tall, but occasionally 10-12 dm., branching
above or often from near the base, the branches spreading or
almost erect ; plant clothed all over with a silvery-white or
sometimes a slightly yellowish appressed or more or less spreading
canescent pubescence (in northern and mountain plants sometimes
quite green and noticeably spreading) usually not exceeding 2
mm. in length, the pubescence of the branches and leaves usually
appressed: leaves typically about 5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide,
acutish, prominently 5-7-nerved on both surfaces, the pubescence
sometimes strongly spreading and papillose, but most typically
soft, appressed and hardly papillose : bracts 6-24 mm. long, often
2-ranked, resembling the leaves in outline : fruiting pedicels from
very short to 6 mm. long : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, acutish
or obtusish, rarely linear-oblong, 6- [2 mm. long, canescent or
with somewhat spreading hairs; corolla 12-20 mm. long, canescent
all over outside, the broadly triangular acute lobes (3-4 mm.
long) usually with apical tuft of hairs not strongly noticeable:
nutlets 3.5-4 mm. long, ovoid, acutish or acute, not constricted
at base, dull in color, little if at all pitted.
|
|
This is the common Onosmodium of the western part of the
country and the most common species in herbaria. It has
heretofore been referred to O. molle Michx., a species which as already
related I believe to be distinct. It ranges from Illinois to Athabasca,
Alberta, Montana, New Mexico and Texas, and seems to
be a fairly common plant in all this vast extent of country.
|
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Specimens examined. [Reduced to Colorado specimens only. — Ed.]
|
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Colorado:
Hulse, 1870;
Britton, 8 October 1882, Golden ;
Osterhout 2461, 25 June 1901, Boulder ;
J. H. Cowen, 10 July 1S93, Ft, Collins ;
Jones, 12 June 1878, Platte River, Denver ;
Engelmann, 6 August 1874, Empire ;
Brandegee 9 July 1873, Cańon City ;
Cowen, 25 June 1895.
|
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|
O. molle Michx. var. occidentale (Mack.) I. M. Johnston
I. M. Johnston (1924, v. 70, p. 18) published O. molle var. occidentale ...
| Original Text
|
|
7. O. molle Michx. Fl. Am. Bor. i. 133, t. 15 (1803);
Mack. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 499 (1905).
Lithospermum molle Muhl. Cat. 19 (1813).
Purshia mollis Lehm. Asperif. ii. 383 (1818).
O. cariolinianum, var. molle Gray, Synop. Fl. N. A. ii, pt. 1, 206 (1878).
—
In its extreme form known only from the vicinity of Nashville, Tenn.
|
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7a. O. molle, var. occidentale (Mack.), comb. nov.
O. occidentale Mack. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 502 (1905).
O. occidentale, var. sylvestre Mack. l. c. 504.
—
Minnesota and Illinois, westward to Texas,
New Mexico, Utah, and Saskatchewan.
This is the common Onosmodium west of the Mississippi River.
The plant is not accorded
specific rank due to the material from Illinois which shows repeated
tendencies to intergrade with O. molle. The variety usually differs
from the typical form of the species in its coarser stems, rough
spreading pubescence, larger calyces (8-12 mm. long), and unpitted
non-constricted nutlets, but these characters and their complements
occur in various combinations in the collections from Illinois.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Harrington, H. D., 1964, 2nd ed..
|
Harrington (2nd ed., 1964) treats our plant as Onosmodium molle Michx. var. occidentalis (Mack.) Johnston.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Cochrane, Theodore S., 1976.
|
O. molle subsp. occidentale (DC.) Cochrane
Onosmodium molle subsp. occidentale (DC.) Cochrane, Michigan Bot. 15: 104 (1976).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Turner, Billie L., 1995.
|
O. bejariense A. DC. var. occidentale (Mack.) B. L. Turner
B. L. Turner (1995, v. 78, p. 46-47) ...
| Original Text
|
|
ONOSMODIUM BEJARIENSE A. DC. VAR. OCCIDENTALE (Mack.) B.L. Turner, comb. nov.
BASIONYM:
Onosmodium occidentale Mack., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32:502. 1905.
Onosmodium molle Michx. var. occidentale (Mack.) I.M. Johnst., Contr. Gray Herb. n.s. 70:18. 1924.
Onosmodium molle Michx. subsp. occidentale (Mack.) Cochrane, Michigan Bot. 15:104. 1976.
TYPE: U.S.A. Nebraska: Kearney Co., "Prairie", 13 Jun 1891, P.A. Rydberg s.n.
(LECTOTYPE: NY!, selected by T. Barkley but first published here).
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My concept of this taxon is essentially the same as that of Das (1976).
It occurs in the drier, more northwestern regions of the broad distribution of
Onosmodium bejariense. Var. occidentale appears to intergrade into the
bejariense in northcentral Texas, central Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northern
Missouri, Illinois, and Minnesota.
|
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REPRESENTATIVE SPECIMENS: This variety, for the most part, is
well-marked; in Texas, it is known only from Wichita and Tarrant counties
(cf. discussion under var. bejariense).
|
|
DISTRIBUTION (Figure 2) AND ECOLOGY: Northcentral Texas westwards
to Colorado, Montana, and Canada, eastwards to Illinois and Wisconsin,
mostly silty-clay or sandy soils; flowering May- July.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weigend, M., M. Gottschlinf, F. Selvi, and H. H. Hilger, 2009.
|
Weigend, et al. (2009) placed all the Onosmodium in Lithospermum to make that group monophyletic.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittmann (2012) treat our plant as Onosmodium molle Michaux subsp. occidentale (Mackenzie) Cochrane.
| |
|
Ackerfield (2015) treats our plant as Onosmodium bejariense DC. ex A. DC. var. occidentale (Mack.) B. L. Turner (Syn: Onosmodium molle Michx. var. occidentale (Mack.) I. M. Johnst.)
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Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Mertensia ciliata ciliata;
|
Mertensia ciliata (Torr.) G. Don var. ciliata “Tall Fringed Bluebells”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Mertensia lanceolata;
|
Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC. “Prairie Bluebells”
| |
|
Pursh (v. 2, Supplementum, p. 729) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Pulmonaria lanceolata.
—
P. glabra, erects ;
foliis radicalibus longissime pedicellatis lanceolatis,
caulinis linearipoblongis, floribus subpaniculatis,
calycibus abbreviatis.
In Upper Louisiana.
Bradbury.
♃
v. s. in Herb. Bradbury.
Flowers small, resembling those of P. paniculata.
| p. 131.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
Nuttall (1818, v. 1. p. 115) ...
| Original Text
|
|
173. PULMONARIA. L. (Lungwort.)
|
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Calix prismatic-pentagonal.
Corolla funnel-formed, somewhat 5-lobed, orifice open.
Stigma emarginate.
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Flowers almost disposed in terminal corymbs, sometimes racemose.
Leaves in the American species and in
the P. maritima smooth and glaucous, calix short, about
half the length of the corolla tube. (Mertensia Persoon.)
|
|
Species. 1. P. virginica. 2. paniculata. 3. *marginata.
Small, glabrous, erect; leaves hispid on the margin, on the
lower part of the stem oblong'-spalhulate or oblong-ovate,
upper leaves ovate, acute, semiamplexicaule; flowers
subpaniculate; fasciculi few-flowered, axillary and terminal;
calix acute, about half ihe length of the corollii tube.
|
|
P. lanceolata. Pursh, Flor. Am. 2. p. 729.
|
|
Perennial. Stem nearly erect, and somewhat branched,
scarcely a foot high. Radical leaves petiolate, stem leaves
sessile, uppermost semiamplexicaule, all glabrous, glaucous,
and somewhat carnose. Fascicles or ramuli, pedicellate,
a little longer than the leaves, 4, 5, 8, or more
flowered. Calix 5-parted, smooth, acute, segments somewhat
hispid on the margin. Corolla funnel-formed, much
like that of P. virginica, and of the same colour, but
smaller, lobes entire. Stamina seated around the orifice
of the tube.
|
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Nearly allied to P. virginica, and also probably to the P.
paniculata, but the leaves are never acuminated or hairy,
but perfectly smooth, except on the margin where there
are a few scattered hooked, hispid hairs, often only visible
in a dried state. The name of lanceolata is so very
inapplicable that it appeared to me necessary to alter it.
|
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On arid hills near the confluence of Teeton river, Missouri. Flowering in June.
|
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4. paniculata. 5. sibirica.
|
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The only 3 genuine species of Pulmonaria described
are confined to Europe; the American species all arrange
under the subdivision Mertensia of Persoon.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- DeCandolle, Augustus Pyramus, 1836.
|
DeCandolle (1846, v. 10, p. 88) ...
| Original Text
|
|
2? M. lanceolata (DC. mss.) , caule erecto glabro , foliis glaucescentibus carnosulis
ciliatis , iaferioribus oblongo-spathulatis vel oblongo-ovatis , sup. ovatis
acutis semi-amplexicaulibus , raoemis 4-8-floris subfasciculatis folio sublongioribus,
calyce 5-partito ciliato lobis acutis, corolla infundibuliformi tubo calycem
duplo superante.
♃
in Missouri (Nutt.), Louisiana sup. (Pursh) et frequens ad
Oregon (Dougl.).
Pulmonaria lanceolata Pursh fl. 2. p. 729.
Pulmonaria marginata Nutt. gen. 1. p. 115.
Lithospermum marginatum Spreng. syst. 1. p. 547.
Hook. et Arn. fl. n. Amer. 2. p. 86.
Casselia lanceolata Dumort. obs. p. 24.
Caulis vix pedalis.
Flores pedicellati.
Corolla colore et fere forma corollae M. Virginicae.
Stamina fauci inserta.
Nomen specif. mutavit cl. Nutt. quia folia non lanceolata , sed non melius marginata
( nempe margine revoluta aut nervosa)
et lobi calycis fere lanceolati videntur.
(Alph. DC. ex auot. oit.)
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- DeCandolle, Augustus Pyramus, 1836.
|
Onosmodium bejariense DC.
A. P. Decandolle (1846, v,. 10, p. 70) ... described O. bejariense from a manuscript by his uncle(?)
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
|
§ 2. Flores minores. Filamenta gracilia glabra anthera multo breviora.
Antherae glabrae, lobis divergentibus. Styli longius exserti.
|
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… [Description of O. Virginianum omitted.] …
|
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4. O. Bejariense (DC. mss.),
caule pilis patentibus hispido ,
foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acutiusculis supra strigillosis subtus pilis brevissimis adpressis
pubescentibus , nervis pinnatis utrinque 3 ,
lobis calycinis linearibus obtusius-culis pilis subpatentibus hispidis corolla duplo fere
brevioribus ,
corolla adpresse villosa, tubo ad spicem dilatato , lobis lanceolatis acutis.
♃ in Mexico boreali prope Bejar ad Rio de la Trinidad (Berlandier pl. exs. n. 1681 ! ).
Folia 2½ poll. longa 6-7 lin. lata.
Bracteae longe ciliatae.
Corolla 4 lin. longa.
Nuces juniores rugulosse, adultse ovoideae laeves albae nitidae hinc inde punctatae.
(v. s.)
|
There are two records of Berlandier no. 1681 in SEINet.
One from GH described the collecting locality as “[San Antonio] de Bejar al Rio de la Trinidad [San Antonio to the Trinity River]”
and therefore anywhere in between those two endpoints.
Annotated, “Collected in May of 1828 at Trinity River crossing in eastern Texas. B. L. Turner, 1994.”
The other, from F, appears to be an image of a voucher containing two specimens, one of which is Berlandier's no. 1681,
from the herbarium of Moďse-Étienne Moricand, a Swiss botanist and malacologist (1779–1854).
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1878-1895.
|
Gray (1878, v. 2(1), p. 206) accepted DeCandolle's O. bejariense ...
| Original Text
|
|
O. Bejariense, DC. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout, hispid with spreading bristles :
leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-7-ribbed (the lower obtuse, upper acutish); upper surface
appressed strigose-hispid, the lower more or less canescent with fine and soft pubescence :
flowers short-pedicelled : corolla funnelform (6 to 9 lines long), about twice the length of
the calyx, white; the greenish ovate-triangular acuminate lobes about one quarter the
length of the tube, minutely pubescent externally and with some long hirsute hairs.
—
Prodr. x. 70.
O. Carolinianum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. l. c, not DC.
—
Border of thickets, nearly throughout Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Michaux, Andre, 1803.
|
Onosmodium molle Michx.
Michaux (1803, v. 1, p. 132) ...
| Original Text
|
|
|
ONOSMODIUM.
|
|
|
Herbae foliis nervosis , nervis sublongitudinalibus.
|
|
|
Cal. profunde 5-partitus : laciniis erectis , angusto-linearibus.
|
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Cor. oblongiuscule subcampanulata ; fauce nuda :
limbo ventricoso , semi-5-fido ;
laciniis erecto-conniventibus , subsemilanceolatis, acutis ;
harum et incisurarum margine inflexo.
|
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Stam. antherae sessiles , inclusae , sagittatae , acutae.
|
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Pist. Onosmae ; stylo promisse exerto.
|
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Obs. Genus affine Onosmae :
differt corolla multo breviore ;
limbo profundius et acute diviso , connivente :
antheris sessilibus nec ita mucronatis.
|
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|
[Describes O. hispidum with synonym of Lithopsermum virginianum L.]
|
|
MOLLE.
tab. 15
|
O. molliter candicanti-villosum :
foliis oblongo-ovalibus , subtriplinerviis , ferre tomentosis :
corolla laciniis subovalibus.
|
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Hab. in Tennassee, circa Nashville.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Notes on Oreocarya virgata;
|
Oreocarya virgata (Porter) Greene “Miner"s Candle”
Found in most City of Golden Open Spaces and surrounding areas, usually in rocky sites,
from the base of the Rocky Mountain Front Range and associated mesas and hogbacks up to about 9300 ft. elevation.
the basionym is Eritrichium virgatum Porter … Krynitzkia virgata Gray
Krynitzkia Fisch. & Ca. A. Meyer, Index Seminum [St.Petersburg (Petropolitanus)] 7: 52 (1841).
“We have dedicated this species to the memory of the most distinguished and deserving Dr. Joan. Krynitzki, formerly a professor at the Imperial University of Kharkov.”
Johann (Ivan) Krynitzki (Joh. Krynitzki)
was born 2 June 1787 at Zvenyhorodka, Kiev Governorate (now Ukraine),
educated at the Basilian Gymnasium in Uman
,
studied at the University of Vilnius from 1810 to 1812,
appointed Professor of Zoology at the Imperial University of Kharkov in 1826,
died 12 September 1838 at Ambleny, near Soissons, France.
He:
"botanized chiefly in the Crimea and the Caucasus."
He was apparently not a botanist in the formal sense, having been a zoologist,
yet he evidently collected plants extensively during expeditions in the Crimea and the Caucasus.
That would explain Fischer and Meyer's tribute.
During the early nineteenth century it was quite common for university naturalists to work across what we would now regard as separate disciplines.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hayden, F. V., 1870.
|
[Hayden, F. V. (Ferdinand Vandeveer), 1829-1887
Preliminary report of the United States Geological Survey of Wyoming : and portions of contiguous territories, (being a second annual report of progress)
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124638#page/485/]
|
Eritrichium virgatum, sp. nov.
Sesquipedale, hispidissinum; caule
simplici tereti erecto; foliis vadicalibus oblongo-spathulatis, caulinis
linearibus; cymis plurimis in axillis foliorum conglomeratis pedunculatis
superne subsessilibus confertisque ; calycis 5- partiti segmentis lanceolatis
tubum corolla aequantibus ; nuculis 4-ovatis dorso infra partem
mediam convexo supra lateribus depresso laevibus nitidis.
—
Near Denver, Colorado Territory, 1869, B. H. Smith.
The stout virgate spike
made up of numerous glomerate cymes, crowded in the axils of the
linear cauline leaves, which much exceed them in length. Limb of the
corolla 4 lines in diameter, its lobes rounded. Nutlets smooth and
shining, the lower half of the back convex, the upper depressed on the
sides, leaving a central vertical ridge. According to Dr. Gray this plant
is the same as Parry’s 288, and Hall and Harbour’s 438 (in part.) It
has passed for a form of H. glomeratum, DC., but seems more nearly
allied in its fruit and habit of growth to E. leucophaeun, A. DC.
(Myosotis leucophaea, Dougl., in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2. p. 82. t. 163,)
and I have ventured to give it a name.
|
B. H. Smith appears to be a local collector in the Denver area.
SEINet (2026) contains eleven collections by him in 1869, seven at NY, 1 at F, and three at COLO.
Most online vouchers of B. H. Smith bear primary labels of Thomas Porter.
One collection at COLO does not have a Porter label and shows his first name to be Benjamin.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1885.
|
Gray (1885, p. 279) ...
|
K. VIRGATA.
Eritrichium virgatum, Porter in Hayden Geol. Rep. 1870, 479.
E. glomeratum, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 225, non DC.
E. glomeratum, var. virgatum Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 102.
Hispida, haud caaesceus ; caule simplicissimo cum
thyrso angustissimo stricto (saepius ultrapedali) foliato demum 2-3-pedali ;
cymulis etiam fructiferis perbrevibus foliis fulcrantibus angusto-linearibus brevioribus ;
foliis caulinis inferioribus radicalibusque
augustissime spathulatis ; corollie limbo lin, 2 lato, foruicibus latioribus
quam loiigis ; nuculis vix ultra sequilineam lougis lato-ovatis obtusis
saepe nitidulis dorso parce papillosis cajterum laevibus.
—
This we have
only from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, and
it does appear to be a distinct species. The slender leaves subtending
the cymes of the virgate thyrsus are an inch or two long, all but the
uppermost several times longer than the flower-clusters.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1887b.
|
In defining his genus Oreocarya, Greene (1877) places our plant there.
|
5. O. virgata.
—
Eritrichium virgatum, T. C. Porter, in Hayden, Geol. Rep. 1870, 479;
Krynitzkia virgata, Gray l.c.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Phacelia heterophylla;
|
Phacelia hastata Dougl. ex Lehm.“Silverleaf Phacelia”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lehman, Johann G. C., 1828-1857.
|
Lehman (1830, v. 2. p. 21) describes P. hastata in great detail from Douglas' manuscript,
though he gives no information about when and where Douglas saw the plant.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Phacelia heterophylla;
|
Phacelia heterophylla Pursh “Varileaf Phacelia”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 140) ...
| Original Text
|
|
heterophylla.
|
2. P. erecta, hispida ; foliis petiolatis pinnatifidis, laciniis
lanceolatis integerrimiis nervosis : impari elongata :
floralibus simplicibus lanceolatis petiolatis, racemiis bifidis densifloris,
laciniis corollae integerrimis.
|
|
|
On dry hills on the banks of the Kooskoosky.
M. Lewis.
♂
June, July.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
Flowers pale blue.
|
|
|
Caulis erectus, ramosus : rami elongati.
Folia petiolata : inferiora pinnarifida : laciniis lateralibus lanceolatis,
1-2-jugis : lacinia terminali longo-lanceolata ;
superiora et ramea simplicia, lanceolata.
Petioli marginati.
Racemi terminales pedunculati dichotomi, spirales, secundi.
Pedicelli brevissimi.
Calyx laciniis linearibus.
Corolla subcampanulata, calyce duplo longior: laciniis oblongis, obtusis, integerrimis.
Filamenta corollae duplo longiora.
Sylus staminibus longior, bifidus.
|
| |
|
P. heterophylla and P. hastata clustered into a megellanica/humiles complex
alon with P. imbricata, nemoralis, egena, californica, breweri, humilis, divaricata, and douglasii.
| |
|
Ackerfield (2015, p. 503) notes that P. hastata and P. heterophylla
“… belong to a large polyploid complex and might be better treated as a single species [P. magellanica (Lam.) Cov.] with many infraspecific taxa.”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Plagiobothrys scouleri hispidulus;
|
Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst. var. hispidulus (Greene) Dorn “Scouler's popcornflower”
Found only in emphemeral ponds on North and South Table Mountains, Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst. var. hispidulus (Greene) Dorn “Scouler's popcornflower”
is common along drying pond margins or in moist muddy soil in open meadows.
The only other Jefferson County collection is at Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space by the author.
Colorado collections are mostly west of the Front Range wherever suitable habitat is found.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1887.
|
Greene (1887, v. 1, p. 17) ...
| Original Text
|
|
10. A. HISPIDULA. Diffusely branching, 4 — 8 inches high,
canescent with a short, setose-hispid pubescence ; racemes
naked or leafy-bracted : calyx not accrescent: akenes ovate,
opaque, ¾-line long, carinate on both sides, the back very
lightly so and beset with a minute muriculation, the transverse
rugulae few and not prominent ; scar almost basal,
ovate-oblong.
|
|
From the San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. (Parish, No.
1470) northward to Oregon (T. J. Howell), referred to
“Eritrichium Californicum” from which plant it differs in its rough
pubescence, and muriculate rather tlian granulate akenes.
|
| |
|
Plagiobothrys scouleri var. hispidulus (Greene) Dorn, Vasc. Pl. Wyoming 295 (1988): (1988).
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Phyla cuneifolia;
|
Phyla cuneifolia (Torr.) Greene “Wedgeleaf”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward L., 1899b.
|
Greene (1899, v. 4, p. 47) ...
|
P. cuneifolia. Zapania cuneifolia, Torr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc.
ii. 234 (1826). Lippia cuneifolia, Steud. Nom. ii. 54 (1841),
Torr. Marcy's Report 261, t. 17. A very strongly marked
halophilous species, common on moist subsaline or alkaline
plains of the Rocky Mountain region, ranging westward to
California, southward to Arizona and perhaps Mexico, and
with a near relative or two in South America.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Verbena aristigera;
|
Verbena aristigera S. Moore “Moss Verbena”
| |
|
|
Verbena aristigera (syns. Glandularia aristigera and Verbena tenuisecta),
variously called the moss verbena, desert verbena, fine leafed verbena, wild verbena, tuber vervain, South American mock vervain,
Mayne's curse and Mayne's pest, is a species of flowering plant in the family Verbenaceae.
It is native to Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
It has been widely introduced to the rest of the world's drier tropics and subtropics, including California, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Venezuela, Greece, Nigeria, eastern and southern Africa, India, and all of Australia except Tasmania.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Verbena bracteata;
|
Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. “Large Bract Vervain”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lagasca, Mariano, and Joseph Rodriguez, 1801.
|
Described by Lagasca & Rodriguez (1801) who say, “Se ignora su patria …[Homeland is unknown].”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Perry, Lily M., 1933.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- O'Leary, N., M. E. Mulgura, & O. Morrone, 2010.
|
O'Leary, et al. (2010, pp. 369-371) ...
|
Distribucion y ecologia.
Especie muy ampliamente
distribuida en Estados Unidos de America, principalmente
en los estados del sudoeste como Arizona,
Nevada y Colorado; tambien en Mexico (Perry, 1933).
Se la encuentra en campos abiertos y tambien en orillas
de rios, formando grandes matas que se esparcen sobre
la tierra alrededor de 1 m de distancia.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Verbena hastata;
|
Verbena hastata L. “Swamp Verbena”
| |
|
Lamiaceae
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Dracocephalum;
|
Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. “American Dragonhead. ”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
|
Nuttall (1818) described D. parviflorum from material seen at Fort Mandan.
I have not found any reference to his material, such as a type.
| Original Text
|
|
5. * parviflorum.
Flowers verticillate, subcapitate;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, deeply serrate, and petiolate, bractes foliaceous, ovate, ciliate, and serrate, serratures conspicuously mucronate;
upper segment of the calix much larger than the rest;
flower scarcely longer than the calix.
Hab.
Around Fort Mandan, on the Missouri; on the borders of thickets.
Obs.
Biennial;
nearly smooth, stem and petiole a little pubescent;
flowers almost imbricated in a leafy capitulum, very small, and nearly white;
calix awned, arid and membranaceous, semiquinquefid;
bractes divaricately awned;
upper lip of the corolla emarginate, arched;
lower 3-lobed, central lobe subcrenate.
Flowering time, July.
Apparently allied to D. Moldavica,
but the leaves are entirely destitute of punctures:
scarcely a congener with D. virginianum,
and closely allied to Melissa.
Principally a Siberian genus.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lamium amplexicaule;
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Lamium amplexicaule L. “Henbit”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
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Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 579) ...
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
|
3. LAMIUM foliis floralibus feffilibus amplexicaulibus obtufis.
Hort. cliff. 314. Fl. fuec 495. Roy. lugdb. 319.
Gron, virg. 66. Dalib. parif. 179.
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amplexicaule.
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Lamium, folio caulem ambiente, minus. Bauh. pin. 231.
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Morfus gallinae, folio hederulae, alternum. Lob. ic. 463.
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“The bite of a hen is an alternative to the leaf of the ivy.”
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β Lamium, folio caulem ambiente, majus. Bauh. pin. 231.
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Habitat in Europae cultis. ☉.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lycopus americanus;
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Lycopus americanus W. P. C. Barton “American Bugleweed”
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Literature Cited:
- Muhlenberg, Henry, 1813.
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Lycopus americanus Muhl., Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept. 3 (1813), nom. inval.
Muhlenberg (1813) listed the name, but gave to way to distinguish from L. virginicus this rendering his name invalid.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Barton, William P. C., 1815.
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Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W.P.C.Barton, Fl. Philadelph. Prodr. 15 (1815).
Barton (1815) again listed the name again,
citing Muhlenberg (1813)
this time with some characters for diagnosis,
specifically “Very closely related to Mentha, but no odor;
leaves sinuate-serrate, apendiculate.”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Marrubium vulgare;
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Marrubium vulgare L. “Horehound”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
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Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 583) ...
| Original Text
|
|
5. MARRUBIUM dentibus calycinis fetaceis uncinatis.
Hort. cliff. 342. Fl. fuec. 485. Mat. med. 305.
Roy. lugdb. 315. Hall. helv. 648. Dalib. parif. 182.
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vulgare.
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Marrubium album vulgare. Bauh. pin. 230.
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Marrubium vulgare. Cluf. hift. 2. p. 34.
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Habitat in Europae borealioris ruderatis.
♃
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Mentha arvensis;
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Mentha arvensis L. “Wild Mint”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
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Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 577) ...
| Original Text
|
|
6. MENTHA floribus verticillatis, foliis ovatis acutis ferratis, ftaminibus corollam aequantibus.
Hort. cliff. 307. Fl. fuec. 481. Roy. lugdb 326. Hall. helv. 658. Dalib. parif. 178.
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arvenfis.
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Mentha arvenfis verticillata procumbens.
Morif. hift. 3. p. 369. f. 11. t. 7. f. 5.
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Calamintha arvenfis verticillata.Bauh. pin. 229.
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Habitat in Europae agris frequens poft meffem.
♃
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Caules diffufi; Verticilli laterales; Planta tota hirta;
Stamina corollae limbo longitudine aequalia.
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|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Mentha spicata;
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Mentha spicata L. “Spearmint”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Monarda fistulosa;
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Monarda fistulosa L. “Wild Bergamot”
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Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
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Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 22) ...
| Original Text
|
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fiftulofa.
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1. MONARDA capitulis terminalibus, caule obtuf-angulo. Hort. upf. 12.
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Monarda floribus capitatis, caule obtufo.
Vir. cliff. 3. Roy. lugdb. 313.
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Monarda. Hort. cliff. 11.
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Origanum fiftulofum canadenfe.
Corn. canad. 13. t. 14.
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Habitat in Canada. ♃
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Monarda pectinata;
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Monarda pectinata Nutt. “Plains Beebalm”
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1848b.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1848, publication details;
|
Nuttall (1848) described Monarda pectinata from a collection
by William Gambel.
| Original Text
|
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MONARDA
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M. *pectinata.
Biennial ?
slightly pubescent ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, shortly petiolate ;
capituli proliferous, rather small, subtended by herbaceous,
some of them purplish, ovate-acute, strongly ciliated, as well as the elongated,
setaceous teeth of the calyx;
corolla widely ringent,
the tube scarcely exserted beyond the calyx.
Hab.
Near Santa Fe, New Mexico.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Nepeta cataria;
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Nepeta cataria L. “Catnip”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Prunella vulgaris;
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Prunella vulgaris L. “Common Selfheal”
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Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 600) …
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Salvia L. — Sage
There are only two native Salvias known in Colorado:
- Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. var. grandiflora Benth. “Blue Sage”
- Salvia reflexa Hornem. “ Rocky Mountain Sage”
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Other articles:
• Salvia dorrii:
Introduction;
|
Salvia dorrii (Kellogg) Abrams — Purple Sage
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Salvia pratensis;
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Salvia pratensis L. “Meadow Clary”
Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 25) …
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Salvia reflexa;
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Salvia reflexa Hornemann “Lanceleaf Sage”
(Syn: S. lanceolata Rydb. [unpub.] , S. lanceolata Willd. [illeg.] , S. trichostemmoides Pursh )
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Salvia yangii;
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Salvia yangii B. T. Drem. “Russian Sage”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Scutellaria brittonii;
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Scutellaria brittonii Porter “Britton's Skullcap”
| |
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Isotype: NY415671, T. C. Porter, s.n., Colorado, Clear Creek Canyon, 9000 ft, June 15, 1873. The 9000 ft elevation in Clear Creek Canyon is just below Silver Plume.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Porter, Thomas C., 1894.
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Scutellaria resinosa Torr., Porter (1894, v. 21, p. 177).
| Original Text
|
|
Scutellaria resinosa Torr.
—
If the description of the species
given under this name in Dr. Gray's Synoptical Flora (p. 381) be
compared with the references there cited, it will be found that they
do not agree. The true S. resinosa of Torrey, collected during Long's
First Expedition and published in the Annals of the New York
Lyceum (2 ; 232) and by Bentham, in D.C. Prodr. (12 : 427), is beyond
question nothing else than S. Wrightii K. Gray, published long after
(Feb. 1872) in the Proceedings of the American Academy. This
is clear both from the descriptions and the type specimen in the
Torrey Herbarium, It differs from the Colorado plant in its
strong woody root, branching stems, round leaves, smaller flowers
and shorter corolla-tubes. Its range extends from Kansas to
Texas and thence westward to the Huachuca Mountains of Arizona.
The other species is most common in the Rocky Mountains of
Colorado and being thus deprived of the name resinosa I bestow
on it that of Scutellaria Brittonii
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Thos. C. Porter.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Datura wrightii;
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Datura wrightii Regel “Sacred Datura”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Regel, Eduard, 1850.
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Regel (1859, v. 8, pp. 193-194) ...
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Diese neue Datura ward aus Californien
durch das Haus Vilmorin Andrieux
et Comp, in Cultur gebracht und unter
dem Namen D. meteloides D. C. verbreitet.
Herr Ortgies, der die beistehende
Tafel nach einer Pflanze anfertigen
Hess, die im Botanischen Garten
zu Zürich zur Blüthe kam, machte uns
darauf aufmerksam, dass die von Vilmorin
verbreitete Pflanze mit der Beschreibung ,
wie solche sich im 13. Bande
von DeCandolle's Prodromus findet,
nicht übereinstimmt.
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This new Datura was from California
by the House of Vilmorin-Andrieux
& Co., brought into culture and under
known as D. meteloides D.C.
Mr. Ortgies, who
made a plate based on a plant
Hess [grew] in the botanical garden
[and] came to bloom in Zurich, made us
[aware] that the common plant described by Vilmorin
does not match that shown in the 13th volume
of DeCandolle's Prodromus.
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Literature Cited:
- Barkley, Arthus S., 1959.
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Arthur S. Barclay. 1959.
New Considerations in an Old Genus: Datura.
Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University.
v. 18, No. 6, pp. 245- January 16, 1959.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/295184
Barclay (1959, v. 18, n. 6., pp. 245-) ....
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In 1855, a new Datura was brought into cultivation
by the French horticulturist M. Louis Vilmorin from
seeds sent him bv Asa Gray who had obtained them from
a collection made by Charles Wright (no. 526) in western
Texas in 1849. This plant was cultivated and distributed
under the name of Datura meteloides (Ewan, 1944).
M. Ortgies, an employee of the Vilmorin Co. of France,
noticed the discrepancy between de Candolle's description
of D. meteloides and the plant cultivated under the
same name and brought it to the attention of the German
botanist, Dr. Eduard von Regel. As a result, a new species,
D. Wrightii, was published by Regel (1859).
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Gray (1878) considered the southwestern perennial
species of the United States to represent Datura meteloides
and relegated D. Wrightii to synonymy handling
the obvious lack of agreement between the two descriptions
with the following comment : “ ... Dunal in DC.
Prodr. l.c. 544 (the descr. and drawing of Mocino and
Sesse wrong as to 10-dentate corolla).” This erroneous
interpretation was adopted by Safford (1921) who apparently
followed Gray.
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Lycium L.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Levin, Rachel A., and Jill S. Miller, 2023.
|
Levin & Miller (2023) distinguish between Lycium chinense and L. barbarum using dimensions of the corolla and the attachment of the leaves to stems.
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16 (15) Corolla lobes equaling or longer than tube; leaves subsessile ... 15 Lycium chinense
+ Corolla lobes shorter than or equaling tube; leaves petiolate ... 16 Lycium barbarum
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lycium barbarum L. “Matrimony Vine”;
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Lycium barbarum L. “Matrimony Vine”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lycium chinense;
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Lycium chinense Mill. “Chinese Desert-Thorn”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Miller, Philip, 1768.
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5. LYCIUM (Chinenfe) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, ramis difufis,
floribus folitariis patentibus alaribus, ftylo longiori.
Boxthorn with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, diffufed branches,
and fingle fpreading flowers proceeding from
the fides of the branches, with a longer ftyle.
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....
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The fifth fort grows naturally in China, from whence
the feeds were brought to England a few years paft,
and the plants were raifed in feveral gardens, and by
fome were thought to be the Thea. This rifes with
weak, irregular, dilffufed branches to a great height,
but require fupport, otherwife they will trail upon
the ground : I have meafured fome of thefe branches,
which in one year has been upward of twelve feet
long : the lower leaves are more than four inches
long, and three broad in the middle : they are of a
light green and a thin confiftence, placed without order
on every fide the branches ; as the fhoots advance
in length, fo the fize of the leaves diminifh, and toward
the upper part they are not more than an inch
long, and a quarter of an inch broad ; they fit clofe to
the ftalks on every fide. The flowers come out fingly
at every joint toward the upper part of the branches,
ftanding upon fhort flender foot-ftalks ; they are of a
pale colour, with fhot tubes ; the brims are fpread
open broader than either of the former forts, and the
ftyle is confiderably longer than the tube of the
flower. This fort flowers in Auguft, September, and
October; the plant is very hardy, and retains its
leaves till November before they dcay. It propagates
faft enough by its creeping roots, which fend
out fuckers at a great diftance, and the cuttings
thruft into the ground will take root as freely as
Willows.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Physalis hederifolia var. comata;
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Physalis hederifolia A. Gray var. comata (Rydb.) Waterfall “Ivy-Leaved Ground Cherry”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1895.
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Rydberg (1895, v. 22, pp. 306-307) ...
Physalis comata n. sp.
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Perennial, erect, about 0.5 metre high; pubescence fine and
short, that on the calyx, pedicels and upper branches mixed with
long white flat jointed hairs ; like P. heterophylla Nees (P. Virginiana
Gray, not L.), but leaves smaller, blade not over 0.5 decimetre long,
rounded, ovate, scarcely at all cordate at the base, about 5 centimetres
long, thin, somewhat repand-dentate or nearly entire; petioles
as long as the leaves; corolla greenish-yellow with brown
centre; fruiting calyx as in P. Hederaefolia Gray, but of thinner
texture.
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The validity of this as a species may be doubted. It is intermediate
between P. Heterophylla and P. Hederaefolia and might be
placed as a variety of either with about equal right. It, perhaps,
most resembles the latter, but differs in the thinner texture of the
leaves and the fruiting calyx, in the larger flower and in the long
white hairs.
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The following localities are recorded :
Nebraska: P. A. Rydberg, No. 269, 1891 (type).
Kansas: E. Bartholomew, No. 2, 1892; E. A, Popenoe, 1875.
Texes(sic) : G. Jermy, No. 618, 1890.
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Literature Cited:
- Waterfall, Umaldy T., 1950.
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Waterfall (1950, v. 52, n. 619, p. 171) ...
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Physalis hederaefolia Gray, var. comata (Rydb.), stat. nov.
(P. comata Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 22: 306. 1895).
In the western part of the Oklahoma panhandle we have a Physalis that
looks like P. hederaefolia, but has long (1-2 mm.) flat jointed
hairs scattered on the stem, leaves and calyces among the abundant
viscid capitate hairs. These plants the author is referring to
var. comata. Typical P. hederaefolia may have a villous pubescence,
of somewhat jointed hairs (up to half as long as in var.
comata) mixed with the short capitate glandular hairs, but the
pubescence seems to be denser and shorter. Referred to var.
comata are: Waterfall 7867, 14 miles east of Hooker, Texas
County, June 11, 1948; Waterfall 7445, plains north of the Black
Mesa, north of Kenton, Cimarron County, July 9, 1947;
Waterfall 9240, northeast slopes of the Black Mesa, 3 miles north and 1
east of Kenton, Cimarron County, August 10, 1949.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Physalis hispida;
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Physalis hispida (Waterf.) Cronquist “Prairie Ground Cherry”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Physalis longifolia;
|
Physalis longifolia Nutt. “Longleaf Groundcherry”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1834b.
|
| Original Text
|
|
3. *longifolia.
Glaberrima, caule angulata erecto,
foliis soltariis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis sinuato-dentatis longe pedunculatis,
floribus solitariis pendulis.
—
Obs.
Herbaceous ; root perennial ;
stem angular, about eighteen inches high, and branching above ;
leaves smooth, four to five inches long, irregularly,
sparingly and sinuously toothed ;
flowers, as usual, yellowish, with five brown blotches towards the base;
calix muxh larger than the berry.
It bears much the aspect of Capiscum annuum, and, from the diagnosis,
appears allied to P. chenopodifolia.
—
Hab.
On the sandy banks of the Arkansas, near Belle Point.
Flowering in June.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Physalis virginiana;
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Physalis virginiana Mill. “Virginia Groundcherry”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Ackerfield (2015) comments on determinations of P. virginiana
and P. longifolia.
| Original Text
|
|
Most specimens originally identified as P. virginiana actually
belong to P. longifolia.
Physalis virginiana appears to be restricted to the base
of the northern Front Range in Colorado.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Solanum dulcamara;
|
Solanum dulcamara L. “Climbing Nightshade”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Solanum elaeagnifolium;
|
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. “Silverleaf Nightshade”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Cavavilles, Antonio Jose, 1794.
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Cavaniles, Ant. Iosephi.
1794.
Icones et descriptiones plantarum, Vol. III.
p. 23
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SOLANUM ELAEAGNIFOLIUM. Tab. 243.
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SOLANUM ELAEAGNIFOLIUM. Tab. 243.
|
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265. SOLANUM caule aculeato fruticoso, tomentoso ;
foliis oblongo-ovatis , inferne tomentosis , nervo utrimque aculeato.
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Caulis teres, fruticosus, ramosus , tomento brevi candidus ; tener inermis , vetustate aculeatus , aculeis brevibus.
|
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Folia alterna, oblongo-ovata, pagina inferiore candida, superiori viridia : superiora integerrima,
inermia ; inferiora sinuata , nervo et petiolis aculeata.
|
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Flores subracemosi : pedunculis partialibus , florentibus rectis , fructiferis pendulis.
|
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Calix tomentosus , semiquinquepartitus , laciniis acutis.
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Corolla caerulea , rotata , patens , semiquinque-partita , subrugosa,
laciniarum apicibus revolutis.
|
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Antherae quinque, oblongae, luteae, apice biperforatae , nonconniventes ,
sustentatae filamentis brevissimis.
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Germen superum , subrotundum : stylus filiformis staminibus longior : stigma obtusum.
|
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Bacca globosa , glabra , lutea ; puncto apice notata.
|
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Semina numerosa rotundato-compressa , margine cincta : receptaculum carnosum.
|
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Habitat in America calidore.
♃
Floret a Iulio usque ad Octob. in Regio horto Matritensi.
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It lives in warm America.
|
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Esplic tab. a Flos integer. b Fructus. c Huius sectio. d Semen.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Solanum nitidibaccatum;
|
Solanum nitidibaccatum Bitter “Hairy Nightshade”
| |
|
Bitter, Georg. 1912.
XLIV. Solana nova vel minus cognita. III.
IX. Weitere sudamerikansche Morellae.
Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis.
v. 11, pp. 208-210.
|
67. Solanum (Morella) nitidibaccatum Bitter, nov. spec.
|
67. Solanum (Morella) nitidibaccatum Bitter, nov. spec.
|
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S. sarrachoides Sendtn. in Flora Brasil, X (1846), 18 p. pte.
(pro planta Chilensi a cl. Poeppig collecta)
et auctorum plurimorum.
|
S. sarrachoides Sendtn. in Flora Brasiliensis, X (1846), p. 18 (in part)
(referring to the Chilean plant collected by the renowned Poeppig)
and of very many authors.
|
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Herbaceum, annuum, fere a basi caulis ramosum, rami subteretes,
lineis decurrentibus manifestis praediti, pilis pluricellularibus inaequilongis
satis densis cellula apicali glandulosa patentibus instructi; lamina
rhomboidea, cr. 4 1/2 × 3, vel 5 1/2 × 4—4 1/2 cm, basi cuneatim in
petiolum 8—20 mm longum attenuata, dentibus in utroque latere
4—6 apice rotundatis, supra sparsim pilosa, subtus praecipue in venis
praeterea in margine toto pilis inaequilongis pluricellularibus apice glandulosis
instructa; inflorescentia extraaxillaris, foliis saepe opposita;
nonnumquam ± ve ab illis remota, 6—7-flora, pedunculus
communis in statu florente 3—6, post anthesin cr. 10 mm longus,
flores inferiores satis inter se remoti, pedicelli primo cr. 4—5 mm longi,
post anthesim fere 7—9 mm longi; calyx campanulatus, in statu florifero
lobis er. 1.2 × 0.8 mm, extus pilis pluricellularibus inaequilongis apice
glandulosis obtectus; corolla alba, rotata, parva, diam. 7 mm, lobi
lanceolati, acutiusculi, extus pilis satis longis pluricellularibus nonnullis
apice glandulosis aliis acutis eglandulosis sparsim praediti, apicem versus
papillis brevibus densis obtecti; filamenta satis longa (cr. 1.3 mm), intus
quoque pilis nonnullis pluricellularibus instructa, antherae anguste ellipsoideae,
cr. 2 × 0.5 mm, poris satis magnis introrsis subapicalibus; stylus cr.
3 1/2 mm longus, nonnihil supra basim glabram vix incrassatus pilis
pauci-vel unicellularibus acutis sensim minoribus fere 1.6 mm instructus,
stigma breve capitatum, fere tam crassum quam stylus, calyx in statu
fructifero valde ampliatus, baccas amplectens, campanulatus, inter apices
loborum diam. er. 8 mm, lobis viridibus fere membranaceis venis quamvis
manifestis tamen non valde prominentibus (vide tamen varietatem infra
descriptam), loborum partes liberae triangulares fere 3—4 × 3 mm intus
quoque pilis nonnullis pluricellularibus apice glandulosis praeditae,
calycis pars connata fere 4 mm longa; baccae in statu submaturo nitidissimae,
diam. cr. 6 mm; granula sclerotica solum duo adsunt
sub apice baccae manifeste minora (cr. 0.56 × 0.56 vel 0.48 × 0.53 mm)
quam in S. sarachoides Sendtn.
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Herbaceous, annual, branching almost from the base of the stem; branches subterete,
marked by distinct decurrent lines, furnished with fairly dense, spreading,
multicellular hairs of unequal length
ending in a glandular apical cell; leaf blade
rhomboid, approx. 4.5 × 3 cm or 5.5 × 4–4.5 cm, cuneately narrowed at the base into
a petiole 8–20 mm long, with 4–6 teeth on each side
that are rounded at the apex; sparsely hairy above; beneath—especially on the veins
and also along the entire margin—furnished with multicellular hairs of unequal length
ending in a glandular apex; inflorescence extra-axillary, often opposite the leaves;
sometimes more or less distant from them, 6–7-flowered; common peduncle
3–6 mm long at flowering stage, approx. 10 mm long after anthesis;
lower flowers fairly distant from one another; pedicels initially approx. 4–5 mm long,
becoming approx. 7–9 mm long after anthesis; calyx campanulate,
with lobes approx. 1.2 × 0.8 mm at flowering stage,
covered externally with multicellular hairs of unequal length ending in a glandular apex;
corolla white, rotate, small, 7 mm in diameter; lobes
lanceolate, rather acute, sparsely furnished externally with fairly long multicellular hairs—
some glandular-tipped, others acute and eglandular—
and covered towards the apex with short, dense papillae; filaments fairly long (approx. 1.3 mm),
furnished internally with some multicellular hairs; anthers narrowly ellipsoid,
approx. 2 × 0.5 mm, with fairly large, introrse, subapical pores;
style approx. 3 1/2 mm long, slightly thickened just above the glabrous base,
furnished with acute, few- or unicellular hairs that gradually decrease in size (up to approx. 1.6 mm);
stigma short and capitate, about as thick as the style;
calyx greatly enlarged in the fruiting stage, enclosing the berries, campanulate,
approx. 8 mm in diameter between the tips of the lobes;
lobes green and almost membranaceous, with veins that are distinct but not strongly raised
(though see the variety described below);
free parts of the lobes triangular, approx. 3–4 × 3 mm,
also bearing some multicellular, gland-tipped hairs on the inner surface;
connate part of the calyx approx. 4 mm long;
berries very glossy when nearly mature, approx. 6 mm in diameter;
only two sclerotic granules present, located just below the apex of the berry
and distinctly smaller (approx. 0.56 × 0.56 or 0.48 × 0.53 mm) than those in S. sarachoides Sendtn.
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In Mittelchile, oftenbar verbreitet, ebenso auf der Ostseite der
Anden in Argentinien und im südlichen Bolivia. Über die genauere
Verbreitung werde ich später berichten.
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Apparently widespread in central Chile,
as well as on the eastern side of the Andes in Argentina and southern Bolivia.
I will report on the precise distribution later.
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Wegen der Unklarheit der Originaldiagnosen ist diese Art offenbar
mehrfach unter irrtümlichen Bezeichnungen verteilt worden. Ursprünglich
hat bereits Sendtner die chilenische Pflanze mit dem günzlich abweichenden
südbrasilianischen S. sarachoides Sendtn. vereinigt.
R. A. Philippi hat Pflanzen dieser Art von Valdivia und Quillota unter dem
Namen S. chenopodioides Lam. abgegeben, diese letztere mir in authentischen
Exemplaren unbekannte Spezies soll nach Dunal unterseits
weisslich gefärbte grössere Blätter, nur 4—5-bliitige Dolden und weissliche
("albescentes") Beeren haben. 1)
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Due to the ambiguity of the original diagnoses, this species has evidently
been distributed under erroneous names on several occasions. Sendtner
originally lumped the Chilean plant together with the vastly different
South Brazilian S. sarachoides Sendtn.
R. A. Philippi distributed plants of this species from Valdivia and Quillota
under the name S. chenopodioides Lam.; according to Dunal, this latter
species—of which I have seen no authentic specimens—is said to possess
larger leaves that are whitish on the underside, umbels with only 4–5 flowers,
and whitish ("albescentes") berries. 1)
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Var. robusticalyx Bitter, nov. var.
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Var. robusticalyx Bitter, nov. var.
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Planta firmior; lamina fere rhomboidea, cr. 4 × 3 vel 6 × 3.5 cm,
petiolum cr. 1—2 cm longum versus subabruptius attenuata apicem subacutum
versus magis sensim, dentibus in utroque latere 6—9
acutis; calyx fructifer valde ampliatus, etiam manifeste robustior quam
in typo, venis (in statu sicco) in utraque pagina loborum manifeste prominentibus,
campanulatus, explanatus diam. cr. 18—19 mm, loborum
partes liberae late ovatae, obtusiusculae, er. 6 × 5 mm; baccae nitidissimae
(sicut in typo) satis magnae, diam. cr. 10 mm; granula e cellulis
scleroticis composita tria minuta reperi in bacca a me investigata, duo
sunt apicalia.
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Plant more robust; blade almost rhomboid, approx. 4 × 3 or 6 × 3.5 cm,
tapering rather abruptly towards the petiole (approx. 1–2 cm long)
and more gradually towards the subacute apex, with 6–9 acute teeth
on each side; fruiting calyx greatly enlarged, also clearly more robust than
in the type, with veins (in the dried state) clearly prominent on both surfaces of the lobes,
campanulate, approx. 18–19 mm in diameter when flattened, the free parts
of the lobes broadly ovate, rather obtuse, approx. 6 × 5 mm; berries very glossy
(as in the type) and fairly large, approx. 10 mm in diameter;
I found three minute granules composed of sclerotic cells
in the berry I examined; two are apical.
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Bolivia: Parotani, 2400 m s. m., O. Kuntze in herb. Berol! sub
nom. “S. sarrachoides Sendtn. (sarrachaeodes)”“.
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Bolivia: Parotani, 2400 m above sea level, O. Kuntze in the Berlin herbarium under the name
"S. sarrachoides Sendtn. (sarrachaeodes)".
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Bereits in der Arbeit über “Steinzellkonkretionen” (Engl. Jahrb. 45,
493) war mir die geringere Grósse der Steinzellkórner bei der Pflanze
von Parotani im Vergleich zu dem typischen S. sarachoides Sendtn. von
Montevideo aufgefallen; dass auch in der Zahl der Kórner zwischen
beiden ein Unterschied besteht, ist mir damals entgangen.
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As early as my paper on "stone-cell concretions" (*Engl. Jahrb.* 45, 493),
I had noticed the smaller size of the stone-cell granules in the plant from Parotani
compared to the typical S. sarachoides Sendtn. from Montevideo;
however, the fact that there is also a difference in the number of granules
between the two had escaped my notice at the time.
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1) Mittlerweile sind mir durch Casimir de Candolle in liebenswürdiger
Weise Bruchstücke von S. chenopodioides Lam. (Bertero no. 636 in hb. DC)
zur Ansicht übersandt worden, die mich zu der Auffassung gebracht haben,
dass wahrscheinlich Dunals S. furcatum als Synonym zu S. chenopodioides Lam.
zu ziehen ist. Wegen der Verworrenheit der Morellae-Synonymie will ich
jedoch darüber erst später berichton.
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1) Casimir de Candolle has since kindly sent me fragments of S. chenopodioides Lam.
(Bertero no. 636 in hb. DC) for examination;
these have led me to the conclusion that Dunal’s S. furcatum
should likely be treated as a synonym of S. chenopodioides Lam.
However, given the confused state of the synonymy within the Morellae group,
I intend to report on this matter at a later date.
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Literature Cited:
- Harrington, H. D., 1964, 2nd ed..
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Harrington (1964) accepts S. sarachoides Sendt, ex Mart., Fl. Bras. 10:18. 1846., placing S. villosum Mill. and S. nigrum var. villosum Mill. of Manuals for Colorado Plants in synonomy.
Note that "sarrachoides" requires a double "r," despite frequent misspellings in the literature.
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Literature Cited:
- Edmonds, Jennifer M., 1986.
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Within S. physalifolium, two varieties are recognized,
the relatively rare var. physalifolium which has a restricted S American distribution,
and the more common var. nitidibaccatum, which, though native to S America,
is becoming a successful adventive in Europe, N America, Australia and New Zealand.
This variety is based on Bitter's species S. nitidibaccatum, and necessitates a new combination.
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
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Weber & Wittmann (2012) treat our plant as S. physalifolium Rusby var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds [S. sarachoides, incorrectly of Colorado literature]
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
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Ackerfield (2015) treats our plant as S. physalifolium Rusby [S. sarrachoides Sendtner]
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
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Ackerfield (2022) treats our plant as S. styleanum Dunal
[S. physalifolium Rusby (misapplied); S. sarrachoides Sendtn. (misapplied)].
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Literature Cited:
- Bohs, Lynn, 2023.
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Bohs (2023) accepts S. nitidibaccatum Bitter and
lists only S. physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds as a synonym.
Under Discussion, confusion and misidentification is noted with S. sarrachoides and S. villosum.
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2024.
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Ackerfield (2024) treats our plant at S. nitidibaccatum [S. physalifolium rusby (misapplied); S. sarrachoides Sendtn. (misapplied); S. stylesinum Dunal]
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Solanum physalifolium;
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Solanum physalifolium Rusby “Hoe Nightshade”
This plant does not occur in Colorado, per current floras.
Most reports are mis-identifications of S. nitidibaccatum, above.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Solanum rostratum;
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Solanum rostratum Dunal “Buffalo Bur Nightshade”
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Literature Cited:
- Dunal, Michel Felix, 1813.
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Dunal (1813, p. 234-235) ...
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198. S. rostratum. S. caule aculeato piloso, pilis apice stellatis,
foliis pinnatifidis, laciniis obtusis, antheris declinatis corniforrnibus,
infima maxima productissima. Tab. 24.
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198. *S. rostratum*. *S.* with a prickly,
hairy stem—the hairs being star-shaped at the tip—pinnatifid leaves with obtuse segments,
and deflexed, horn-shaped anthers, the lowest being the largest and most elongated. Plate 24.
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Hab. ............. in horto Monspeliensi cultum. ☉
(v. v. h. m. )
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Cultivated in the Montpellier garden. ☉
(Seen alive in the herbarium.)
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Caulis teres, 2-3-pedalis, ramosus, viridiusculus, aculeatus,
pilosus uti petioli, pedunculi, pedicelii cafycesque, pilis longis
cinereis apice stellatis. Folia pinnatifida, laciniis sinuatis, utrinquč
prćcipuč subtus pilosa, pilis stellatis sessilibus, subsimplicibus,
sublus nervosa, sparsč aculeata. Petioli subleretes, pilosi.
Aculei subulati, recti, flavi, graciles, acieuliformes, inćquales.
Racemi laterales, simplices. Pedunculi teretes, longi; pedicellis
parvis, unifloris. Calyx villosus, aculeatus, primum 5-fidus,
laciniis aculis subinermibus ; post efflorescentiam auctus,
5-dentalus, valdč aculeatus, aculeis longioribus. Corolla magna,
lutea, ex tus pilosa, subirregularis, se mi 5-fida , laciniis acutiuscuis.
Antherć luleć, corniformć, una maxima, productissima,
arcuata. Bacca globosa, ciceri duplo major, calyce
aucto strictč lecta.
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Stem terete, 2–3 feet tall, branched, greenish, prickly,
hairy—as are the petioles, peduncles, pedicels, and calyces—with long
ash-colored hairs that are stellate at the tip. Leaves pinnatifid, with sinuate
lobes; hairy on both sides (especially beneath) with sessile,
sub-simple stellate hairs; nerved beneath; sparsely prickly. Petioles
sub-terete, hairy. Prickles subulate, straight, yellow, slender,
needle-like, unequal. Racemes lateral, simple. Peduncles terete, long;
pedicels small, one-flowered. Calyx villous, prickly; initially 5-cleft,
with acute, nearly unarmed lobes; enlarging after flowering,
5-toothed, heavily prickly, with longer prickles. Corolla large,
yellow, hairy on the outside, slightly irregular, semi-5-cleft,
with rather acute lobes. Anthers yellow, horn-shaped; one very large,
greatly elongated, and curved. Berry globose, twice the size of a chickpea,
closely enclosed by the enlarged calyx.
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Literature Cited:
- Say, Thomas, 1824d.
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Say, Thomas.
1824
Descriptions of Coleopterous Insects collected in the late Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long.
By Thomas Say, Zoologist to the Expedition.
Read October 22, 1823. (Continued.) :
pp. 403-462
pp. 453-454
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79390#page/479/
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DORYPHORA, Illig.
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1. D. 10-lineata.
Yellow; thorax litterate, with
black; elytra each with five black lines.
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Inhabits Missouri and Arkansa.
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Body yellow:
head with a triangular; black,
frontal spot:
thorax, two abbreviated, black,
approximated lines, divergent before ; about six
black dots on each side:
elytra, suture, and five
lines on each, black ; the interior line is confluent
with the suture behind; exterior line marginal ;
three intermediate ones joined or approximated
at tip:
beneath, incisures and three or four series
of ventral spots black.
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Length two-fifths of an inch.
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Var. a. Elytra white; the two outer,
intermediate lines are united.at base and tip.
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This species seems to be not uncommon on the
Upper Missouri, where it was obtained by Mr. —
Nuttall and by myself. The variety. I found on the Arkansa.
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The earliest known collections in Colorado were by Parry and Hall & Harbour in 1862. Dr. Geo. Vasey also collected the plant in 1868. None of the foregoing collections were identified as to location more precise than Colorado or Rocky Mountains. However, by 1872 there were collections from Greeley (Meehan s.n.), Denver (Smith s.n. and Greene s.n.), and Cańon City (Brandegee #390), showing that it was quite widespread.
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Literature Cited:
- Walsh, Benjamin D., 1865.
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The association between the beetle Doryphora decemlineata
(now globally known as the “Colorado potato beetle,” Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
and its original native host plant, Solanum rostratum (“buffalo bur”),
was first formally documented by American entomologist Benjamin Dann Walsh in his 1865 paper published in the Practical Entomologist.
Walsh, B. D. 1865. The new potato-bug and its natural history. Practical entomology. 1: 1-4.
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But, it will be asked, where does this insect come
from ? And how does it happen that it did not
trouble the Iowa farmers before 186l,and the Illinois
farmers before 1864? I believe that I can
explain this satisfactorily. Unlike several other
noxious insects, it is not a general feeder, but
is confined to plants belonging to the botanical
family Solanaceae, and especially to the genus
Solanum, which includes the Potato, the Tomato,
the Egg-plant, and a weed called the Horse-nettle,
found more usually in the Southern States,
but which also grows in certain localities in Iowa.
In 1864 Dr. Velie, the ornithologist of Rock Island,
I11., and Dr. Parry, the botanist of Davenport, Ia.,
both saw this insect in very great numbers in Colorado,
feeding upon a wild species of Solanum — the
rostratum of Dunal — which is peculiar to that region
of country and is not found east of the Mississippi
River; and to the former gentleman I am
indebted for numerous specimens collected by him
on this plant, which are undistinguishable from
those found on the potato. Assuming, therefore,
that this wild Solanum is the natural food of the
insect, and that the region of country bordering
on the Rocky Mountains is its natural home, its
range would for a long series of years be limited
by the range of the plant that it feeds on. But in
process of time civilization marched up to the Rocky
Mountains — potatoes were planted in Kansas and
Nebraska and Colorado — and the insect discovered
that one species of Solanum was about as palatable
as another. Having thus acquired a taste for potato
leaves, it would naturally spread eastward from potato
patch to potato patch, till it overspreads Iowa
and finally overleaped the Mississippi into Illinois.
In confirmation of this theory, R. W. Ilazen of Fremont,
Dodge Co., Nebraska, says that " the potato
bug which is so destructive in that region was first
discovered in 1859, about 100 miles west of Omaha
City, whence they have been marching eastward
annually."— (N. Y. Sem. Tribune, July 18, 1865.)
From Omaha City to Rock Island is over 200
miles; so that, if the above statement be correct,
it appears that the insect has travelled about 260
miles in six years, or at the average rate of sixty
miles a year. At this rate of progress it will reach
the Atlantic in about fourteen years.
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It may perhaps be worth stating here, that my
own experience is that these insects prefer the
Egg-plant to the Potato, and it is well known that they
prefer the Potato to the Tomato. Now the Egg-plant
is botanically more closely related to the
Solanum rostratum, on which this insect feeds in
Colorado, than is the Potato, the two former being
covered with thorny prickles and the latter being
smooth ; and on the other hand the Potato is much
more nearly related to the Solanum rostratum than
is the Tomato, which last has by modern botanists
been removed from the genus Solanum and placed
in a genus by itself. It would seem, therefore, that
the closer a plant comes to the natural food-plant
of the insect, the better the insect likes it.
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Bericht über die XXX. General-Versammlung
des Naturhistorischen Vereins für Eheinland und
Westphalen.
[Report on the 30th General Meeting
of the Natural History Association for the Rhineland and
Westphalia.]
Verhadlungen
v. 30 (1873)
pp. 58-60
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/60170959#page/530/
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Herr Cornelius schloss hieran den nachstehenden Vortrag
über den nordamerikanischen Kartoffelverwüster Doryphora decemlineata Say.
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Mr. Cornelius followed this with the following lecture
on the North American potato devastator *Doryphora decemlineata* Say.
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In den letztem vier oder fünf Jahren wurde in wissenschaftlichen
und unterhaltenden Zeitschriften, zuletzt noch in der
»Gartenlaube« ein lusect aus der Familie der Blattkäfer oder
Chrysomelinen, Doryphora decemlineata Say, in gewissen Staaten
Nordamerika’s als Verwüster der Kartoffelfelder berüchtigt und gefürchtet,
besprochen.
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Over the past four or five years, an insect belonging to the leaf beetle
(Chrysomelidae) family—*Doryphora decemlineata* Say—
has been discussed in scientific and popular periodicals
(most recently in *Die Gartenlaube*) as a notorious
and dreaded destroyer of potato fields in certain North American states.
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Die Einwohner von Wisconsin benennen den Käfer nach dem
westlich von ihnen gelegenen Staate Colorado Colorado Potato-beetle,
indem sie annehmen, dass das Thier von dort nach Wisconsin
eingewandert sei. Der oben angeführte Aufsatz in der »Gartenlaube«,
Fr. H. im Staate Illinois unterzeichnet, enthält über Herkunft
und Verbreitung etwa Folgendes: »In den Felsengebirgen
hauste dieses Insect, welches sich von den Blättern einer dort
vorkommenden wilden Kartoffelart Solanum rostratum s. carolinense
nährte. Sobald nun die ersten Kartoffeln (Solanum tuberosum) am
Fusse der Felsengebirge auf vereinzelten Stellen gebaut wurden,
überfiel sie das Insect. Jemehr die Bodencultur sich westlich erstreckte,
desto mehr rückte dieser Feind gegen Osten vor und
breitete sich aus. Im Jahre 1859 war er bereits bis hundert Meilen
westlich von Omaha City in Nebraska eingetroffen. 1861 zeigte er
sich in Jowa. 1864 und 1865 hatte er nicht nur in Missouri seine
Verwüstungen begonnen, sondern war bereits über den Missisippi
in Illinois eingedrungen, überall seine verheerenden Kolonieen
zurücklassend. Im Jahre 1868 hatte er bereits Indiana, 1870 Ohio
und die Grenzen von Canada erreicht, zeigte sich da und dort in
Pensylvanien und New-York, und bereits wird sein Eintreffen in
Massachusetts berichtet. Im Jahre 1871 bedeckten Schwärme desselben
den Detroit-River in Michigan, überschritten den Erie-See
auf schwimmenden Blättern, Spähnen, Brettern, Schindeln und
Holzstücken und nahmen in kurzer Zeit die Gegend zwischen den
Flüssen St. Clair und Niagara in Besitz, und man wird sie bald
in den Strassen von New-York, Boston etc. eben so schwärmend
finden, wie in St. Louis, und dann ist die Fahrt des Insects aus
den Seehäfen über den Ocean ausser Zweifel. Und da es den
rauhesten Winter hier ebenso ungefährdet übersteht, als Mairegen
und Gewitter und den damit verbundenen Temperaturwechsel, so
wird es auch in dem Klima Deutschlands sich heimisch fühlen.«
— Die Furcht vor einer derartigen verderbenschwangern üebersiedelung
ist keineswegs so unbegründet, als es scheinen möchte:
*es ist ja ganz sicher, dass von Europa (Insecten-) Arten an
Amerika mitgetheilt sind (wie neuerlich Pieris rapae), die sich dort
auf die unerfreulichste Weise vermehren und ausbreiten.«
(Stett. eutomolog. Ztg. 32. Jhrgg. p. 176.)
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The inhabitants of Wisconsin named the beetle the "Colorado potato beetle"
after the state of Colorado—located to their west—assuming that
the creature had migrated from there to Wisconsin.
The aforementioned article in *Die Gartenlaube*
(signed "Fr. H." from the state of Illinois)
contains the following information regarding its origin and spread:
"This insect originally inhabited the Rocky Mountains,
feeding on the leaves of a wild potato species found there,
*Solanum rostratum* (or *s. carolinense*).
As soon as the first potatoes (*Solanum tuberosum*) were cultivated
at the foot of the Rockies in isolated locations, the insect attacked them.
The further westward agriculture expanded,
the more this pest advanced eastward and spread.
By 1859, it had already reached a point a hundred miles west of Omaha City,
Nebraska.
In 1861, it appeared in Iowa.
By 1864 and 1865, it had not only begun wreaking havoc in Missouri
but had also crossed the Mississippi into Illinois,
leaving its destructive colonies in its wake.
By 1868, it had reached Indiana; by 1870, Ohio and the Canadian border;
it appeared sporadically in Pennsylvania and New York,
and its arrival in Massachusetts is already being reported."
"In the year 1871, swarms of them covered the Detroit River in Michigan,
crossed Lake Erie on floating leaves, wood chips, boards, shingles,
and scraps of timber, and in a short time took possession of the region
between the St. Clair and Niagara rivers;
soon they will be found swarming in the streets of New York, Boston, etc.,
just as they do in St. Louis, and then the insect’s journey from the seaports
across the ocean will be a certainty.
And since it survives the harshest winter here just as unscathed
as it does May rains, thunderstorms,
and the accompanying temperature fluctuations,
it will also feel right at home in the climate of Germany."
— The fear of such a disastrous migration is by no means
as unfounded as it might appear:
"for it is quite certain that (insect) species have been transmitted
from Europe to America (such as *Pieris rapae* in recent times)
that are multiplying and spreading there in a most unwelcome manner."
(Stett. entomolog. Ztg. Vol. 32, p. 176.)
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Eastern Mojave Vegetation
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